Eyepieces
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•6,937 views
An eyepiece, also called an ocular lens, is the lens or combination of lenses closest to the eye in an optical device like a microscope or telescope. It magnifies the image formed by the objective lens. The amount of magnification depends on the focal length of the eyepiece. The two main types of eyepieces are Ramsden eyepieces and Huygens eyepieces, which differ in their lens configuration and optical properties like eye clearance and ability to incorporate crosshairs. Aberrations like spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of field, and distortion arise from imperfections in real lens systems compared to ideal lenses.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Aberrations
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations that occur when light passes through a lens. It describes six main types of aberrations: chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, marginal astigmatism, coma, curvature of field, and distortion. For each aberration, it explains the visual effects, causes, importance for eyeglass lens design, and potential corrections. The document provides an in-depth overview of how different lens properties and light behaviors can lead to imperfect focusing and imaging within the eye.
Simple & compound microscope PPT
1. A compound microscope uses two lenses, an objective lens with a short focal length that magnifies the object, and an eyepiece lens that further magnifies the image from the objective lens and brings it into the visible range.
2. The objective lens produces a real, inverted intermediate image of the specimen that is enlarged, and the eyepiece lens magnifies this intermediate image and produces a final virtual image that is both enlarged and upright.
3. The magnifying power of a compound microscope is calculated as the ratio of the angle subtended by the final magnified image to the angle subtended by the actual specimen.
aberrations
lens aberrations are the deviations of performance of an optical system from pridicted paraxial optics...
Magnification and it's clinical uses
magnification, It's definition, types, clinical uses, Uses in Optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, Uses in Optical instruments like direct Ophthalmoscopes, indirect ophthalmoscopes and slit lamps, In low vision
Lens Aberration
lens aberration is an optical defect of lens due to which light rays not focused at a point result in distort image.
Polarization and its Application
What is Polarization?
Types of polarized light
Few related terms
Few laws related to polarization
Applications
FOR MORE VISIT: https://tariqalfayad.blogspot.com/
Basic optics
Optics is the study of light, including its interactions with matter. There are three main subfields: geometrical optics studies light as rays, physical optics studies light as waves, and quantum optics studies light as particles. Mirrors form images through the reflection of light rays according to specific rules. Plane mirrors form virtual upright images that are laterally inverted. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and form images using rules for tracing the path of light rays. Constructing ray diagrams involves using rays that pass through the center of curvature, focal point, or pole to locate the image point.
Polarization of Light and its Application (healthkura.com)
Download link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/29/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/ ❤❤❤
polarization of light & its application.
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Concept of Polarization
Types of Polarization
Methods of achieving Polarization
Applications of Polarization
POLARIZATION
Transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Restriction of electric field vector E in a particular plane so that vibration occurs in a single plane
Characteristic of transverse wave
Longitudinal waves can’t be polarized; direction of their oscillation is along the direction of propagation.............
For Further Reading
•Optics by Tunnacliffe
•Optics and Refraction by A.K. Khurana
•Principle of Physics, Ayam Publication
•Internet
Recommended
Aberrations
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations that occur when light passes through a lens. It describes six main types of aberrations: chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, marginal astigmatism, coma, curvature of field, and distortion. For each aberration, it explains the visual effects, causes, importance for eyeglass lens design, and potential corrections. The document provides an in-depth overview of how different lens properties and light behaviors can lead to imperfect focusing and imaging within the eye.
Simple & compound microscope PPT
1. A compound microscope uses two lenses, an objective lens with a short focal length that magnifies the object, and an eyepiece lens that further magnifies the image from the objective lens and brings it into the visible range.
2. The objective lens produces a real, inverted intermediate image of the specimen that is enlarged, and the eyepiece lens magnifies this intermediate image and produces a final virtual image that is both enlarged and upright.
3. The magnifying power of a compound microscope is calculated as the ratio of the angle subtended by the final magnified image to the angle subtended by the actual specimen.
aberrations
lens aberrations are the deviations of performance of an optical system from pridicted paraxial optics...
Magnification and it's clinical uses
magnification, It's definition, types, clinical uses, Uses in Optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, Uses in Optical instruments like direct Ophthalmoscopes, indirect ophthalmoscopes and slit lamps, In low vision
Lens Aberration
lens aberration is an optical defect of lens due to which light rays not focused at a point result in distort image.
Polarization and its Application
What is Polarization?
Types of polarized light
Few related terms
Few laws related to polarization
Applications
FOR MORE VISIT: https://tariqalfayad.blogspot.com/
Basic optics
Optics is the study of light, including its interactions with matter. There are three main subfields: geometrical optics studies light as rays, physical optics studies light as waves, and quantum optics studies light as particles. Mirrors form images through the reflection of light rays according to specific rules. Plane mirrors form virtual upright images that are laterally inverted. Spherical mirrors can be concave or convex and form images using rules for tracing the path of light rays. Constructing ray diagrams involves using rays that pass through the center of curvature, focal point, or pole to locate the image point.
Polarization of Light and its Application (healthkura.com)
Download link ❤❤https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/29/❤❤
Dear viewers Check Out my other piece of works at ❤❤❤ https://healthkura.com/eye-ppt/ ❤❤❤
polarization of light & its application.
