iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
iPSCs are pluripotent; unlike ESC, iPSCs are not derived from the embryo, but instead created from differentiated cells in the lab through a process – cellular reprogramming.
What are stem cells? This presentation provides an overview of multiple different stem cells including embryonic stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, cancer stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells and neural stem cells.
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
This slide is about the potential uses of stem cells. It describes how they are useful and also puts froward the extraction process and the ares in which stem cells prove to be extremely useful. This slide also lists the various from of cells and the difference between stem cells and the normal differentiated cells. It is also richly supplied with photos and content which would altogether increase the quality of the slide. Hope you enjoy and learn. Please do like and follow. Share with your friends who might benefit from this.
this ppt contain about pcr technique and its three process,primers in pcr,dna polymerase in pcr,melting temp of dna in pcr and applications of pcr technology
A stem cell is a "blank" cell that can give rise to multiple tissue types such as a skin, muscle, or nerve cell.
Under certain physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions.
Stem Cell Technology and its Clinical ApplicationDr. Barkha Gupta
Dr. Barkha Gupta has been teaching Veterinary Biochemistry as well as clinical physiology at CVAS, Udaipur and PGIVER, Jaipur. She has earlier served in various capacities in the Department of Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Rajasthan. She has several publications and awards to her credit. She is the PI of M-RAJUVAS Android Educational Mobile Application for Veterinary and Animal Sciences and Kiosk Information System for Farmers/Livestock Owners. Dr. Gupta is also IFBA Certified Professional.
This slide is about the potential uses of stem cells. It describes how they are useful and also puts froward the extraction process and the ares in which stem cells prove to be extremely useful. This slide also lists the various from of cells and the difference between stem cells and the normal differentiated cells. It is also richly supplied with photos and content which would altogether increase the quality of the slide. Hope you enjoy and learn. Please do like and follow. Share with your friends who might benefit from this.
this ppt contain about pcr technique and its three process,primers in pcr,dna polymerase in pcr,melting temp of dna in pcr and applications of pcr technology
“Stem Cell, Possibilities And Utility In Health sector” Ajit Tiwari
The role of stem cells in basic biological processes in vivo, namely in development, tissue repair and cancer.
Remarkable progress has been achieved in studying stem cells. The most exciting use of cultured stem cells is the promise for curing many devastating diseases like Parkinson's and diabetes. However, more basic research remains before stem-cell based therapy is widely used.
ES cells have the most capacity to differentiate into a variety of cells and their proliferation capacity is also unsurpassed by any other cell type. There are three major problems with ES cells; ethical issues, immunological rejection problems and the potential of developing teratomas.
In the future, ideally, somatic stem cells from the patient will be extracted and manipulated and then reintroduced into the same patient to cure debilitating diseases.
stem cell research is yet to be advanced , once fully developed can alleviate human suffering, this ppt reviews the contemporary evidence, pitfalls and challenges
Introduction.
Properties of Stem Cells.
Key Research events.
Embryonic Stem Cell.
Stem cell Cultivation.
Stem cells are central to three processes in an organism.
Research & Clinical Application of stem cell.
Research patents.
Conclusion.
Reference.
Imagine that you have been told you have an illness that cannot be cured or what if your body has been irreversibly paralysed. There is no hope. But there is a science that could change that. It’s Called Stem Cell Research and it’s an important step in the medical revolution. But it comes with controversies as it uses Human Embryos’ as Raw Material.
But something astounding happened in the year 2006 that removed the usage of surplus embryos from the equation altogether. It’s about a brand new technology that can turn back the clock on your body cells. This is cutting edge of science where new developments are happing all the time. The iPSCs could be the potential medicine of 21st century. So what are stem cells? Why do they Matter? What are iPSCs and how it changed the biological rules?
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
3. Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized
cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells.
They are found in multicellular organisms.
What makes a cell a stem cell?
There is a classical criteria for a stem cell, it includes
the following basic properties-
1.self-renewal: the ability to go through numerous cycles
of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state. Two mechanisms exist to
ensure this property-
Obligatory asymmetric replication
Stochastic differentiation
2.Potency: the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types.
What are stem cells?
5. Potency specifies the differentiation
potential (the potential to differentiate into
different cell types) of the stem cell
6. 1981, Mouse beginnings
Martin Evans of Cardiff University, UK, then at the University of Cambridge, is first
to identify embryonic stem cells– in mice.
