Carbon forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to form chains, branches and rings through catenation. It can form single, double and triple covalent bonds with other carbon atoms and atoms of other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and halogens. Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps and detergents. Ethanol is used as a solvent and in medicines and drinks. Ethanoic acid is used to make vinegar and its esters. Soaps clean with water through micelle formation but don't work in hard water while detergents do.
This document discusses organic chemistry and carbon compounds. It begins by defining organic as pertaining to life and living things, and organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is well-suited for life because it can form diverse and strong bonds. The document then discusses the structure of carbon atoms and their ability to form four bonds, allowing them to link together in chains, rings, and other complex structures. It also describes several allotropes of carbon like diamond and graphite, as well as hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is methane. The document provides examples of organic nomenclature rules and classifications of organic compounds.
Carbon is a versatile element that forms millions of compounds. It exists in many forms including diamond and graphite. Carbon is present in all living organisms and is the main component of fuels like coal.
Carbon atoms bond with other atoms through covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be saturated or unsaturated. Functional groups determine the properties of carbon compounds.
Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Ethanol is used in drinks and medicines while ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Soaps clean through micelle formation while detergents work better in
Carbon is found in many forms including diamond, graphite and fullerenes. It forms the basis of all known life and is present in many fuels. Carbon has 4 valence electrons and forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons with other atoms. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and rings, resulting in over 3 million known carbon compounds. Key properties of carbon include catenation, isomerism, and the ability to form various functional groups that determine a compound's properties. Important carbon compounds include ethanol, ethanoic acid and soaps.
ACID,BASES AND SALT for Class 10th....CREATED TO PIYUSH BHANDARIPiyush Bhandaari
This document is a student's presentation on acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water. It discusses the properties of acids and bases, including their tastes and how they feel. Common examples of acids and bases are provided. Indicators, pH, strong vs. weak acids and bases, and neutralization reactions are also explained.
This document outlines key concepts about acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water. There are strong acids that fully ionize and weak acids that partially ionize. Bases are oxides or hydroxides of metals. Alkalis are soluble bases that produce hydroxide ions in water. Acids and bases react to form salts and water in a neutralization reaction. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity. Indicators change color with pH. There are four types of oxides. Salts contain cations from bases and anions from acids. Common salts have various industrial and domestic uses.
Ncert class 10 - science - chapter 3 - metals and non-metalsEswariKumaravel
The document discusses the properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals lack these properties. Experiments are presented to demonstrate that metals are lustrous, hard except for a few, malleable by hammering into thin sheets, and ductile by pulling into wires. Other experiments show that metals conduct heat by melting wax and conduct electricity by lighting a bulb. The document contrasts how metals and non-metals react with oxygen, water, acids, and how metals react in salt solutions in displacement reactions.
The document discusses metals and non-metals. It describes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals have opposite properties. It also discusses how metals and non-metals react with oxygen, water, acids and how displacement reactions can be used to determine reactivity order. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction using chemical/electrochemical methods depending on their reactivity.
This document discusses organic chemistry and carbon compounds. It begins by defining organic as pertaining to life and living things, and organic chemistry as the chemistry of carbon compounds. Carbon is well-suited for life because it can form diverse and strong bonds. The document then discusses the structure of carbon atoms and their ability to form four bonds, allowing them to link together in chains, rings, and other complex structures. It also describes several allotropes of carbon like diamond and graphite, as well as hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is methane. The document provides examples of organic nomenclature rules and classifications of organic compounds.
Carbon is a versatile element that forms millions of compounds. It exists in many forms including diamond and graphite. Carbon is present in all living organisms and is the main component of fuels like coal.
Carbon atoms bond with other atoms through covalent bonds by sharing electrons. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and closed rings. Hydrocarbons contain only carbon and hydrogen and can be saturated or unsaturated. Functional groups determine the properties of carbon compounds.
Some important carbon compounds are ethanol, ethanoic acid, and soaps. Ethanol is used in drinks and medicines while ethanoic acid gives vinegar its sour taste. Soaps clean through micelle formation while detergents work better in
Carbon is found in many forms including diamond, graphite and fullerenes. It forms the basis of all known life and is present in many fuels. Carbon has 4 valence electrons and forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons with other atoms. This allows carbon to form chains, branches and rings, resulting in over 3 million known carbon compounds. Key properties of carbon include catenation, isomerism, and the ability to form various functional groups that determine a compound's properties. Important carbon compounds include ethanol, ethanoic acid and soaps.
ACID,BASES AND SALT for Class 10th....CREATED TO PIYUSH BHANDARIPiyush Bhandaari
This document is a student's presentation on acids and bases. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water, and bases as substances that produce hydroxide ions in water. It discusses the properties of acids and bases, including their tastes and how they feel. Common examples of acids and bases are provided. Indicators, pH, strong vs. weak acids and bases, and neutralization reactions are also explained.
This document outlines key concepts about acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions in water. There are strong acids that fully ionize and weak acids that partially ionize. Bases are oxides or hydroxides of metals. Alkalis are soluble bases that produce hydroxide ions in water. Acids and bases react to form salts and water in a neutralization reaction. The pH scale measures acidity and alkalinity. Indicators change color with pH. There are four types of oxides. Salts contain cations from bases and anions from acids. Common salts have various industrial and domestic uses.
