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Introduction-to-Anatomy-and-Physiology.pptx

Human Anatomy And Physiology is the study related to human body structure and its functioning. Anatomy which provide the detail information regarding the structure of the human body whereas physiology provide the study of function that the organs do present inside the body. Each and every organ provide different functions for different processes. Alongside there are various body cavities present inside the body which provide information with the various cavities with number of functioning provide by them for different different functioning. Every organ present inside the body plays a crucial and vital role in preforming the functions with the help of body cavities for the numerous purpose that help to maintain the body structure and various other activities. Information regarding the fluid present inside the body that is the extracellular fluid which is less in amount as compared to the intracellular fluid that is 2/3 rd of the total fluid present inside the body. the most amount of fluid present inside the body is water as it is the source for the all the activities to be caries out inside the body.

Education◦
PREPARED BY Prof. ASHISH N. UMALE M. PHARM IN PHARMACOLOGY ASSISTANT PROFESSOR SHRADDHA INSTITUTE OF PHARMACY, WASHIM-444505 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY - I
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy and physiology explore the structures and functions of the human body. Anatomy describes the body's structures— their names, composition, location, and relationships. Physiology studies how each structure functions, individually and in combination with others.
Two Major Fields of Anatomy Gross Anatomy Study of large, visible structures that can be seen with the naked eye. Microscopic Anatomy Study of structures too small to see, such as cells and molecules.
Five Divisions of Gross Anatomy 1 Surface Anatomy Describes surface forms and marks on the body. 2 Regional Anatomy Organization of specific body areas like the head or hand. 3 Systemic Anatomy Groups of organs functioning together for a single purpose. 4 Developmental Anatomy Structural changes from fertilized egg to maturity, including embryology. 5 Clinical Anatomy Medical specialties including changes during illness and radiographic anatomy.
Microscopic Anatomy & Physiology Specialties Microscopic Anatomy • Cytology: Study of cells and their structures • Histology: Study of tissues and their structures Physiology Divisions • Cell physiology: Chemical and molecular processes • Special physiology: Specific organs like the heart • Systemic physiology: Cooperative organ functions • Pathological physiology: Disease effects on organs
Levels of Organization Our bodies are organized at many different levels, from smallest to largest Atoms Smallest functional units of matter Molecules Active chemicals Organelles Specialized structures within cells Cells Smallest living units Tissues Similar cells working together Organs Multiple tissue types cooperating Organ Systems Multiple organs working together Organism Complete individual
11 Organ Systems The human body is divided into 11 interconnected organ systems.  All systems work together, and many organs function in multiple systems.
Protection & Support Systems Integumentary System Skin and derived structures protect internal organs and maintain body temperature. Skeletal System Bones and joints provide support and protection to internal organs. Muscular System Skeletal muscles provide movement throughout the body.
Control & Regulation Systems Nervous System Brain, spinal cord, and nerves regulate body functions and provide sensory perception. Endocrine System Hormone-producing cells and glands regulate homeostasis, growth, and development.
Transport & Defense Systems Cardiovascular System Blood, heart, and blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients to tissues. Lymphatic & Immune System Lymphatic vessels and fluid defend against infection.
Processing & Elimination Systems Respiratory System Lungs and airways absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide. Digestive System Gastrointestinal tract organs absorb nutrients from food. Urinary System Kidneys, ureters, and bladder maintain electrolyte balance and remove waste. Reproductive System Reproductive organs in males and females. It controls the biological process by which new individuals are produced.
Homeostasis: The Body's Balance Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions despite a changing external environment. It's a dynamic state of equilibrium where cellular needs are adequately met and functional activities occur smoothly. Virtually every organ system plays a role in maintaining this internal environment.