1997, Dolly the sheep
Ian Wilmut and his colleagues at the Roslin Institute, Edinburgh unveil Dolly the
sheep, the first artificial animal clone. The process involves fusing a sheep egg with
an udder cell and implanting the resulting hybrids into a surrogate mother sheep.
Researchers speculate that similar hybrids made by fusing human embryonic stem
cells with adult cells from a particular person could be used to create genetically
matched tissue and organs.
1998, Stem cells go human
James Thomson of the University of Wisconsin in Madison and John Gearhart of
Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, respectively, isolate human embryonic stem
cells and grow them in the lab.
2001, Bush controversy
US president George W. Bush limits federal funding of research on human embryonic
stem cells because a human embryo is destroyed in the process. But Bush does allow
continued research on human embryonic stem cells lines that were created
before the restrictions were announced
THE STEM CELL TIMELINE-
7. 2005, Fraudulent clones
Woo Suk Hwang of Seoul National University in South Korea reports that his team has
used therapeutic cloning – a technique inspired by the one used to create Dolly –
to create human embryonic stem cells genetically matched to specific people.
Later that year, his claims turn out to be false.
2006, Cells reprogrammed
Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University in Japan reveals a way of making embryonic-like
cells from adult cells – avoiding the need to destroy an embryo. His team reprograms
ordinary adult cells by inserting four key genes– forming “induced pluripotent stem
cells”.
2007, Nobel prize
Evans shares the Nobel prize for medicine with Mario Capecchi and Oliver Smithies
for work on genetics and embryonic stem cells.
2009, Obama-power
President Barack Obama lifts 2001 restrictions on federal funding for human
embryonic stem cell research.
2010, Spinal injury
A person with spinal injury becomes the first to receive a medical treatment derived
from human embryonic stem cells as part of a trial by Geron of Menlo Park,
California, a pioneering company for human embryonic stem cell therapies.
8. 2012, Blindness treated
Human embryonic stem cells show medical promise in a treatment that eases
blindness.
2012, Another Nobel
Yamanaka wins a Nobel prize for creating induced pluripotent stem cells, which
he shares with John Gurdon of the University of Cambridge.
2013, Therapeutic cloning
Shoukhrat Mitalipov at the Oregon National Primate Research Center in
Beaverton and his colleagues produce human embryonic stem cells from fetal
cells using therapeutic cloning – the breakthrough falsely claimed in 2005.
2014, Pre-embryonic state
Charles Vacanti of Harvard Medical School together with Haruko Obokata at
the Riken Center for Developmental Biology in Kobe, Japan, and colleagues
announced a revolutionary discovery that any cell can potentially be rewound to
a pre-embryonic state – using a simple, 30-minute technique.
9. 2014, Therapeutic cloning – with adult cells
Teams led by Dieter Egli of the New York Stem Cell Foundation and Young
Gie Chung from CHA University in Seoul, South Korea, independently
produce human embryonic stem cells from adult cells, using
therapeutic cloning.
• Egli’s team use skin cells from a woman with diabetes and demonstrate that
the resulting stem cells can be turned into insulin-producing beta cells. In
theory, the cells could be used to replace those lost to the disease.
2014, Human trials
Masayo Takahashi at the same Riken centre is due to select patients for
what promises to be the world’s first trial of a therapy based on induced
pluripotent stem cells, to treat a form of age-related blindness.
⃰NOTE(about the dolly)-
The production of Dolly showed that genes
in the nucleus of such a mature
differentiated somatic cell are still capable of
reverting to an embryonic totipotent state,
creating a cell that can then go on to develop
into any part of an animal.
10. CHARACTERIZATION OF STEM CELLS-
Flow Cytometric Assays
Although MSCs are not easily defined on the basis of
their cell surface antigen, flow cytometry can be useful for
MSC characterization in some cases.
For instance, simple assays of forward and side scatter
can provide information on the proportion of smaller,
rapidly self-renewing (RS)-type cells to slowly replicating
(SR) cells in a population of MSCs. RS cells typically
exhibit a far lower forward and side scatter profile
compared with the larger, and more complex, SR cells.
⃰Mesenchymal stem cells
11. Clonogenic Assays
One of the most important assets of MSCs is their ability to self-renew in culture.
Although the proliferative capacity of MSCs can be evaluated by a number of means,
including labeled nucleotide incorporation, hemocytometer counts, and flow
cytometry, the most widely accepted method is an appraisal of CFU potential.