Ncert class 10 - science - chapter 3 - metals and non-metalsEswariKumaravel
The document discusses the properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals lack these properties. Experiments are presented to demonstrate that metals are lustrous, hard except for a few, malleable by hammering into thin sheets, and ductile by pulling into wires. Other experiments show that metals conduct heat by melting wax and conduct electricity by lighting a bulb. The document contrasts how metals and non-metals react with oxygen, water, acids, and how metals react in salt solutions in displacement reactions.
The document discusses metals and non-metals. It describes the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. Metals are lustrous, malleable, ductile and are good conductors of heat and electricity, while non-metals have opposite properties. It also discusses how metals and non-metals react with oxygen, water, acids and how displacement reactions can be used to determine reactivity order. Metals are extracted from ores through processes like enrichment, extraction using chemical/electrochemical methods depending on their reactivity.
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, making them sour and able to turn litmus red. Bases are defined as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution, making them soapy and able to turn litmus blue. Salts are formed by the reaction of acids and bases and can be acidic, basic, or neutral depending on the reactants. Common natural and synthetic acid-base indicators are also described. The document then discusses the properties and reactions of acids, bases, and salts and how pH is used to measure acidity. Finally, several industrial chemicals derived from sodium chloride (common salt) are summarized, including
This document provides information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses electron dot structures of various molecules like H2, O2, ethane and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also describes cyclic/closed chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The document outlines IUPAC naming rules for hydrocarbons and different formula types. It provides examples of alkenes, alkynes and their naming conventions. Key differences between properties of covalent and ionic compounds are highlighted.
This document provides information about reproduction in organisms. It discusses that reproduction allows organisms to produce new individuals of the same species and is necessary for survival and population growth. During reproduction, DNA is copied but not identically, allowing for variation between offspring. This variation is important for adaptation to environmental changes and evolution of new species. The document also describes different types of reproduction like asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, and modes of asexual reproduction like fission, budding, regeneration etc. It further discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants and human beings.
This document discusses acids, bases, salts, and indicators. It defines acids as sour substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution and have a pH below 7. Bases are defined as having a pH above 7 and forming hydroxide ions in solution. Examples of common acids and bases are provided. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic versus basic solutions, allowing the pH to be determined. Strong acids and bases fully ionize in solution, while weak ones only partially ionize. Neutralization occurs when an acid and base react to form a salt and water. Salts are neutral compounds composed of acid anions and base cations.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, acids and metal salt solutions. Metals are listed in a reactivity series from most reactive to least reactive. The document outlines how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction, refining and corrosion of metals is summarized along with methods for preventing corrosion.
Acid Bases and Salts and Chemical EquationsSanchit Duseja
1) The document discusses chemical reactions and equations, focusing on chemical changes, types of chemical equations, and balanced chemical equations.
2) It then covers the five main types of chemical reactions - combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
3) Finally, it discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids and bases, lists their key properties, methods of classification, common examples, and uses.
Carbon is a nonmetallic element that forms covalent bonds and exists in multiple allotropes depending on how its atoms are arranged. It can form linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbons ranging from methane with one carbon to complex molecules like cellulose. Key properties depend on factors like the number of carbon atoms, their arrangement into straight chains, branches, or rings, and whether bonds are single or double. Functional groups determine characteristic reactions by specific atoms within organic molecules.
The document discusses control and coordination in living organisms. It describes how stimuli are received by receptors and responses are carried out by effectors. In animals, the nervous system and endocrine system work together to coordinate responses. The nervous system consists of neurons that transmit electrochemical signals through sensory, motor and interneurons. The human nervous system contains the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Reflex actions provide involuntary, rapid responses via a reflex arc. In plants, coordination occurs through plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellins, which influence growth and movements like tropisms in response to stimuli. The endocrine system also facilitates coordination in animals via glands like the adrenals, thyroid and pituitary
This document discusses ammonia, its properties, production, and reactions. It provides information on collecting ammonia through downward displacement of air and drying it with calcium oxide. Key reactions discussed include producing ammonia from ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide, and the reducing nature of ammonia shown through its reaction with copper oxide. The Haber and Ostwald processes for producing ammonia and nitric acid respectively are summarized.
A complete summary of the chapter carbon and its compounds. Every topic has been discussed effectively and provided with pictures for further reference.
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Acids, Bases and Salts'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
1. Carbon is found in many substances like fuels, living organisms, and in the free state as diamond and graphite.
2. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons to attain stability, giving it a valency of 4. It can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds.
3. Carbon forms over 3 million compounds due to its ability to form chains, rings, and bonds with many elements. This allows for a vast variety of structures.
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends.
This document discusses alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines these compounds and describes their structures. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon, while phenols have a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic carbon. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of a hydrogen. The document classifies these compounds based on the number and position of functional groups. It also discusses their naming conventions, physical properties, bonding, and methods of synthesis.
