Chapter 6.3 : Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds
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Ionic compounds are composed of positive and negative ions in ratios that balance the charges. They form crystalline lattices with ions arranged in an orderly pattern. The ions are held together by strong electrostatic forces called lattice energy. Ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points, are hard and brittle, and conduct electricity when molten or dissolved but not in the solid state. Polyatomic ions are charged groups of covalently bonded atoms that behave as single ions in ionic compounds.
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The attractive force which holds various constituents (atom, ions, etc.) together and stabilizes them by the overall loss of energy is known as chemical bonding. Therefore, it can be understood that chemical compounds are reliant on the strength of the chemical bonds between its constituents; The stronger the bonding between the constituents, the more stable the resulting compound would be.
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Life Science 6.1 : Disease
This document discusses infectious diseases and how they spread. It explains that infectious diseases, also called pathogens, can be passed from one living thing to another through various pathways, including the air, contaminated objects, direct contact between people or animals, and through food and water. It notes that while some diseases like cancer are noninfectious, infectious diseases are caused by pathogens. It also outlines four methods that have helped reduce disease spread: pasteurization, vaccines and immunity, antibiotics, and improved sanitation.
Life Science 6.2 : Your Body Defenses
The document summarizes the body's defenses against pathogens and how the immune system works. It describes how the skin, platelets, macrophages, T cells, B cells, antibodies, fevers, and memory cells provide lines of defense and response. It also outlines four challenges to the immune system: allergies where it overreacts; autoimmune diseases where it attacks the body's own cells; cancer where cells divide uncontrollably; and AIDS where HIV infects and disables the immune system.
Life Science 4.2 : Responding to the Environment
The document describes several human senses and how they work. It discusses how touch is detected by receptors in the skin that respond to different stimuli. It explains how sight works through the pupil controlling light entering the eye, light traveling through the lens and being focused on the retina where it is converted to electrical signals. It outlines how hearing functions with sound waves being collected by the outer and middle ear and converted to signals in the inner ear.
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Life Science 3.1 : The Digestive System
The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that the body can use. It includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder and pancreas. Mechanical digestion breaks down food physically while chemical digestion uses enzymes to break down molecules. Digestion begins in the mouth and food travels through the esophagus to the stomach where it is further broken down. Nutrients are then absorbed in the small intestine before waste is passed into the large intestine and eliminated from the body.
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Chapter 6.3 : Ionic Bonding and Ionic Compounds
- 1. Ionic bonds and ionic compounds Chapter 6.3
- 2. Objectives Compare and contrast a chemical formula for a molecular compound with one for an ionic compound Discuss the arrangements of ions in crystals Define lattice energy and explain its significance List and compare the distinctive properties of ionic and molecular compounds Write the Lewis structure for a polyatomic ion given the identity of the atoms combined and other appropriate information
- 4. 3-D network of positive and negative ions mutually attracted to one another.
- 5. Above – Na+1 and Cl-1 are in a 1 to 1 ratio
- 7. Formation of Ionic compounds Using electron dot notation to show ionic bonding Na Cl Sodium atom Chlorine atom Na + Cl Na+1 + Cl -1 Sodium atom Chlorine atom Sodium cation Chlorine anion Ca + F + F Ca+2 + F -1 + F -1 Sodium atom Fluorine atom Fluorine atom Calcium cation Fluorine anion Fluorine anion
- 9. Energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline compound is formed from gaseous ions.
- 11. Polyatomic Ions Charged group of covalently bonded atoms +1 -1 H H N H H -2 O N O O O O SO O Ammonium Ion Nitrate Ion Sulfate Ion NH4+1 NO3-1 SO4-2 -3 O O P O O 4 O 6 e- each 24 e- 32 e- Phosphate Ion 1P 5 e- each 5 e- so 29 e- PO4-3 29 e- 3 e- 32 e-