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Concept of Polarization
Types of Polarization
Methods of achieving Polarization
Applications of Polarization
POLARIZATION
Transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Restriction of electric field vector E in a particular plane so that vibration occurs in a single plane
Characteristic of transverse wave
Longitudinal waves can’t be polarized; direction of their oscillation is along the direction of propagation.............
For Further Reading
•Optics by Tunnacliffe
•Optics and Refraction by A.K. Khurana
•Principle of Physics, Ayam Publication
•Internet
Telescopes
There are two main types of telescopes: Keplerian/astronomical telescopes and Galilean telescopes. Keplerian telescopes produce an inverted image while Galilean telescopes produce an upright image. Telescopes can be modified to compensate for refractive errors by adding lenses or changing the tube length to allow viewing of objects that are not at optical infinity.
MAGNIFICATION PART 2.pptx
This document discusses different types of magnification used in low vision aids and optical devices. It describes relative distance magnification (RDM) as increasing the apparent size of an object by bringing it closer. Relative size magnification (RSM) increases an object's size while keeping it in the same position. Projection magnification enlarges an image projected on a screen. Angular magnification increases the visual angle subtended by the object. The document also discusses magnification in microscopes, telescopes, and clinical devices like slit lamps, and how magnification is achieved in low vision aids through various combinations of RDM, RSM, and angular magnification.
Magnification
This document discusses different types of magnification that can help low vision patients see objects more clearly. It describes relative size magnification by making objects larger, relative distance magnification by moving closer, angular magnification using optical devices, and real image magnification. The document provides examples of calculating magnification and outlines best practices for optometrists in prescribing magnification aids to patients based on their visual needs and tasks.
Cardinal points,thin lenses and thick lenses
Cardinal points, Focal points, Nodal points, Principal points, thin and thick lenses, neutralization, lens power formula, front and back vertex power
LASERS BASICS
The document discusses lasers, including:
- LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
- Lasers were invented in 1958 and are based on Einstein's idea of particle-wave duality of light.
- The key principles of lasers are stimulated emission within an amplifying medium and population inversion within an optical resonator.
- Common laser types discussed include ruby, He-Ne, argon ion, CO2, excimer, and solid-state lasers like Nd:YAG.
Geometric optics
This document provides an overview of geometric optics, including the ray model of light, reflection, refraction, and image formation using plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, and thin lenses. Key concepts covered include the types of images that can be formed (real or virtual), sign conventions, lateral magnification, focal points and lengths, and graphical methods for solving problems involving mirrors and lenses. Sample problems are worked through as examples.
OPTOMETRY - Part V POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
This article describes the principle and phenomenon of polarization of light. This article also illustrates on Birefringence, Dichroism and crossed polarizers.
Malu's Law is elaborated here as prerequisite to understand Polarization along with Brewster's Angle. Polarization by reflection and polarization by refraction are also discussed here for quick comprehension of the readers.
Geometrical Optics Introduction
This document provides an introduction to geometric optics. It defines optics as the science of light, discussing properties of light such as its speed and travel in straight lines. Geometric optics examines light behavior using a ray model, where light travels in straight lines. It discusses types of optical devices like mirrors and lenses, which can reflect or refract light to control its path. Mirrors are described as either plane, concave, or convex based on curvature, and produce real or virtual images depending on geometry. Lenses are also concave or convex and refract light toward their thickest point. The document demonstrates optical principles like image formation using ray tracing diagrams for different mirror and lens configurations.
Aberration
What is optical and lens aberration?
What are the types of the aberration and how to treat and correct them?
Ramsden's Eyepiece And its Applications
This document discusses the Ramsden eyepiece, which consists of two identical plano-convex lenses separated by a distance equal to two-thirds of their focal length. The Ramsden eyepiece minimizes spherical aberration and chromatic aberration compared to other eyepiece designs. It remains suitable for use in instruments using monochromatic light, astronomical telescopes, and physical science laboratories where measurements are taken using cross-wires. While not entirely free of optical defects, the Ramsden eyepiece provides a clear image with minimal aberration and remains an important component in optical instruments.
Cardinal Points
The document defines and describes the cardinal points of an optical system, which characterize its imaging properties. It discusses the focal points and planes, where light rays converge or pass through unchanged. It also covers the principal points and planes, which define where refraction appears to occur. The nodal points are defined as points where light rays pass through undeflected. All of these cardinal points lie on the optical axis and allow the system's behavior to be analyzed using paraxial approximations.
Spherical lenses
This document discusses different types of lenses used in ophthalmology. It describes spherical lenses and how they are either convex or concave, forming converging or diverging images. It also discusses astigmatic lenses, including cylindrical lenses which have one curved and one plane surface, and toric lenses which have two curved surfaces of different curvatures. The key concepts of focal length, power, vergence, and magnification of lenses are defined.