Chemical reactions and equations class 10 CBSEritik
This document discusses chemical reactions and equations. It defines a chemical reaction as a process where reactants are converted into products, which may occur under the influence of a catalyst. It describes how to write chemical equations and balance them by ensuring equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the reaction. It also defines and provides examples of different types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and redox reactions. Corrosion and rancidity are discussed as examples of oxidation reactions.
This is a chapter on electricity for the students of gr 10. this will make the chapter 100% easier and it is tested. for reviews browse www.anupamravi17.wix.com/outlawairbands. this is the official website of the outlaws gaming society. you will also get important gaming updates if you are an addicted gamer LOL Hope U Enjoy!!! if any doubts on this chapter just below in the comments section. Peace Stay fresh.
Chapter 12 aldehydes ketones and carboxylic_acidssuresh gdvm
This document contains sample questions and answers about aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids from Class XII Chemistry Chapter 12. The questions cover defining and giving examples of reaction types, naming compounds using IUPAC nomenclature, drawing structures of derivatives, predicting reaction products, and converting between related compounds.
The document discusses carbon compounds found in living things. It explains that carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form chains and a huge number of compounds. The four main groups of organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include sugars and starches. Lipids are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen.
This document summarizes a technology for producing butadiene from ethanol. It describes the current butadiene production methods and market trends, including declining production relative to ethylene. The solution presented uses an innovative catalyst to efficiently produce butadiene from ethanol via dehydration and oxy-dehydrogenation at lower temperatures and higher selectivity than competing technologies. A roadmap is outlined moving from laboratory testing to pilot and commercial plants. The business model involves licensing the technology to ethanol and rubber producers.
Myself being as a class 10 CBSE student; I understand the difficulties faced by the students.
so refer this presentation to have a well understanding over a difficult chapter.
PLEASE DO FOLLOW ME FOR FURTHER UPDATES!!
This document discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids as substances that produce hydrogen ions (H+) in aqueous solution, making them sour and able to turn litmus red. Bases are defined as substances that produce hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution, making them soapy and able to turn litmus blue. Salts are formed by the reaction of acids and bases and can be acidic, basic, or neutral depending on the reactants. Common natural and synthetic acid-base indicators are also described. The document then discusses the properties and reactions of acids, bases, and salts and how pH is used to measure acidity. Finally, several industrial chemicals derived from sodium chloride (common salt) are summarized, including
This document provides information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses electron dot structures of various molecules like H2, O2, ethane and unsaturated hydrocarbons. It also describes cyclic/closed chain hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene. The document outlines IUPAC naming rules for hydrocarbons and different formula types. It provides examples of alkenes, alkynes and their naming conventions. Key differences between properties of covalent and ionic compounds are highlighted.
This document provides information about reproduction in organisms. It discusses that reproduction allows organisms to produce new individuals of the same species and is necessary for survival and population growth. During reproduction, DNA is copied but not identically, allowing for variation between offspring. This variation is important for adaptation to environmental changes and evolution of new species. The document also describes different types of reproduction like asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, and modes of asexual reproduction like fission, budding, regeneration etc. It further discusses sexual reproduction in flowering plants and human beings.
This document discusses acids, bases, salts, and indicators. It defines acids as sour substances that produce hydrogen ions in solution and have a pH below 7. Bases are defined as having a pH above 7 and forming hydroxide ions in solution. Examples of common acids and bases are provided. Indicators are substances that change color in acidic versus basic solutions, allowing the pH to be determined. Strong acids and bases fully ionize in solution, while weak ones only partially ionize. Neutralization occurs when an acid and base react to form a salt and water. Salts are neutral compounds composed of acid anions and base cations.
This document discusses the physical and chemical properties of metals and non-metals. It describes how metals react with oxygen, water, acids and metal salt solutions. Metals are listed in a reactivity series from most reactive to least reactive. The document outlines how ionic compounds form and their properties. The extraction, refining and corrosion of metals is summarized along with methods for preventing corrosion.
Acid Bases and Salts and Chemical EquationsSanchit Duseja
1) The document discusses chemical reactions and equations, focusing on chemical changes, types of chemical equations, and balanced chemical equations.
2) It then covers the five main types of chemical reactions - combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and oxidation-reduction reactions.
3) Finally, it discusses acids, bases, and salts. It defines acids and bases, lists their key properties, methods of classification, common examples, and uses.
Carbon is a nonmetallic element that forms covalent bonds and exists in multiple allotropes depending on how its atoms are arranged. It can form linear, branched, or cyclic hydrocarbons ranging from methane with one carbon to complex molecules like cellulose. Key properties depend on factors like the number of carbon atoms, their arrangement into straight chains, branches, or rings, and whether bonds are single or double. Functional groups determine characteristic reactions by specific atoms within organic molecules.