In the CFU assay, the culture of MSCs is recovered by trypsinization and the cells are
counted by hemocytometer. One hundred cells are then plated into a 15-cm tissue
culture dish containing CCM and allowed to adhere and proliferate under normal
conditions of expansion.
After 3 weeks, the CFU cultures are washed, fixed, and
stained with Crystal Violet.
The colonies are then counted and the plating efficiency determined. Although there
are more complex variations on the CFU assay utilizing single-cell plating in a 96-well
format, the standard CFU assay remains a consistently reliable measure of replication
potential for MSC cultures.
⃰Colony Forming Unit ⃰Complete Culture Medium
12. Osteogenic differentiation assay
MSCs are defined by their potential to differentiate into mineralizing osteoblast-like
cells in vitro.
This is achieved by incubation of a confluent monolayer of MSCs in the presence of
osteogenic medium for 10–21 days, after which time the mineralized monolayer can be
evaluated by Alizarin Red S (ARS) staining.
13. EPIGENETICS IN STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewing and differentiating to the desired fate
depending on its position within the body.
•Stem cell homeostasis is maintained through epigenetic mechanisms that are highly
dynamic in regulating the chromatin structure as well as specific gene transcription
programs.
•Epigenetics has been used to refer to changes in gene expression, which are heritable
through modifications not affecting the DNA sequence.
•The mammalian epigenome undergoes global remodeling during early stem cell
development that requires commitment of cells to be restricted to the desired lineage.
•There has been multiple evidence suggesting that the maintenance of the lineage
commitment of stem cells are controlled by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA
methylation, histone modifications and regulation of ATP-dependent remolding
of chromatin structure.
•Based on the histone code hypothesis, distinct covalent histone modifications can lead to
functionally distinct chromatin structures that influence the fate of the cell.
16. SOURCES OF STEM CELLS
Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
Induced pleuripotent stem cells
Neural crest stem cells
ES Cells
AS Cells
iPS CellsNCS Cells
17. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS-
(ES) cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of
blastocysts of preimplantation-stage embryos.
These cells require specific signals to differentiate
to the desired cell type; if simply injected directly,
they will differentiate into many different types of
cells, resulting in a tumor derived from this abnormal
pluripotent cell development (a teratoma).
Mouse ES cells and human ES cells were both
originally derived and grown on a layer of mouse
fibroblasts (called “feeder cells”) in the presence of bovine
serum..
With their potential for unlimited expansion and
pluripotency, ES cells are a potential source for
regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after
injury or disease.
ES cell therapy is at an early stage, but human trials
were first carried out in 2010 on spinal injury victims.
18. The use of adult stem cells in research and
therapy is less controversial than ES cells, because
their production does not require the destruction
of an embryo.
ADULT STEM CELLS
Additionally, when adult stem cells are
obtained from the intended recipient (an
autograft) there is no risk of immune
rejection.
Adult stem cell treatments have been
successfully used for many years to treat
leukemia and related bone/blood cancers
through bone marrow transplants.
19. iPSCs are somatic cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem
cell–like state by being forced to express genes important for maintaining the defining
properties of embryonic stem cells.
Currently, iPS cells are produced by inserting copies of four stem cell-associated genes;
Oct 3/4, Sox 2, Klf4, and c-Myc (or Oct 3/4, Sox 2, Nanog, and LIN28) into
specialized cells using viral vectors. Shinya Yamanaka produced the first iPS cells from
mouse cells in 2006.
INDUCED PLEURIPOTENT STEM CELLS-
Although additional research is needed, iPSCs are already useful tools for drug
development and modeling of diseases, and scientists hope to use them in transplantation
medicine.
In addition, tissues derived from iPSCs will be a nearly identical match to the cell
donor and thus probably avoid rejection by the immune system.
By studying iPSCs and other types of pluripotent stem cells, researchers may learn how to
reprogram cells to repair damaged tissues in the human body.
20.
21. Neural crest cells are a temporary group of cells unique to vertebrates that arise
from the embryonic ectoderm cell layer, and in turn give rise to a diverse cell lineage
-- including melanocytes, craniofacial cartilage and bone, smooth
muscle, peripheral and enteric neurons and glia.
After gastrulation, neural crest cells are specified at the border of the neural plate
and the non-neural ectoderm. During neurulation, the borders of the neural plate,
also known as the neural folds, converge at the dorsal midline to form the neural tube.
Subsequently, neural crest cells from the roof plate of the neural tube undergo
an epithelial to mesenchymal transition, delaminating from the neuroepithelium and
migrating through the periphery where they differentiate into varied cell types.