Refraction of light at spherical surfaces of lenses
This document contains 15 important theory questions about refraction of light at spherical surfaces and lenses. It includes questions about sign convention in optics, the optical center of a lens, focal length of concave and convex lenses, lens maker's formula, derivation of expressions for refraction at single spherical surfaces and thin lens combinations, linear magnification by a lens, location of a virtual image formed by a convex lens based on focal length, dependence of focal length on wavelength, definition and unit of power of a lens, definition of 1 dioptre, formula for combined power of two lenses in contact, and laws governing image formation by lenses. The questions cover key concepts like derivation, definition, diagrams, formulas, and image formation.
compound microscope (basic)
The document discusses compound light microscopes. It explains that compound microscopes use multiple lenses to magnify specimens and have different light sources - some use mirrors to focus sunlight while others use illuminators. It then describes the main parts of a compound microscope - the eyepiece, body tube, objectives, stage, arm, base, illuminator, nosepiece, condenser, and diaphragm. Finally, it discusses how light travels through the microscope and some common uses of compound microscopes, such as pathology, forensics, education, and biology.
Optics basics concepts
1) The document discusses key concepts in optics, including geometrical optics, physical optics, and quantum optics.
2) Geometrical optics deals with light rays and concepts like reflection and refraction. Physical optics examines light as waves and topics such as interference and diffraction. Quantum optics views light as particles.
3) Images formed by a concave mirror depend on the object's location relative to the mirror's center of curvature and focal point. If beyond the center, the image is real, inverted, and smaller.
Fermet's principle
1) The document discusses Fermat's principle of least time, which states that light travels along the path that takes the least amount of time between two points.
2) It uses Fermat's principle to derive the three fundamental laws of geometrical optics: rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction.
3) For reflection, it shows that applying Fermat's principle results in the angle of incidence equaling the angle of reflection. For refraction, it derives Snell's law which relates the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction.
Spectrometer
Spectrometers are instruments that identify substances by analyzing the wavelengths of light they absorb or emit. They work by dispersing light into a spectrum of component wavelengths using a prism or diffraction grating. Each element has a unique spectral pattern that can be used to identify it. Sir Isaac Newton invented an early spectrometer in the 1600s, and later scientists like Kirchhoff and Rydberg made advances that allowed spectrometers to accurately measure atomic structures and energy levels. Modern spectrometers are used across many fields including astronomy, archaeology, chemistry, and medicine to analyze material compositions and properties.
Autorefractometer
This document discusses the history and principles of autorefractors. It explains that autorefractors use infrared light and meridional refractometry to objectively determine a patient's refractive error without needing subjective feedback. Modern autorefractors are more accurate and efficient than older subjective methods due to advances in electronics. They work by projecting an infrared fixation target and using a Badal optometer and fogging technique to relax accommodation and obtain refractive measurements.
Schematic eye
- A schematic eye is a mathematical model that represents the basic optical features of the real eye by using spherical surfaces and constant refractive indices.
- The first schematic eyes were developed in the 17th-19th centuries by scientists like Huygens, Smith, Le Grand, and Listing. Gullstrand further improved the model with four lens surfaces and refractive index gradients.
- Modern schematic eyes like Gullstrand's simplified model with three surfaces are commonly used for calculations involving refraction, image size and location, and the effects of refractive errors. While approximations, schematic eyes provide a framework for understanding ocular optics.
Sign convention
This document discusses sign conventions and vergence in optics. It defines sign conventions as choices of plus or minus signs used consistently in physics equations. The Cartesian sign convention for optics is described. Vergence is defined as the curvature of optical wavefronts and can be positive (convergence) or negative (divergence). Types of lens power specification are also outlined, including approximate, back vertex, front vertex, equivalent, and effective power. The document concludes that back vertex power is most commonly used in optics.
Potentiometric device
Potentiometers are variable resistance devices. A change in the linear or angular displacement of a potentiometer varies the effective length of its conductor, and therefore the resistance of the device.
Classification of magnetic
This document classifies and defines different types of magnetic materials:
- Ferromagnetic materials can form permanent magnets and are strongly attracted to magnetic fields. Ferrimagnetic materials also have populations of atoms with opposing but unequal magnetic moments.
- Paramagnetic materials are only attracted to external magnetic fields and have relative permeability greater than 1.
- Diamagnetic materials are repelled by external magnetic fields and have relative permeability less than 1. Diamagnetism is a weak quantum effect in all materials.
More Related Content
What's hot
Telescopes
There are two main types of telescopes: Keplerian/astronomical telescopes and Galilean telescopes. Keplerian telescopes produce an inverted image while Galilean telescopes produce an upright image. Telescopes can be modified to compensate for refractive errors by adding lenses or changing the tube length to allow viewing of objects that are not at optical infinity.
MAGNIFICATION PART 2.pptx
This document discusses different types of magnification used in low vision aids and optical devices. It describes relative distance magnification (RDM) as increasing the apparent size of an object by bringing it closer. Relative size magnification (RSM) increases an object's size while keeping it in the same position. Projection magnification enlarges an image projected on a screen. Angular magnification increases the visual angle subtended by the object. The document also discusses magnification in microscopes, telescopes, and clinical devices like slit lamps, and how magnification is achieved in low vision aids through various combinations of RDM, RSM, and angular magnification.
Magnification
This document discusses different types of magnification that can help low vision patients see objects more clearly. It describes relative size magnification by making objects larger, relative distance magnification by moving closer, angular magnification using optical devices, and real image magnification. The document provides examples of calculating magnification and outlines best practices for optometrists in prescribing magnification aids to patients based on their visual needs and tasks.