The Three Components of Homeostatic Regulation Receptors Sensors that respond to stimuli and monitor changes in controlled conditions. They send input information to the control center. Control Center Receives information from receptors and sends out commands. The body has hundreds of controlled conditions including heart rate, blood pressure, temperature, and breathing rate. Effector Cells or organs that respond according to output commands from the control center to restore balance.
Negative Feedback: Opposing the Stimulus When the response of effectors opposes the original stimulus, it's called negative feedback because it negates the stimulus. This is the most common homeostatic mechanism in the body. An example is the temperature thermostat in your home.  Temperature sensors turn the air conditioner off and on to maintain air temperature within a specific range. The brain controls body temperature homeostasis in the same way.
Temperature Regulation Through Negative Feedback Stimulus Stress disrupts homeostasis by increasing body temperature above normal range. Detection Thermoreceptors in skin and brain activate and send nerve impulses to the control center. Processing Control center analyzes input and sends output commands to effectors in the skin. Response Sweat glands increase sweating, causing heat loss through evaporation and normalizing body temperature.
Positive Feedback: Amplifying the Response In positive feedback, the effector adds to the initial stimulus instead of negating it, speeding up the process. This mechanism is less common but crucial for specific functions like childbirth. Labor Contraction Example • Labor contractions force baby into birth canal • Cervix distention activates stretch receptors • Hypothalamus and pituitary increase oxytocin secretion • Oxytocin causes greater cervix distention • Baby is pushed further into birth canal • Birth interrupts the positive feedback cycle
Body Cavities: Organized Compartments The body maintains its internal organization through membranes, sheaths, and structures that separate compartments.  The dorsal (posterior) and ventral (anterior) cavities are the largest body compartments, containing and protecting delicate internal organs. The ventral cavity allows for significant changes in organ size and shape during function. Organs like the lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines can expand and contract without distorting other tissues or disrupting nearby organ activity.
Posterior (Dorsal) Cavity Subdivisions Cranial Cavity Houses the brain, providing protection within the skull structure. Spinal Cavity Also called vertebral cavity, encloses the spinal cord within the vertebral column.
Anterior (Ventral) Cavity Organization The anterior cavity is divided by the diaphragm muscle into two major regions, each containing specific organs and protective membranes. 01) Superior Thoracic Cavity Pleural cavity: Contains lungs (left and right, divided by mediastinum) with visceral and parietal pleura membranes Pericardial cavity: Contains heart with visceral and parietal pericardium membranes 02) Inferior Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal cavity: Contains liver, stomach, spleen, and intestines Pelvic cavity: Contains intestines, bladder, and reproductive organs Peritoneal cavity: Protected by visceral and parietal peritoneum membranes
Serous Membranes: Protective Layers  The walls of the ventral body cavity and outer surfaces of organs are covered with thin, double-layered membranes called serosa or serous membranes. Parietal Serosa The part of the membrane lining the cavity walls. "Parie" means wall. Visceral Serosa Formed when parietal membrane folds on itself to cover organs in the cavity. "Viscus" means an organ in a body cavity.
Body Fluid Compartments Water content in the body is divided into two main compartments that maintain distinct chemical compositions and functions. 67% Intracellular Fluid (ICF) Inside cells. If body has 60% water, ICF is about 40% of body weight. Primarily a solution of potassium, organic anions, and proteins controlled by cell membranes and metabolism. 33% Extracellular Fluid (ECF) Outside cells. Includes blood plasma, interstitial fluid, and other fluids that surround and bathe the cells.
Body Fluid Compartments Understanding the distribution and composition of body fluids is essential for comprehending human physiology. Water makes up approximately 60% of body weight and is distributed across distinct compartments, each with unique characteristics and functions.
The Two Major Fluid Compartments Intracellular Fluid (ICF)  Comprises 2/3 of body water, approximately 40% of total body weight.  Primarily contains potassium and organic anions, with composition controlled by cell membranes and cellular metabolism. Extracellular Fluid (ECF)  Represents the remaining 1/3 of body water, about 20% of body weight.  Primarily a NaCl and NaHCO3 solution, subdivided into three distinct sub-compartments.