The emergence of neural crest was important in vertebrate evolution because many
of its structural derivatives are defining features of the vertebrate clade.
NEURAL CREST STEM CELLS-
22. MIGRATION TO DIFFERENT CELL LINEAGES
Neural crest cells originating from different positions along the anterior-posterior axis
develop into various tissues. These regions of neural crest can be divided into four
main functional domains-
Cranial neural crest
Cranial neural crest migrates dorsolaterally to form the craniofacial mesenchyme that
differentiates into various cranial ganglia and craniofacial cartilages and bones.These cells
enter the pharyngeal pouches and arches where they contribute to the thymus, bones of
the middle ear and jaw and the odontoblasts of the tooth primordia.
Trunk neural crest
Trunk neural crest gives rise to two populations of cells. One group of cells fated to
become melanocytes migrates dorsolaterally into the ectoderm towards the ventral
midline. A second group of cells migrates ventrolaterally through the anterior portion of
each sclerotome. The cells that stay in the sclerotome form the dorsal root ganglia,
whereas those that continue more ventrally form the sympathetic ganglia, adrenal
medulla, and the nerves surrounding the aorta.
23. Vagal and sacral neural crest
The vagal and sacral neural crest cells develop
into the ganglia of the enteric nervous system
and the parasympathetic ganglia.
Cardiac neural crest
Cardiac neural crest develops into melanocytes,
cartilage, connective tissue and neurons of some
pharyngeal arches. Also, this domain gives rise to
regions of the heart such as the musculo-
connective tissue of the large arteries, and part of
the septum, which divides the pulmonary
circulation from the aorta.The semilunar valves
of the heart are associated with neural crest cells
according to new research.
24. WHAT IS NEURAL CRECT AND WHAT ARE THE STEM CELLS DERIVED FROM IT-
Abnormalities in neural crest development cause neurocristopathies, which include
conditions such as frontonasal dysplasia, Waardenburg-Shah syndrome, and DiGeorge
syndrome
30. Among the major hospitals that carry out stem cell transplant are AIIMS and the Army
Hospital in the capital, the Tata Memorial Centre and Jaslok Hospital in Mumbai and
CMC in Tamil Nadu's Vellore town. There are more than 500 centres in the world where
stem cell transplant is done
Stem cell transplant in India costs a fraction of what it does abroad but the country has
very few centres where the procedure can be done and not enough dedicated medical staff
A stem cell transplant can cost up to Rs.1 crore (approx $223,000) abroad, depending on
the type of procedure where as in India it costs Rs.10-20 lakh in private hospitals, while in
government hospitals it is much cheaper - Rs.3-6 lakh - depending on the type of
procedure.
Stem cell transplant has shown 50 percent success in treating certain kinds of cancers and
even more in other major conditions like beta thalassemia, a genetic blood disorder, and
aplastic anaemia, a condition where bone marrow does not produce sufficient new cells to
replenish blood cells. Stem cell transplant has shown 70-80 percent success in treating non-
malignant diseases
STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION- INDIAN SITUATION
31. FUTURE OF STEM CELLS
•Cloning
•States still cannot decide
•Stem cell research overseas
•The blind might be able to see
•Stem cells for type 1 diabetes
•President Obama supports stem cell research
32. REFERENCES
1.National institutes of health-http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/Pages/Default.aspx
2.Euro stem cells- http://www.eurostemcell.org/factsheet/cord-blood-stem-cells-current-uses-and-future-challenges
3. R&D Systems- https://www.rndsystems.com/resources/articles/stem-cell-markers
4.http://onlinebiologydegree.org/
5.http://edition.cnn.com/2013/07/05/health/stem-cells-fast-facts/
6.http://www.bioon.com/z/stemcellind2015925/images/w4.pdf
7.http://www.explorestemcells.co.uk/pluripotentstemcells.html
8.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18370085
9.http://www.stemcellsfreak.com/p/what-are-stem-cells.html
10.http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/672.full
11.http://www.deccanherald.com/content/125387/stem-cell-transplant-cheap-india.html
Bibliography
13. STEM CELLS: SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS AND FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS
14. STEM CELLS HANDBOOK STEM CELLS HANDBOOK EDITED BY STEWART SELL, MD EDITED BY STEWART SELL, MD
15. STEM CELL CULURE EDITED BY JENNY MATHER
16. STEM CELL BIOENGINEERING BY BIJU PAREKKADAN, MARTIN YARMUSH
12.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stem_cell