Cardinal points,thin lenses and thick lenses
Cardinal points, Focal points, Nodal points, Principal points, thin and thick lenses, neutralization, lens power formula, front and back vertex power
LASERS BASICS
The document discusses lasers, including:
- LASER is an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation.
- Lasers were invented in 1958 and are based on Einstein's idea of particle-wave duality of light.
- The key principles of lasers are stimulated emission within an amplifying medium and population inversion within an optical resonator.
- Common laser types discussed include ruby, He-Ne, argon ion, CO2, excimer, and solid-state lasers like Nd:YAG.
Geometric optics
This document provides an overview of geometric optics, including the ray model of light, reflection, refraction, and image formation using plane mirrors, spherical mirrors, and thin lenses. Key concepts covered include the types of images that can be formed (real or virtual), sign conventions, lateral magnification, focal points and lengths, and graphical methods for solving problems involving mirrors and lenses. Sample problems are worked through as examples.
OPTOMETRY - Part V POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
This article describes the principle and phenomenon of polarization of light. This article also illustrates on Birefringence, Dichroism and crossed polarizers.
Malu's Law is elaborated here as prerequisite to understand Polarization along with Brewster's Angle. Polarization by reflection and polarization by refraction are also discussed here for quick comprehension of the readers.
Geometrical Optics Introduction
This document provides an introduction to geometric optics. It defines optics as the science of light, discussing properties of light such as its speed and travel in straight lines. Geometric optics examines light behavior using a ray model, where light travels in straight lines. It discusses types of optical devices like mirrors and lenses, which can reflect or refract light to control its path. Mirrors are described as either plane, concave, or convex based on curvature, and produce real or virtual images depending on geometry. Lenses are also concave or convex and refract light toward their thickest point. The document demonstrates optical principles like image formation using ray tracing diagrams for different mirror and lens configurations.
Aberration
What is optical and lens aberration?
What are the types of the aberration and how to treat and correct them?
Ramsden's Eyepiece And its Applications
This document discusses the Ramsden eyepiece, which consists of two identical plano-convex lenses separated by a distance equal to two-thirds of their focal length. The Ramsden eyepiece minimizes spherical aberration and chromatic aberration compared to other eyepiece designs. It remains suitable for use in instruments using monochromatic light, astronomical telescopes, and physical science laboratories where measurements are taken using cross-wires. While not entirely free of optical defects, the Ramsden eyepiece provides a clear image with minimal aberration and remains an important component in optical instruments.
Cardinal Points
The document defines and describes the cardinal points of an optical system, which characterize its imaging properties. It discusses the focal points and planes, where light rays converge or pass through unchanged. It also covers the principal points and planes, which define where refraction appears to occur. The nodal points are defined as points where light rays pass through undeflected. All of these cardinal points lie on the optical axis and allow the system's behavior to be analyzed using paraxial approximations.
Spherical lenses
This document discusses different types of lenses used in ophthalmology. It describes spherical lenses and how they are either convex or concave, forming converging or diverging images. It also discusses astigmatic lenses, including cylindrical lenses which have one curved and one plane surface, and toric lenses which have two curved surfaces of different curvatures. The key concepts of focal length, power, vergence, and magnification of lenses are defined.
Refraction of light at spherical surfaces of lenses
This document contains 15 important theory questions about refraction of light at spherical surfaces and lenses. It includes questions about sign convention in optics, the optical center of a lens, focal length of concave and convex lenses, lens maker's formula, derivation of expressions for refraction at single spherical surfaces and thin lens combinations, linear magnification by a lens, location of a virtual image formed by a convex lens based on focal length, dependence of focal length on wavelength, definition and unit of power of a lens, definition of 1 dioptre, formula for combined power of two lenses in contact, and laws governing image formation by lenses. The questions cover key concepts like derivation, definition, diagrams, formulas, and image formation.
compound microscope (basic)
The document discusses compound light microscopes. It explains that compound microscopes use multiple lenses to magnify specimens and have different light sources - some use mirrors to focus sunlight while others use illuminators. It then describes the main parts of a compound microscope - the eyepiece, body tube, objectives, stage, arm, base, illuminator, nosepiece, condenser, and diaphragm. Finally, it discusses how light travels through the microscope and some common uses of compound microscopes, such as pathology, forensics, education, and biology.
Optics basics concepts
1) The document discusses key concepts in optics, including geometrical optics, physical optics, and quantum optics.
2) Geometrical optics deals with light rays and concepts like reflection and refraction. Physical optics examines light as waves and topics such as interference and diffraction. Quantum optics views light as particles.
3) Images formed by a concave mirror depend on the object's location relative to the mirror's center of curvature and focal point. If beyond the center, the image is real, inverted, and smaller.
Fermet's principle
1) The document discusses Fermat's principle of least time, which states that light travels along the path that takes the least amount of time between two points.
2) It uses Fermat's principle to derive the three fundamental laws of geometrical optics: rectilinear propagation, reflection, and refraction.
3) For reflection, it shows that applying Fermat's principle results in the angle of incidence equaling the angle of reflection. For refraction, it derives Snell's law which relates the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction.
