Simple & compound microscope PPT
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1. A compound microscope uses two lenses, an objective lens with a short focal length that magnifies the object, and an eyepiece lens that further magnifies the image from the objective lens and brings it into the visible range. 2. The objective lens produces a real, inverted intermediate image of the specimen that is enlarged, and the eyepiece lens magnifies this intermediate image and produces a final virtual image that is both enlarged and upright. 3. The magnifying power of a compound microscope is calculated as the ratio of the angle subtended by the final magnified image to the angle subtended by the actual specimen.
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Compound microscope
The document discusses the compound microscope. It describes how a compound microscope uses two lenses, an objective lens near the specimen and an eyepiece lens, to magnify the specimen. It details the various parts of a compound microscope, including the stage, objective lenses, eyepiece, condenser, and diaphragm. It explains that changing the objective lens allows higher magnification and that oil immersion objectives provide the highest magnification of 100x.
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A simple microscope uses a single lens to magnify objects and forms a virtual image. It provides low magnification and is used to examine things like skin, algae, and soil samples.
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Optometers are subjective if the patient judges the clarity of the retinal image or objective when the machine or examiner does it.
Subjective optometers control the focus of the retinal image and are used to determine when a target is conjugate to the retina.
Objective optometers measure the defocus or disconjugacy of the retinal image and the stimulus target.
There are also measures of accommodation that measure characteristics of the crystalline lens such as front surface curvature via the third Purkinje image.
SIMPLE OPTOMETER:
The simple optometer is a plus lens placed in the anterior focal plane or spectacle plane of the eye.
The virtual image of objects placed before the lens can be imaged from infinity to close to the spectacle plane, simply by moving the target from the anterior focal plane of the lens to the lens plane respectively.
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1/u + F = 1/v where: u= object distance, v=image distance, F = focal power
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BADAL OPTOMETER:
Invented by Jules Badal in 1876, who is French scientist
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The optical system is telecentric in both the object and image space, that is, the rays are parallel.
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Here ,a plus lens whose posterior focal plane is coincident with the nodal point of the eye. It also keeps image size constant with changing object distance.
SUBJECTIVE OPTOMETERS
For Δz = 0, the light emerging from the lens is collimated (i.e. object at infinity)
For Δz > 0, the light emerging from the lens is diverging. The object appears in front of eye, so will be in focus for myopes.
For Δz < 0, the light emerging from the lens is converging. The virtual image is behind the eye, so will be in focus for hyperopes.
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Combine of Simple and Badal lens optometers with various visual stimuli to enhance the sensitivity of subjective measures by improving sensitivity to blur detection.
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Refraction is the bending of light when passing from one medium to another of different density. It occurs due to changes in the speed of light in different mediums. Refraction examples include light bending as it enters a denser medium like water. Snell's law describes the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction based on the indices of refraction of the mediums. Refraction is responsible for many optical phenomena in nature like dispersion, scattering, and the reddish appearance of the sun during sunrise and sunset. Lenses use refraction to form real or virtual images, with convex lenses producing inverted real images and concave lenses producing upright virtual images. Defects of vision like myopia and hyperopia can be corrected
fdocuments.net_optics-lecture-2-book-chapter-3435.ppt
An image is a reproduction of an object via light that can either be real, forming on a surface, or virtual, requiring an observer. Real images are produced by concave mirrors and converging lenses, whereas virtual images are produced by flat mirrors. A real image occurs where rays converge and a virtual image where rays appear to converge. Concave mirrors form real images when the object is outside the focal point and virtual images when inside the focal point. Lenses also form real or virtual images depending on if the object is outside or inside the focal point. Diffraction occurs when light encounters an obstacle comparable in size to its wavelength, spreading the waves and creating interference patterns like Newton's rings.
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A lens is a transparent material that concentrates or disperses light rays when it passes through them by refraction. According to the shape and purpose of the lens, they are classified into two types convex lens and concave lens. Let’s learn about convex lenses in detail in this article.
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This document describes the main parts and functions of a microscope. It identifies the arm, base, eyepiece, body tube, revolving nosepiece, stage, fine and coarse adjustment knobs, stage clips, iris diaphragm, mirror/light source, objective lenses, aperture, and condenser. It explains that the objective lenses are used to magnify specimens and that magnification is calculated by multiplying the eyepiece and objective powers. Proper microscope use, handling, and storage are also outlined.