The document discusses control and coordination in living organisms. It describes how stimuli are received by receptors and responses are carried out by effectors. In animals, the nervous system and endocrine system work together to coordinate responses. The nervous system consists of neurons that transmit electrochemical signals through sensory, motor and interneurons. The human nervous system contains the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. Reflex actions provide involuntary, rapid responses via a reflex arc. In plants, coordination occurs through plant hormones such as auxins and gibberellins, which influence growth and movements like tropisms in response to stimuli. The endocrine system also facilitates coordination in animals via glands like the adrenals, thyroid and pituitary
This document discusses ammonia, its properties, production, and reactions. It provides information on collecting ammonia through downward displacement of air and drying it with calcium oxide. Key reactions discussed include producing ammonia from ammonium chloride and calcium hydroxide, and the reducing nature of ammonia shown through its reaction with copper oxide. The Haber and Ostwald processes for producing ammonia and nitric acid respectively are summarized.
A complete summary of the chapter carbon and its compounds. Every topic has been discussed effectively and provided with pictures for further reference.
PowerPoint Presentation on the topic - 'Acids, Bases and Salts'. For Class - 10th.
Created By - 'Neha Rohtagi'
I hope that you will found this presentation useful and it will help you out for your concept understanding.
Thank You!
1. Carbon is found in many substances like fuels, living organisms, and in the free state as diamond and graphite.
2. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons to attain stability, giving it a valency of 4. It can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds.
3. Carbon forms over 3 million compounds due to its ability to form chains, rings, and bonds with many elements. This allows for a vast variety of structures.
The periodic table, also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which are arranged by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends.
This document discusses alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It defines these compounds and describes their structures. Alcohols contain a hydroxyl group bonded to carbon, while phenols have a hydroxyl group bonded to an aromatic carbon. Ethers have an alkoxy or aryloxy group in place of a hydrogen. The document classifies these compounds based on the number and position of functional groups. It also discusses their naming conventions, physical properties, bonding, and methods of synthesis.
Chemical reactions and equations class 10 CBSEritik
This document discusses chemical reactions and equations. It defines a chemical reaction as a process where reactants are converted into products, which may occur under the influence of a catalyst. It describes how to write chemical equations and balance them by ensuring equal numbers of each type of atom on both sides of the reaction. It also defines and provides examples of different types of chemical reactions: combination, decomposition, displacement, double displacement, and redox reactions. Corrosion and rancidity are discussed as examples of oxidation reactions.
This is a chapter on electricity for the students of gr 10. this will make the chapter 100% easier and it is tested. for reviews browse www.anupamravi17.wix.com/outlawairbands. this is the official website of the outlaws gaming society. you will also get important gaming updates if you are an addicted gamer LOL Hope U Enjoy!!! if any doubts on this chapter just below in the comments section. Peace Stay fresh.
Chapter 12 aldehydes ketones and carboxylic_acidssuresh gdvm
This document contains sample questions and answers about aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids from Class XII Chemistry Chapter 12. The questions cover defining and giving examples of reaction types, naming compounds using IUPAC nomenclature, drawing structures of derivatives, predicting reaction products, and converting between related compounds.
The document discusses carbon compounds found in living things. It explains that carbon has four valence electrons, allowing it to form chains and a huge number of compounds. The four main groups of organic compounds are carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and include sugars and starches. Lipids are mostly made of carbon and hydrogen.
This document summarizes a technology for producing butadiene from ethanol. It describes the current butadiene production methods and market trends, including declining production relative to ethylene. The solution presented uses an innovative catalyst to efficiently produce butadiene from ethanol via dehydration and oxy-dehydrogenation at lower temperatures and higher selectivity than competing technologies. A roadmap is outlined moving from laboratory testing to pilot and commercial plants. The business model involves licensing the technology to ethanol and rubber producers.
Carbon compounds can be organic or inorganic. Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things, while inorganic compounds do not come from living things. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, such as methane and petrol. Fats are also organic compounds that can be saturated or unsaturated, with saturated fats like palm oil and butter being solid at room temperature. Ethanol is produced through fermentation of glucose by yeast.
Indian textile industry environment issue ppt, nitraAdane Nega
The document discusses the Indian textile industry and environmental issues. It provides an overview of the structure and history of the textile industry in India. It describes the various environmental impacts of the textile industry such as air and water pollution from dyeing and finishing processes. It also outlines strategies for pollution control, including cleaner production techniques and end-of-pipe wastewater treatments.
The document describes the chemical reactions of carbon compounds. It shows the reactions of starch through hydrolysis and fermentation to produce glucose and ethanol. It then demonstrates reactions such as esterification, oxidation, addition, substitution, polymerization and dehydration that can be performed on ethanol and ethylene to produce different carbon compounds such as ethyl ethanoate, chloroethane, ethene, polyethene and 1,2-dichloroethane.
This ppt was made for our stupid projects..... The main purpose behind uploading this ppt is that no one should suffer like us and waste their time behind these stupid things... concentrate on your studies..
1. The document discusses various methods for disinfecting and controlling microbial growth, including physical methods like heat and radiation, and chemical methods like disinfectants, antiseptics, and other antimicrobial agents.
2. It describes the mechanisms of action for different antimicrobial agents like phenolics, iodophores, alcohols, aldehydes, and oxidizing agents which act by damaging cell membranes, proteins, and nucleic acids.