Spectrometer
Spectrometers are instruments that identify substances by analyzing the wavelengths of light they absorb or emit. They work by dispersing light into a spectrum of component wavelengths using a prism or diffraction grating. Each element has a unique spectral pattern that can be used to identify it. Sir Isaac Newton invented an early spectrometer in the 1600s, and later scientists like Kirchhoff and Rydberg made advances that allowed spectrometers to accurately measure atomic structures and energy levels. Modern spectrometers are used across many fields including astronomy, archaeology, chemistry, and medicine to analyze material compositions and properties.
Autorefractometer
This document discusses the history and principles of autorefractors. It explains that autorefractors use infrared light and meridional refractometry to objectively determine a patient's refractive error without needing subjective feedback. Modern autorefractors are more accurate and efficient than older subjective methods due to advances in electronics. They work by projecting an infrared fixation target and using a Badal optometer and fogging technique to relax accommodation and obtain refractive measurements.
Schematic eye
- A schematic eye is a mathematical model that represents the basic optical features of the real eye by using spherical surfaces and constant refractive indices.
- The first schematic eyes were developed in the 17th-19th centuries by scientists like Huygens, Smith, Le Grand, and Listing. Gullstrand further improved the model with four lens surfaces and refractive index gradients.
- Modern schematic eyes like Gullstrand's simplified model with three surfaces are commonly used for calculations involving refraction, image size and location, and the effects of refractive errors. While approximations, schematic eyes provide a framework for understanding ocular optics.
Sign convention
This document discusses sign conventions and vergence in optics. It defines sign conventions as choices of plus or minus signs used consistently in physics equations. The Cartesian sign convention for optics is described. Vergence is defined as the curvature of optical wavefronts and can be positive (convergence) or negative (divergence). Types of lens power specification are also outlined, including approximate, back vertex, front vertex, equivalent, and effective power. The document concludes that back vertex power is most commonly used in optics.
What's hot (20)
Refraction of light at spherical surfaces of lenses
Refraction of light at spherical surfaces of lenses
Viewers also liked
Potentiometric device
Potentiometers are variable resistance devices. A change in the linear or angular displacement of a potentiometer varies the effective length of its conductor, and therefore the resistance of the device.
Classification of magnetic
This document classifies and defines different types of magnetic materials:
- Ferromagnetic materials can form permanent magnets and are strongly attracted to magnetic fields. Ferrimagnetic materials also have populations of atoms with opposing but unequal magnetic moments.
- Paramagnetic materials are only attracted to external magnetic fields and have relative permeability greater than 1.
- Diamagnetic materials are repelled by external magnetic fields and have relative permeability less than 1. Diamagnetism is a weak quantum effect in all materials.
faradays law and its applications ppt
1. Michael Faraday discovered electromagnetic induction in 1831 through experiments showing that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a nearby conductor.
2. Faraday's law of induction states that the induced electromotive force (emf) in a conductor is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux through the conductor.
3. This discovery established the basis for technologies such as electric generators, transformers, electric motors, and inductors which are crucial components of modern electric power systems and electronics.
Electric Charge
The document discusses different aspects of electric charge including:
1) Atoms contain protons, neutrons, and electrons. Objects with equal numbers of protons and electrons are neutral, while imbalances lead to electric charges.
2) Charged objects exert electric forces on each other - opposites attract and likes repel. The elementary charge unit is 1 electron or proton.
3) Neutral objects can become polarized when near a charged object, gaining opposite charges on opposite sides and becoming attracted to both positive and negative charges.
Presentation on inductor
this presentation is purely based on the study and charactaristics of the Inductor. its properties and the definitions of the related things to inductor.
Galvanometer
The document provides an introduction to galvanometers, which are instruments used to detect electric currents through circuits. It discusses how galvanometers work by converting electrical energy into mechanical energy when a current passes through a coil in a magnetic field, causing the coil to rotate based on the strength of the current. The document also outlines the basic construction of galvanometers, which use a permanent magnet and moving coil, and how they work by reaching an equilibrium when the restoring torque from the coil's suspension strip balances the magnetic deflecting torque. Finally, it states that while galvanometers can detect small currents, their primary purpose is detection rather than precise current measurement.
Hysteresis loop
Hysteresis is a property of magnetic materials whereby the magnetization lags behind the magnetic field when the field is changing. This means that the magnetic induction B depends not only on the magnetic field strength H but also on the history of changes to H. The hysteresis loop is a graph that shows the relationship between the magnetic induction B and the magnetic field strength H.
12.1 - Faraday's law
1) A conductor moving through a magnetic field will induce an electromotive force (EMF) in the conductor.
2) As the electrons in the conductor are forced to one side by the magnetic field, it creates a potential difference between the ends of the conductor.
3) According to the law of conservation of energy, the induced current will flow in the opposite direction of the motion that created it, generating a force opposing the original motion as predicted by Fleming's left-hand rule.
MAGNETIC MATERIALS
The document discusses magnetic materials and the Earth's magnetic field. It provides the following key points:
1. The Earth has a magnetic field generated by circulating ions in its liquid iron core. This field emerges from the geographic north pole and re-enters at the south pole.
2. Magnetic materials can be classified as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, or ferromagnetic depending on their atomic structure and response to magnetic fields.
3. Ferromagnetic materials contain tiny magnetic regions called domains that align when exposed to an external magnetic field, producing north and south poles. Hysteresis curves describe how magnetic fields interact with these materials.
