Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and divide to produce more stem cells. There are two main types: embryonic stem cells derived from blastocysts, and adult stem cells found in mature tissue. Stem cell research offers potential treatments for diseases by replacing damaged cells, though it faces ethical issues and technical challenges. The presentation discussed various stem cell applications in diabetes, eye disease, and blood disorders.

1. SEMINAR PRESENTATION
BY
MIKA GHOSH
B.SC BIOTECHOLOGY (UG-1)

3. These are undifferentiated biological cells that
can differentiate into specialized cells and can
divide mitotically to produce more such cells.
WHAT IS A STEM CELL ?

4. It is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or
condition.

5. In 1998 human embryonic stem cell lines were
developed.
In 1999 first human insulin making cell
transplantation.
In 1968 first successful bone marrow transplantation was
done. From 1970s it came in practice to treat a number
of diseases.
2000 first cloned human embryos
by Advanced Cell Technology.
Research is still
going on.

6. Self renewal (regeneration) & Differentiation
Properties Of Stem Cell

7. STEM CELLS
Embryonic stem
cells (ES)
Adult stem cells (i.e.,
somatic stem cells)
• Other types, such as induced pluripotentstemcells (iPSCs), are produced in the
lab by reprogramming adult cells to express ES characteristics.

8. EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS
Derivedfromthe inner cell mass of a blastocyst / human
embryo.
SOURCE:
• Excess fertilizedeggs fromIVF clinics.
• Therapeutic cloning (Somaticcell nuclear transfer).

10. ADULT STEM CELLS
Derived frommature organisms that can divide to formmore
differentiatedcells.
FUNCTION:
• Replace physiologically lost cells. Ex- HSC (hematopoietic stemcells)
•To divide in response to tissue injury or infection.

12.  Induced pluripotent stem cells (ipsc) are a type of stem cell
that can be generated directly from adult cells.
 Pioneered by SHINYA YAMANAKA’s lab in Tokyo, showing
that the introduction of 4 specific genes encoding
transcription factor could transfer adult cells to pluripotent
stem cells.

14. Cell potency is a cell's ability
to differentiate into other cell
types.
The more cell types a cell can
differentiate into, the greater its
potency.

15. Types of stem cell on basis of their potency
Totipotency - can differentiate into any kind of cell
including placental tissue. Ex- zygote
Pluripotency - can differentiate into any type of cell accept
placental tissue. Ex – embryonic stem cells
Multipotency - can differentiate into multiple specialised
cells . EX- HSC
Oligopotency - can differentiate into few cells closely related
to each other.. Ex –lymphoid or myeloid
Unipotency - can differentiate into only one type of cell
but can cells regenerate itself. Ex – muscle stem cells.

16. Multipotent
HSC
Lymphoid
Myeloid
Oligopotent

17. Embryogenic stem cell Adult stem cell
“Pluripotent”
(Can become any cell types
present in human body)
Stable can undergo many cell
divisions.
Easy to obtain but blastocyst
is destroyed
“Multipotent”
(Can become many but not any.)
Less stable capacity for self
renewal is limited.
Difficult to isolate in adult issue

18. When stem cells r transplanted into the body and arrive
into the injured part brain being targeted for
regeneration, the stem cells are coming in contact with our
growth chemicals (like EGF’s, NGF’s, HGF’s)in the body.
These chemicals program the stem cells to differentiate
into the tissue surrounding it.

20. Diabetes patients lose the function of insulin
producing Beta cells in pancreas.
Human Embryonic cells may be grown in cell culture
and stimulate to produce insulin producing cells that
can be transplanted in the patient.

22. Corneal diseases blindness
Take stem cells from good healthy eye.
Grown into contact lenses in lab.
Lenses are worn by patients for 3 weeks.
Then Migration of stem cells from lens to human eye
and begin to repair process.
Does Heels the damaged cornea and improve vision.

24. Hematopoietic stem cell
transplantation(HSCT)
 Stem cells that give rise to the lymphocytes and other cells of the
immune system, also makes blood cells, are called hematopoietic
stem cells and its transplantation is known as HSCT.
 To treat cancer patients with condition such as leukemia and
lymphoma, sickle cell anaemia, etc.
 Used in providing a functional immune system in a person with
SCID.
 In restoring the hematopoietic system.

26. Advantages
•This research can leadto the cure of number of human diseases.
• Scientist will be able to learn about how human cell works.
• It leads to the possibility of cell based therapy.

27. Disadvantages
•It is expensive.
• It is unethical.
• There is no assurance these cells will be compatible with
patient cells.