3. The effectiveness of disinfection depends on factors like concentration and contact time of the antimicrobial agent, amount of organic matter present, and characteristics of the microbes being targeted.
This document provides information about carbon compounds and their properties. It discusses organic compounds such as hydrocarbons, alcohols, carboxylic acids, and esters. For hydrocarbons, it describes the properties of alkanes such as their electrical conductivity, density, and how their melting/boiling points increase with more carbon atoms. It also discusses chemical tests and reactions that can be used to differentiate alkanes from alkenes, such as their reactions with bromine water and acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution. Industrial production of ethanol is outlined involving fermentation of sugars or hydration of ethene. Key reactions of alcohols like combustion, oxidation, and dehydration are
1) Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and has a valency of 4. It can form single, double, and triple bonds.
2) Carbon compounds exhibit isomerism due to different structural arrangements of carbon atoms. Functional groups determine properties of carbon compounds.
3) Important carbon compounds include ethanol, an alcohol, and ethanoic acid, a carboxylic acid. Ethanol and ethanoic acid undergo reactions like esterification, saponification, and reactions with bases.
Carbon forms a very large number of compounds due to its ability to form catenated chains, branched chains, and closed rings through covalent bonding. Carbon can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds with other carbon atoms as well as bonds with hydrogen and other elements. This variability leads to over 3 million known carbon compounds ranging from hydrocarbons like methane to more complex compounds like ethanol and ethanoic acid that have important properties and uses. The structure and properties of carbon compounds can be understood through electron dot diagrams, functional groups, homologous series, and characteristics like saturation, isomerism, and reactions like combustion, addition, and substitution.
Carbon forms a vast number of compounds due to its ability to form chains, rings, and bonds with many other elements. It most commonly forms four covalent bonds in which it shares electrons with other atoms. This allows carbon to link together in chains and rings to form hydrocarbons and many other compounds containing functional groups. Some important carbon compounds include ethanol, used in alcoholic drinks and medicines, and ethanoic acid, also known as acetic acid which is found in vinegar. Soaps and detergents are used for cleaning and are made from carboxylic acids or sulphonic acids which allow them to dissolve dirt through micelle formation.
Carbon and its compounds are discussed in the document. Carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and exhibits catenation, forming chains and rings. This allows carbon to form a large number of compounds, including hydrocarbons. Isomerism arises when compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Important carbon compounds include ethanol, ethanoic acid, soaps and detergents. Soaps clean using micelles but don't work in hard water, while detergents do not have this issue.
1. The document is a science lesson about carbon that discusses its occurrence, bonding properties, and ability to form large numbers of compounds.
2. It explains that carbon forms covalent bonds by sharing electrons and can share 1, 2, or 3 pairs of electrons to form single, double, or triple bonds.
3. The document also discusses functional groups, homologous series of hydrocarbons including alkanes, alkenes and alkynes, and isomerism among carbon compounds.
Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen. There are two main types of hydrocarbons: aliphatic and aromatic. Aliphatic hydrocarbons can be classified as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, or cycloalkanes depending on the presence of single, double, or triple carbon bonds. Alkanes contain only single bonds and follow the general formula CnH2n+2. Common reactions of alkanes include combustion and halogenation. Alkenes contain double bonds and have the formula CnH2n. They exhibit geometric isomerism and undergo addition reactions. Alkynes have triple bonds and the
This document provides a summary of Lesson 1 from an organic chemistry textbook chapter on carbon compounds. It covers 10 learning objectives related to the unique properties of carbon, isomers, functional groups, saturated vs unsaturated compounds, and IUPAC naming conventions. Key topics include how carbon can form multiple bonds and chains/rings, the importance of functional groups for classifying compounds, and systematic naming of organic molecules.
Carbon compounds can be classified based on their structure and bonding. The document discusses carbon bonding and different types of carbon compounds including hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons are classified as saturated or unsaturated, and as alkanes, alkenes or alkynes depending on the presence of single, double or triple carbon-carbon bonds. Functional groups and homologous series are also introduced. Nomenclature of carbon compounds using IUPAC and common systems is explained.
The document provides an introduction to organic chemistry and hydrocarbons. It discusses how hydrocarbons are composed of only carbon and hydrogen and can be classified as alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes based on their bonding structure. Alkanes contain only single carbon-carbon bonds and include compounds such as methane and ethane. The structures, naming conventions, and properties of alkanes are described.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry, including key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in many common materials.
- Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds, their structures, properties, and reactions.
- Carbon atoms can form multiple bonds with other carbons, allowing for a large number of organic compounds.
- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can be classified as aliphatic or aromatic.
K4 Organic Chemistry Alkanes And Alkenes (Includes Polymers)Sean Hunt
1) The document discusses organic chemistry concepts including alkanes, alkenes, cracking, and polymerization.
2) Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, while alkenes are unsaturated and contain carbon-carbon double bonds.
3) Cracking involves breaking down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones like alkenes using heat and a catalyst. Alkenes can then undergo addition polymerization to form plastics like polyethene, polypropene, and PVC.