Hysteresis
Hysteresis is the lagging of magnetization (B) behind the applied magnetic field (H). The document defines hysteresis and explains it using a B-H loop. It also discusses hysteresis in terms of domain theory and defines key terms like retentivity, coercivity, and energy product. Additionally, it summarizes the differences between soft and hard magnets, types of superconductors, shape memory alloys, and metallic glasses.
Gauss' law
There are 4 pillars that make up the foundation of Electricity & Magnetism:
1) Gauss' Law (Electricity), which states that the electric field through a closed surface is proportional to the enclosed charge.
2) Gauss' Law (Magnetism), 3) Faraday's Law of Induction, and 4) Ampere's Law. Gauss' Law for electricity, proposed by Carl Friedrich Gauss, relates the total electric flux through a closed surface to the electric charge enclosed by the surface.
ppt Ohm's law
1) Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage applied across it. It is represented by the equation V=IR, where V is the voltage, I is the current, and R is the resistance.
2) In a series circuit, the current is the same through all components as there is only one path for current to flow. The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances.
3) In a parallel circuit, the voltage is the same across all branches as there are multiple paths for current to flow forming closed loops. The total resistance is lower than any single resistance.
Raman Effect
Sir CV Raman was an Indian physicist who won the Nobel Prize in 1930 for his work on the Raman effect. He discovered that when light scatters from molecules, a small fraction of the light shifts to different wavelengths, which is now known as Raman scattering. Raman made many contributions in areas like X-ray diffraction, optics, and colloidal solutions. Raman spectroscopy uses the Raman effect to study materials by analyzing the scattering of monochromatic light. It provides a molecular fingerprint to identify compounds and detect molecular impurities. Both Raman and infrared spectroscopy are useful techniques to analyze materials, but Raman spectroscopy has advantages like avoiding interference from solvents and being able to detect IR-inactive modes.
Inductor
This document is Syed Azeem Ahmed's assignment for the integrated circuits subject. It includes summaries of inductors, capacitors, and resistors. The summaries define each component, describe their construction and operation. Inductors produce voltage proportional to current change. Capacitors store electric charge between conductors separated by dielectric. Resistors limit current in circuits. The document also includes the resistor color code chart.
ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction causes a voltage to be induced in a conductor that is moving through a magnetic field or when a magnetic field is moving relative to a stationary conductor. This principle allows for technologies like electric generators, electric motors, magnetic recording/data storage, and transformers. The induced voltage is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the conductor based on Faraday's Law of Induction.
Induction and Orientation
This document provides information on induction and orientation processes for new employees. It defines induction as the introduction of a new employee and orientation as familiarizing an employee with organizational policies, procedures, and culture. The objectives of induction and orientation are outlined, including improving job satisfaction and reducing turnover. Responsibilities for conducting the processes are discussed, along with various styles such as classroom lectures or online modules. Key aspects that are covered include company overview, policies, structure, and trainings. The document also provides checklists and considerations for planning induction and orientation sessions and discusses challenges that can be faced.
Bridge
This document provides an overview of the course MAB1053 Bridge Engineering Introduction. The key points are:
1. The course objectives are to identify types of bridges, perform basic calculations for bridge loading and analysis, and perform basic design of prestressed concrete bridge elements.
2. The course content includes introduction to bridges, bridge substructure elements, bridge loading, bridge superstructure analysis methods, and prestressed concrete bridge design.
3. The course schedule outlines the topics to be covered each week by the lecturers, including bridge types, loading, substructure, superstructure analysis, and prestressed concrete design.
Viewers also liked (17)
Similar to Eyepieces
Microscopy
Microscopy uses lenses to magnify objects too small to see with the naked eye. A microscope contains objective lenses close to the sample that collect light and project an enlarged virtual image, and eyepiece lenses that further magnify the image for viewing. Key components include the condenser, which directs light up through the sample, and various types of objectives and eyepieces optimized for tasks like brightfield, darkfield, phase contrast, or fluorescence microscopy. Objectives are classified by their magnification and degree of correction for chromatic and spherical aberration, from simple achromats to highly-corrected apochromats. Different microscopy techniques employ specific lighting and optics to reveal features of transparent and unstained samples.
Optical aberrations
The document discusses optical aberrations in the eye, including monochromatic and chromatic aberrations. It describes how aberrations can be measured using wavefront analysis techniques like the Shack-Hartman test. Common aberrations discussed include defocus, astigmatism, coma, and spherical aberration. The document explains how these aberrations affect image quality and discusses techniques to measure and correct for aberrations.
optical-aberrations-.ppt
This document discusses various optical aberrations including chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, oblique astigmatism, coma, curvature of field, and distortion. It provides explanations of each aberration, examples of their effects, and methods of correction, such as using achromatic doublets, aspheric surfaces, and customized lenses. The human eye has developed techniques to reduce aberrations through features like a curved retina and changes in the lens index from the nucleus outward. Advances now allow measuring and correcting higher order aberrations.
Lens aberration
Aberration in optics refers to a defect in a lens such that light is not focused to a point, but is spread out over some region of space, and hence an image formed by a lens with aberration is blurred or distorted.