ECF Distribution 1. Interstitial Fluid 75% of ECF - surrounds cells but doesn't circulate 2. Plasma 25% of ECF - circulating component of blood 3. Transcellular Fluid 2.5% of total body water - specialized fluids
Interstitial Fluid: The Cellular Environment What It Is Interstitial fluid surrounds cells in tissue spaces and represents the main component of extracellular fluid, comprising about 3/4 of the ECF. It's found in interstitial spaces between cells throughout the body. Key Functions • Facilitates intercellular communication • Bathes cells of tissues with nutrients • Removes metabolic waste products Composition • Water solvent • Amino acids and sugars • Fatty acids and coenzymes • Hormones and neurotransmitters • Mineral salts • Cellular waste products • Lymph (considered part of ISF)
Plasma: The Liquid Component of Blood Definition Plasma is the yellow liquid component of blood in which blood cells are suspended. It represents 55% of total blood volume and makes up about 1/4 of the ECF as the intravascular fluid part. Composition 90% water by volume, with dissolved proteins, glucose, clotting factors, mineral ions, hormones, and carbon dioxide. Primary Function Serves as the main medium for excretory product transportation throughout the body. Blood serum is plasma without fibrinogen or other clotting factors.
Transcellular Fluid: Specialized Compartments Transcellular fluid is the portion of total body water contained within epithelial- lined spaces. It represents the smallest compartment at about 2.5% of total body water, but plays crucial roles in specific body systems. 1. Cerebrospinal Fluid Protects and nourishes the nervous system 2. Ocular Fluid Maintains eye pressure and nourishes cornea 3. Synovial Fluid Lubricates joints and reduces friction 4. Urine Eliminates waste products from the body
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Production & Volume The CSF is mainly produced by the choroid plexus. The entire nervous system contains between 80-150 ml of CSF. Characteristics A clear, colorless liquid that protects and nourishes the central nervous system. Composition White blood cells Glucose and protein Lactic acid and urea Cations: Na+, K+, Ca+ Anions: Cl-, HCO3-
Aqueous Humor & Synovial Fluid Aqueous Humor (Ocular Fluid) A transparent, gelatinous fluid similar to plasma located in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, between the lens and cornea. Contains 98% water, amino acids transported by ciliary muscles, electrolytes, ascorbic acid, and glutathione. Synovial Fluid (Joint Fluid) Clear, pale yellow, viscid fluid that does not clot.  Its principal role is to reduce friction between articular cartilage of synovial joints during movement. Contains 3-4 mg/ml hyaluronic acid (a polymer of disaccharides), white blood cells, red blood cells, and proteins.
Urine: The Body's Waste Elimination System Urine is a typically sterile liquid byproduct secreted by the kidneys through urination and excreted through the urethra. It serves as the primary mechanism for eliminating metabolic waste and maintaining chemical balance. 95% Water Content The primary component of urine 5% Solutes Organic and inorganic compounds Composition Details Organic Solutes • Urea, creatinine, uric acid • Trace enzymes and carbohydrates • Hormones and fatty acids • Pigments and mucins Inorganic Ions • Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) • Chloride (Cl-) and Magnesium (Mg2+) • Calcium (Ca2+) and Ammonium (NH4+) • Sulfates (SO42-) and Phosphates (PO43-)
Key Takeaways: Body Fluid Distribution 1.Total Body Water Approx 60% of body weight, divided into intracellular (40%) and extracellular (20%) compartments 2.ICF Dominance Intracellular fluid comprises 2/3 of body water, primarily containing potassium and organic anions 3.ECF Subdivisions Extracellular fluid includes interstitial fluid (75%), plasma (25%), and transcellular fluid (2.5% of total body water) 4.Specialized Functions Each compartment has unique composition and functions essential for maintaining homeostasis and supporting life processes