This document summarizes key differences between organic and inorganic compounds based on a biochemistry lab experiment. Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living organisms, while inorganic compounds do not contain carbon or result from non-living processes. The document outlines tests to detect carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur in organic compounds, such as evolving gases upon heating with bases or forming precipitates with reagents. Common organic compounds and their properties are also discussed.
This document provides an overview of carbon and organic compounds containing carbon. It discusses that carbon is tetravalent and can form single, double, and triple bonds with other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and others. Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which includes hydrocarbons that contain only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons are classified as aliphatic or aromatic, with aliphatic hydrocarbons further divided into saturated and unsaturated types like alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Alkanes are saturated and have the general formula CnH2n+2. Alkenes contain carbon-carbon double bonds and have the formula CnH2n. Alkynes have a
This document provides an overview of carbon and organic chemistry topics. It discusses the structure and properties of carbon, including its ability to form covalent bonds and exist in different allotropes like diamond, graphite and buckminsterfullerene. Carbon's versatility is explained by its properties of catenation and tetravalency. The document outlines saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and describes how carbon can form chains, branches and rings. Lewis structures are introduced as a way to represent bonding. Homologous series are defined as compounds with the same functional group substituting for hydrogen in a carbon chain.
Aldehydes and ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes are considered the most important functional group. Ketones A carbon double bonded to an oxygen is called a carbonyl group. Compounds in which the carbon of a carbonyl group is bonded to two other carbons
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and have properties like being nonelectrolytes that react slowly. Examples are fuels and sugars.
- Hydrocarbons only contain carbon and hydrogen. Organic compounds can be hydrocarbons but not all organic compounds are hydrocarbons.
- Carbon can form four bonds to achieve stability, allowing it to link to other carbons and form large molecules.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts including alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and benzene. It discusses key topics such as:
- Organic compounds contain carbon and may also contain hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements.
- There are two main ways organic compounds are obtained: isolation from nature and synthesis in the laboratory.
- Hydrocarbons are divided into saturated (alkanes) and unsaturated (alkenes and alkynes) groups based on the presence of double or triple carbon bonds.
- Nomenclature rules are provided for naming straight-chain, branched, cyclic, and substituted organic compounds according to IUPAC conventions.
1) The document discusses organic chemistry and hydrocarbons. It defines organic compounds as those originally derived from plants and animals that contain carbon.
2) It summarizes the structures of several hydrocarbon classes including alkanes, alkenes and cycloalkanes. Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2.
3) The document outlines IUPAC nomenclature rules for systematically naming hydrocarbon structures based on carbon chain length and functional groups.
2. 1) Occurrence of carbon :-
i) Carbon is found in the atmosphere, inside the earth’s crust and in
all living organisms.
ii) Carbon is present in fuels like wood, coal, charcoal, coke, petroleum,
natural gas, biogas, marsh gas etc.
iii) Carbon is present in compounds like carbonates,
hydrogen carbonates etc.
iv) Carbon is found in the free state as diamond, graphite, fullerenes etc.
3. 2) Bonding in carbon – Covalent bond :-
The atomic number of carbon is 6, its electronic arrangement is 2,4, it
has 4 valence electrons. It can attain stability by gaining 4 electrons,
losing 4 electrons or sharing 4 electrons with other atoms.
It does not gain 4 electrons because it is difficult for the 6 protons to
hold 10 electrons.
It does not lose 4 electrons because it needs a large amount of
energy to lose 4 electrons.
So it shares 4 electrons with other atoms to attain stability resulting in
the formation of covalent bonds.
Since carbon atom needs 4 electrons to attain stability, its valency is 4
and it is tetravalent.
C CX
X
X X
__
I
I
4. 3) Formation of covalent bonds :-
Covalent bond is chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons
between atoms.
The sharing of one pair of electrons results in the formation of single
covalent bond, sharing of two pairs of electrons results in the formation
of double covalent bond and sharing of three pairs of electrons results
in the formation of triple covalent bond.
Eg :- Formation of single covalent bond in Hydrogen
molecule - H2
The atomic number of hydrogen is 1, its electronic arrangement is 1, it
has 1 valence electron. It needs 1 electron more to attain stability. So
two hydrogen atoms share 1 pair of electrons resulting in the formation
of a single covalent bond in hydrogen molecule H2.
H x + x H H X X H H – H H2
5. Formation of double covalent bond in oxygen molecule - O2
The atomic number of oxygen is 8, its EC is 2,6, it has 6 VE, it needs 2
electrons more to attain stability. So two oxygen atoms share two
pairs of electrons resulting in the formation of a double covalent bond
in oxygen molecule O2
O + O O O O = O O2
Formation of triple covalent bond in Nitrogen molecule - N2
The atomic number of nitrogen is 7, its EC is 2,5, it has 5 VE, it needs
3 electrons more to attain stability. So two nitrogen atoms share three
pairs of electrons resulting in the formation of a triple covalent bond in
nitrogen molecule N2
N + N N N N Ξ N N2
XX
X
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
XX
X
X
X
X
XX
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
6.