FRESNEL PRISMS AND LENSES by optom. Jithin Johney
the presentation will offer a comprehensive understanding of Fresnel prisms and lenses. Fresnel prisms and lenses are optical components used in various applications, such as vision correction and light manipulation. The presentation likely covers their basic principles, construction, applications, and potential benefits. It aims to educate the audience on the functionality and significance of these optical devices.
basics of microscope - part 1
This document provides an overview of microscope components and their functions. It describes the basic parts of a microscope, including the eyepiece, objective lenses, body tube, stage, illuminating apparatus, and adjustments. It explains how these components work together to collect, transmit, and magnify light from a specimen. The document also discusses topics such as image formation, magnification, resolution, numerical aperture, aberrations, and types of objectives and condensers.
WK2-MIRROR-FINAL.pptx
This document discusses the qualitative characteristics of images formed by plane and curved mirrors and lenses. It begins by stating the objectives of predicting the orientation, type, and magnification of images formed, and explaining the uses of lenses and mirrors. It then provides information on the reflection of light in plane and curved mirrors, including definitions, laws of reflection, and the characteristics of images formed. It also discusses the two types of spherical mirrors - concave and convex - and their uses. Finally, it outlines the uses of convex and concave lenses, including in microscopes, cameras, correcting vision, and as the natural lenses in human eyes.
Optical aberrations
The document discusses various types of optical aberrations that can occur in the eye. It describes monochromatic aberrations, which are caused by the geometry of the lens, and chromatic aberrations, which are caused by dispersion and the variation of the lens refractive index with wavelength. It also discusses how wavefront aberrometry can be used to measure aberrations by analyzing the distortion of reflected light to generate a map of the optical system of the eye. Common higher-order aberrations measured include coma, spherical aberration, and trefoil.
Optical aberration
optical aberration is very important for optometrist .
eyeball is not optically perfect it shows some optical flaws which reduce resolution of the focused image they are called aberration.
Abberation of optical system
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations including chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, oblique aberration, coma, and image distortion. It explains how each aberration occurs in optical systems and the eye. Methods for correcting aberrations are also presented, such as using lenses of different materials or aspherical surfaces to reduce chromatic and spherical aberration. The eye has natural mechanisms for reducing the impact of many aberrations on vision.
Module No. 38
This document provides information about lenses, including their definition, properties, and how they refract light. It discusses lens aberrations like chromatic and spherical aberration and how they can be corrected. The focal length, principal axis, and image formation using lenses are described. Convex lenses converge light and form real, inverted images. Concave lenses diverge light and form virtual, upright images. Formulas for thin lenses and lens power are also presented.
Optical abberations pp
This document discusses various optical aberrations that affect image quality in optical systems like the eye. It defines chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, oblique astigmatism, coma, curvature of field, distortion, and higher order aberrations. It explains how these aberrations degrade the image and discusses approaches to correcting them, such as using multiple lens elements, aspherical surfaces, and customized refractive surgery like LASIK guided by wavefront analysis. Wavefront analysis and Zernicke polynomials are introduced as ways to characterize an eye's aberrations.
Chapter Light: Grade 10 Physics
This PowerPoint presentation is for Grade 10 students. I have included all the topics in this presentation. Here you can know about Light, Types of lenses, Some terms related to lens, Prism, Ray diagrams, Numerical problems related to this chapter, Laws of reflection, refraction, diseases related to eyes. I have briefly described as notes, some examples and illustrations, proper diagrams and so on.
U10 Cn2 Lens Intro
This document provides an introduction to converging and diverging lenses. It discusses how converging lenses bring parallel rays of light together at a focus, while diverging lenses spread them apart as if from a focus. Convex lenses are generally converging, while concave lenses are generally diverging. Lenses can form real or virtual images. Real images can be projected on a screen, while virtual images cannot. The document also outlines the ray tracing rules for determining the path of light through converging and diverging lenses.
Convex Lens - A Complete Overview.PDF
A lens is a transparent material that concentrates or disperses light rays when it passes through them by refraction. According to the shape and purpose of the lens, they are classified into two types convex lens and concave lens. Let’s learn about convex lenses in detail in this article.
Optics of eyes
This document discusses various types of refractive errors of the eye, including myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia. Myopia occurs when light rays focus in front of the retina, causing distant objects to appear blurred. Hyperopia is the opposite, with light rays focusing behind the retina and near objects appearing blurred. Astigmatism causes different focal points for vertical and horizontal light rays. Presbyopia is an age-related condition where the eye loses its ability to focus on close objects. The document provides details on causes, symptoms, and corrections using lenses for each type of refractive error.
Ophthalmology 5th year, 4th lecture (Dr. Tara)
The document discusses refraction and vision correction by the eye. It covers how light is refracted by the cornea and lens to focus on the retina for clear vision. Common refractive errors like myopia, hyperopia and astigmatism are described along with their causes and corrections using lenses. Presbyopia and other age-related changes to the eye's refractive power are also summarized.
Convex lens uses functions and types.pdf
The main purpose of the convex lens is to converge the light coming from an external source, and as a result, the light is focused on the other side of the lens
PPT on light
The document discusses key concepts about reflection, refraction, and lenses. It defines reflection as light rays bouncing off a surface. It describes incident, reflected, and normal rays. It states the laws of reflection - the incident and reflected rays are in the same plane as the normal, and the angles of incidence and reflection are equal. It then discusses real and virtual images formed by plane and curved mirrors, and provides examples. The document also defines refraction as the bending of light when passing from one medium to another. It introduces refractive index and discusses how light bends when passing between optically denser and rarer media. Finally, it defines key lens terms like focal length and describes thin convex and concave lenses.