Microscope parts and functions
This document describes the main parts and functions of a microscope. It identifies the arm, base, eyepiece, body tube, revolving nosepiece, stage, fine and coarse adjustment knobs, stage clips, iris diaphragm, mirror/light source, objective lenses, aperture, and condenser. It explains that the objective lenses are used to magnify specimens and that total magnification is calculated by multiplying the eyepiece and objective powers. Proper microscope use, handling, and storage are also outlined.
Module No. 41
The document describes Michelson interferometer, an instrument invented by American physicist Albert Michelson. It splits a light beam into two parts which travel different paths before recombining to form an interference pattern. By moving one of the mirrors, the path difference between the beams can be adjusted precisely in increments of 1/4 the wavelength. This allows for extremely accurate measurements of wavelength and precise length measurements, such as Michelson's famous measurement of the speed of light. The interferometer played an important role in the development of classical physics in the late 19th century.
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fdocuments.net_optics-lecture-2-book-chapter-3435.ppt
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Simple & compound microscope PPT
- 1. Simple & Compound Microsc ope Presented by- MAAZ UL HAQ C.L Gupta eye institute
- 2. Microscope An optical instrument used for viewing very small objects, such a s mineral samples or animal or plant cells, typically magnified sev eral hundred times. TYPES: 1. Simple microscope 2. Compound microscope
- 3. Simple Microscope • A simple microscope is nothing but a single bicon vex lens. It is referred to as magnifying glass • The object to be viewed through a simple micros cope is placed between the optic center and the focus • Image formed by a simple microscope is erect, vi rtual and magnified.
- 4. 1. Linear magnification Height of Image image distance = = Height of Object object distance 2. Angular magnification Angle subtended at the eye by the image formed at the distance of distinct vision Magnifying Power = Angle subtended at the eye by the object formed at the distance of distinct vision
- 5. Magnifying Power of a Simple Microscope • The magnifying power or angular magnification of a microscop e may be defined as the: – Ratio of the angle subtended at the eye by the image formed at the distanc e of the distinct vision to the angle subtended by the object when placed a t the distance of the distinct vision.
- 6. The ray diagram shows that the image of the object AB is formed at A1B1. A1B1 is formed at the least distance of distinct vision. The figure shows that the angle A1OB1 subtended at the eye by the object in the position A1B1 is greater than the angle AOB subtended by it in the position AB. From this it is clear that the eye estimates the angle subtended by an object on it and not the linear size of the object.
- 10. Uses: • A simple microscope is used as a magnifying glass. It cannot be used to observe very tiny objects like bacteria and cells becaus e of its low magnification.
- 11. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE It is an optical device used to see highly magnified image of tiny objects. Construction: It consist of two convex lenses of short focal length arranged co-axial at the free end of tube, at a suitable fixed distance. Objective Lens: It is a convex lens of very short focal length fo and small aperture, kept near the object. Eye piece: It is also a convex lens of comparatively larger focal length fe and larger aper ture kept near the eye
- 12. Optics of Compound Microscope • The object AB is placed at uo slightly larger than the focal length of objective lens. • The objective lens forms a real, inverted and magnified image A’B’ of the object AB on the other side of lens. • The distance between the objective and eyepiece is so adjusted that the image A’B’ lie within the focus of eyepiece. • This image A’B’ acts as an object for eyepiece. • The eyepiece E form a virtual and magnified final image A”B” which is inverted to object.
- 13. Magnifying power of a compound Microscope Magnifying power = The ratio of the angle subtended at the e ye by the final virtual image, to the angle subtended at the eye by the object Where , β = angle subtended at the eye by final image α = angle subtended at the eye by object. h’ = height of image, h = height of object Ue = Object distance from eye piece, D = least distance of distinct vision mo = Magnification of Objective lens, me = magnification of Eyepiece lens tanθ=perpendicular / base
- 14. • The eye piece acts as a simple microsc ope. where D = distance between eye piece to final image a nd fe = focal length of eye piece. As uo = -fo vo = L =Length of micros cope tube.