7. 4) Electron dot structures :-
Methane molecule – CH4 Ethane molecule – C2H6
H H H
H C H H C C H
H H H
H H H
I I I
H – C – H H – C – C – H
I I I
X
X
X X X
X
X
X
X
X X
X
8. 5) Formation of a very large number of carbon compounds :-
Carbon forms a very large number of compounds. The number of
carbon compounds is more than three million. It is more than the
number of compounds formed by all other elements. This is because :-
i) Carbon atom can form bonds with other carbon atoms to form long
chains, branched chains and closed rings. This property is called
catenation.
ii) Since the valency of carbon is 4, it can form bonds with other
carbon atoms or with atoms of other elements like hydrogen,
oxygen, nitrogen, halogens etc.
I
C
I I I I I I I I I I C
C – C – C – C – C – C C – C – C – C C C
I I I I I I I I I I C C
C C
I
Long chain Branched chain Closed ring
__
_ _
_ __ _
9. 6) Hydrocarbons, Saturated and Unsaturated hydrocarbons :-
i) Hydrocarbons :- are compounds containing carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
ii) Saturated hydrocarbons :- are hydrocarbons having all single
covalent bonds between the carbon atoms.
Eg : Alkanes :- have all single covalent bonds between the carbon
atoms and their names end with – ane.
H
I
Methane – CH4 H – C – H
I
H
H H
I I
Ethane – C2H6 H – C – C – H
I I
H H
10. iii) Unsaturated hydrocarbons :- are hydrocarbons having a double or
triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms. Eg : Alkenes and
Alkynes.
Alkenes :- have a double covalent bond between two carbon atoms.
and their names end with – ene.
H H H H
I I I I
Ethene - C2H4 C = C Propene – C3H6 H – C = C – C – H
I I I I
H H H H
Alkynes :- have a triple covalent bond between two carbon atoms
and their names end with – yne.
Ethyne – Ethyne – C2H2 H – C Ξ C – H
H
I
Propyne - C3H4 H – C Ξ C – C – H
I
H
11. 7) Isomerism :-
Carbon compounds having the same molecular formula but different
structural formulae are called isomers. This property is called isomerism.
Eg:- Butane – C4H10 has 2 isomers. They are Normal butane and Iso butane.
H H H H H H H
I I I I I I I
H – C – C – C – C – H H – C – C – C – H Iso butane
I I I I I I
H H H H H H
H – C – H
Normal butane I
H
Pentane – C5H12 has 3 isomers. They are Normal pentane, Iso pentane and Neo
pentane. Neo pentane
Iso pentane H
H I
I H – C – H
Normal pentane H – C – H H H
I I
H H H H H H H H H – C – C – C – H
I I I I I I I I I I
H – C – C – C – C – C – H H – C – C – C – C – H H H
I I I I I I I I I H – C – H
H H H H H H H H H I
H
12. 8) Functional groups :-
An atom or a group of atoms which decides the properties of a
carbon compound is called a functional group.
i) Halide ( Halo group) :- - Cl, - Br, etc. ( Names end with – ane )
Eg :- CH3Cl – Chloro methane, C2H5Br – Bromo ethane
ii) Alcohol :- - OH ( Names end with – ol )
Eg :- CH3OH – Methanol, C2H5OH – Ethanol
H
iii) Aldehyde :- - CHO - C ( Names end with – al )
O
Eg :- HCHO – Methanal, CH3CHO – Ethanal
O
II
iv) Carboxylic acid :- - COOH - C - OH (Names end with – oic acid )
Eg :- HCOOH – Methanoic acid, CH3COOH – Ethanoic acid
v) Ketone :- - CO - C - (Names end with – one )
II
O
Eg :- CH3COCH3 – Propanone , CH3COC2H5 - Butanone
13. 9) Homologus series :-
Homologus series is a group of carbon compounds having similar
structures, similar chemical properties and whose successive members
differ by a – CH2 group. Eg :- Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes etc.
Alkanes :- have general molecular formula CnH2n+2 . Their names end
with – ane and the members are as follows :-
Methane - CH4
Ethane - C2H6
Propane - C3H8
Butane - C4H10
Pentane - C5H12
H
I
Methane :– CH4 H – C – H
I
H
H H H H H
I I I I I
Ethane :– C2H6 H – C – C – H Propane – C3H8 H – C – C – C – H
I I I I I
H H H H H
14. Alkenes :-
Alkenes have general molecular formula CnH2n . Their names end
with – ene and the members are as follows :-
Ethene - C2H4
Propene - C3H6
Butene - C4H8
Pentene - C5H10
H H
I I
Ethene :- C2H4 C = C
I I
H H
H H H H H H H
I I I I I I I
Propene :- C3H6 H – C = C – C – H Butene :- C4H8 H – C = C – C – C – H
I I I
H H H
15. Alkynes :-
Alkynes have general molecular formula CnH 2n – 2 .Their names end
with – yne and the members are as follows :-
Ethyne - C2H2
Propyne - C3H4
Butyne - C4H6
Ethyne :- C2H2 H – C C – H
H
I
Propyne :- C3H4 H – C C – C – H
I
H
H H
I I
Butyne :- C4H6 H – C C – C – C – H
I I
H H
16. 10) Chemical properties of Carbon compounds :-
a) Combustion :-
Carbon compounds burn in oxygen to form water, carbon dioxide,
heat and light.