Aberrations of optical systems
This document discusses various types of optical aberrations including chromatic aberration, spherical aberration, oblique astigmatism, and coma. It explains how each aberration occurs in optical systems and lenses. It also describes how the human eye corrects for these aberrations through mechanisms like the aplanatic corneal surface and retinal shape. Chromatic aberration is corrected in optical lenses using achromatic lenses made of materials with different dispersive properties. Spherical aberration and coma are reduced by limiting the optical zone or using aspheric surfaces.
Similar to Eyepieces (20)
Eyepieces
- 1. Eyepieces
- 2. An eyepiece, or ocular lens, is a type of lens that is closest to the eye when someone looks through the optical device. The eyepiece is placed near the focal point of the objective to magnify this image. The amount of magnification depends on the focal length of the eyepiece.
- 3. The lens or combination of lenses in an optical instr ument (microscope, telescope, etc.) through which t he observer views the image formed by the objective. The most common eyepiec es are composed of two single lenses or two doublet s: the lens or doublet nearer the eye is called the eye lens and the one nearer the objective is called the field lens. The role of the eyepiece is to magnify the image and to reduce the aberrations of the image fo rmed by the objective.
- 4. Negative eyepiece :Eyepiece made up of two lens es, in which the first principal focus of the eyepiec e lies between the two lensessuch as in a Huygens' eyepiece. Positive eyepiece: Eyepiece made up of two lense s in which the first principal focus of the eyepiece lies in front of the field lens, such as in a Ramsden eyepiece.
- 6. Types of Eyepieces 1.Ramsden Eyepiece 2.Huygens Eyepiece
- 7. Ramsden Eyepiece An eyepiece consisting of two plano- convex crown-glass lenses of equal focal length, placed with the convex sid es facing each other andwith a separation bet ween the lenses of about two- thirds of the focal length of each.
- 8. Huygens Eyepiece • A telescope eyepiece consisting of two planoconvex lenses separated by a distance equal to half the sum of their focal lengths, which are in the ratio of three to one, and oriented so that their curved surfaces face the incident light..
- 9. Comparison of Ramsden & Huygens Eyepiece
- 10. Ramsden Eyepiece Huygens Eyepiece Ramsden’s eyepiece is a positive eyepiece. The image formed by the objective lies in front of the field lens. Therefore , crosswires can be used. Huygen’s eyepiece is a negative eyepiece. The image formed by the objective lies in between the two lenses. Therefore crosswires cannot be used. The condition for minimum spherical aberration is not satisfied. But by spreading the deviations over four surface ,spherical aberration is minimized. The condition for minimum spherical aberration is satisfied. It does not satisfy the condition for achromatism but can be made achromatic by using an achromatic doublet as the eye lens. It satisfies the condition for achromatism. It is achromatic for only two chosen colors. It is achromatic for all colors. The other types of aberration are better eliminated. Coma is absent and distortion is 5% higher. Other aberration like pincushion distortion are not eliminated. The eye clearance is 5% higher. The eye clearance is too small and less comfortable. It is used for quantitative purpose in microscopes and telescopes. It is used for qualitative purpose in microscopes and telescopes.
- 11. Ramsden Eyepiece Huygens Eyepiece Its power is positive Its power is positive The two principle planes are crossed. The two principal planes are crossed It can be used as a simple microscope because the first principal plane lies to the left of the field lens and the focal plane is real. It cannot be used as simple microscope because the first focal plane lies to the right of the field lens and the focal plane is virtual. The nodal points coincide with the principal points. The nodal points coincide with the principal points.
- 12. Aberration
- 13. The departures of real images from the ideal images in respect of actual size shape and position. They are inevitable consequences of the laws of refraction at spherical surfaces.
- 16. Monochromatic Aberration: The defects due to wide angle incidence and peripheral incidence. It occurs with monochromatic light. Chromatic Aberration: It occurs due to dispersion of light.
- 17. Types of Monochromatic aberration Spherical aberration Coma Astigmatism Curvature of field Distortion
- 18. Spherical Aberration Spherical aberration comes from the spherical surface of a lens. The further away the rays from the lens center, the bigger the error is. The image is improved if the image plane move closer to the lens to find optimal spot size.
- 19. Coma •Arises from off-axis object points. • The transverse magnification is a function of ray height • The resulting pattern is like a comet.
- 20. Astigmatism •In optical design, the vertical plane is general called the “tangential plane” • The “sagittal plane” is the plane at right angle to the trangential plane and containing the principle ray. • Astigmatism results in different focusing power to the tangential and sagittal plane.
- 22. Distortion • All points in the object plane are imaged to points in image plane. • Distortion arises when he magnification of off axis image is a function of the distance to the lens center. With distortion Corrected
- 23. Reference: Text book of optics Fundamentals of optics http:/aberration/wikipedia/encyclope dia http:/types of aberration/ ppt/encyclopedia/freedownload.html http:/eyepiece/wikipedia/encyclopedi a.html http:/wikipedia/encyclopedia/types of