Eg :- C + O2 CO2 + heat + light
CH4 + 2O2 2H2O + CO2 + heat + light
C2H5OH + 3O2 3H2O + 2CO2 heat + light
b) Oxidation :-
Carbon compounds like alcohols are oxidised to carboxylic acids on
heating with oxidising agents like alkaline Potassium permanganate
– KMnO4 or acidic potassium dichromate - K2Cr2O7 .
Eg:- Alcohols are oxidised to Carboxylic acids
alkaline KMnO4 + heat
C2H5OH CH3COOH
Ethanol acidic K2Cr2O7 + heat Ethanoic acid
17. c) Addition reaction :-
Unsaturated hydrocarbons undergo addition reaction with hydrogen in the
presence of nickel or palladium as catalyst to form saturated hydrocarbons.
Eg:- Ethene undergoes addition reaction with hydrogen to form ethane in the
presence of nickel or palladium as catalyst.
Ni or Pd catalyst
C2H4 + H2 C2H6
H H H H
I I Ni or Pd catalyst I I
C = C + H2 H – C – C – H
I I I I
H H H H
The addition of hydrogen to unsaturated hydrocarbons to form saturated
hydrocarbons is called hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is used to convert
unsaturated oils and fats to saturated oils and fats.
d) Substitution reaction :-
Saturated hydrocarbons undergo substitution reaction with halogens to
form substitution products.
Eg :- Methane undergoes substitution reaction with chlorine in the presence
of sunlight to form substitution products.
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 CHCI3 + HCl CHCI3 + Cl2 CCl4 + HCl
18. 11) Some important carbon compounds :-
a) ETHANOL :- C2H5OH - Ethyl alcohol
Properties :-
i) Ethanol is a colourless liquid with a pleasant smell and burning
taste.
ii) It is soluble in water.
iii) Ethanol reacts with sodium to form sodium ethoxide and hydrogen.
2C2H5OH + 2Na 2C2H5ONa + H2
iv) Ethanol reacts with hot conc. H2SO4 to form ethene and water. Conc.
H2SO4 is a dehydrating agent and removes water from ethanol.
conc. H2SO4
C2H5OH C2H4 + H2O
Uses :-
i) Ethanol is used for making alcoholic drinks.
ii) It is used as a solvent.
iii) It is used for making medicines like tincture iodine, cough syrups,
tonics etc.
19. b) ETHANOIC ACID :- CH3COOH – Acetic acid
Properties :-
i) Ethanoic acid is a colourless liquid with a pungent smell and sour taste.
ii) It is soluble in water.
iii) A solution of 5% to 8% ethanoic acid in water is called Vinegar.
iv) Esterification :-
Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to form the ester ethyl ethanoate in the presence
of conc. H2SO4.
conc.H2SO4
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
The reaction between carboxylic acid and alcohol to form an ester is called
esterification.
v) Saponification :-
When an ester reacts with sodium hydroxide solution, the sodium salt of the
carboxylic acid and the parent alcohol are formed. This reaction is called
saponification.
Eg :-Ethyl ethanoate reacts with sodium hydroxide to form sodium acetate and ethanol.
CH3COOC2H5 + NaOH CH3COONa + C2H5OH
vi) Ethanoic acid reacts with bases to form salt and water.
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
vii) Ethanoic acid reacts with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates to form salt, water
and carbon dioxide.
2CH3COOH + Na2CO3 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
CH3COOH + NaHCO3 CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
20. 12) Soaps and detergents :-
a) Soaps :- Soaps are long chain sodium or potassium salts of carboxylic
acids. Eg:- Sodium stearate – C17H35COONa
Structure of soap molecule :- A soap molecule has two parts. A long
hydrocarbon part which is hydrophobic (water repelling) and soluble in oil and
grease and a short ionic part which is hydrophyllic (water attracting) and
insoluble in oil and grease.
COO Na
+
Hydrocarbon part Ionic part
(Water repelling) (Water attracting)
Cleansing action of soap :- When soap is dissolved in water it forms
spherical structures called micelles. In each micelle the soap molecules are
arranged radially such that the HC part is towards the centre and the ionic part
is towards the outside. The HC part dissolves the dirt, oil and grease and forms
an emulsion at the centre of the micelles which can be washed away by water.
21.
22. b) Detergents :-
Detergents are long chain sodium salts of sulphonic acids.
Soaps do not wash well with hard water because it forms insoluble
precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts in hard water.
Detergents wash well with hard water because it does not form insoluble
precipitates of calcium and magnesium salts in hard water.
c) Differences between soaps and detergents :-
Soaps Detergents
i) Soaps are sodium salts of Detergents are sodium salts of
fatty acids. sulphonic acids.
ii) Soaps clean well in soft water but Detergents clean well with both
do not clean well in hard water. hard and soft water.
iii) Soaps do not clean as well as Detergents clean better than soaps.
detergents.
iv) Soaps are biodegradable and Some detergents are non biodegradable
do not cause pollution. and cause pollution.