Microscopy involves using microscopes or microscope objectives to obtain greater detail of small samples or objects. A microscope uses a combination of lenses to produce highly magnified images. Key components include the objective lens closest to the sample, the eyepiece lens closest to the observer, and a light source. Magnification is the ratio of the size of an object seen under the microscope compared to its actual size. Resolution is the ability to differentiate between two close points. Common types include compound microscopes, which use multiple lenses to magnify images, and electron microscopes, which use electron beams.

1. Microscopy

2. Microscopy
• Microscope is used to view objects or specimens that are too small to be
seen with just the human eye.
• Microscopy is a technical field that involves the use of Microscopical
components such as microscopes or microscope objectives to obtain
greater detail of examined samples.
• Definition-A microscope is a high precision optical instrument that uses a
lens or a combination of lenses to produce highly magnified images of
small specimens or objects especially when they are too small to be seen
by the naked (unaided) eye.
• A light source is used (either by mirrors or lamps) to make it easier to see
the subject matter.

3. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Principle
Microscopy is to get a magnified image, in which structures may be resolved
which could not be resolved with the help of an unaided eye.
Magnification
•It is the ratio of the size of an object seen under microscope to the actual size
observed with unaided eye.
•The total magnification of microscope is calculated by multiplying the
magnifying power of the objective lens by that of eye piece.
Resolving power
•It is the ability to differentiate two close points as separate.
•The resolving power of human eye is 0.25 mm
•The light microscope can separate dots that are 0.25µm apart.
•The electron microscope can separate dots that are 0.5nm apart.

4. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Limit of resolution
•It is the minimum distance between two points to identify them separately.
•It is calculated by Abbé equation.
Working distance
•It is the distance between the objective and the objective slide.
•The working distance decreases with increasing magnification.

5. TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
Numerical aperture(NA)
The numerical aperture of a lens is the ratio of the diameter of the lens to its focal
length.
NA can be decreased by decreasing the amount of light that passes through a lens.
Diameter of the lens

6. Imaging Techniques
Technique Image Formed By
Optical Microscopy Light Rays
Confocal Microscopy Coherent Light Source (Laser)
Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM)
Electrons
Scanning Electron Microscopy
(SEM)
Electrons
Atomic Force & Scanning
Tunneling Microscopies
(AFM/STM)
Molecular Mechanical Probes

7. History of microscope
• In 1590 F.H Janssen & Z.Janssen constructed the first simple compound light
microscope -10x to 30x .
• In 1665 Robert Hooke developed a first laboratory compound microscope.
• Later, Kepler and Galileo developed a modern class room microscope.
• In 1672 Anton Von Leeuwenhoek developed a first simple microscope with a
magnification of 200x – 300x.
• In 1674, Anton was the first to see and describe bacteria, yeast, plants, and life in a drop
of water- He is called as Father of microscopy.
• The term microscope was coined by Faber in 1623.
• In the early 1930’s the first electron beam microscopes were developed which were a
breakthrough in technology as they increased the magnification from about 1000x or so
up to 250,000x or more.

8. Compound Microscope
• Common type of microscope.
• High power microscope- The magnification (power) 40x to 1000x.
• Compound refers to the fact that in order to enlarge an image - a single
light path passes through a series of lenses in a line where each lens
magnifies the image over the previous one.
• In the standard form – 2 lenses
• an objective lens (closest to the object or specimen)
• an eyepiece lens (closest to the observers’ eye)
• Uses light to illuminate the specimen
• The objective lens usually consists of three or four lenses.
• The most used light method is trans-illumination.
• At 400x much detail can be seen at the cellular level of biological
specimens.
• Applications: Learn about cells and microorganisms in both medical and
science field.

10. Objective lenses
• One of the most important parts of a compound microscope, as they
are the lenses closest to the specimen.
• A standard microscope has three, four, or five objective lenses that
range in power from 4X to 100X.
• Objectives vary in power from 1x to 160x in compound microscopes
but the most common power range is from 4x to 100x.
• Most compound microscopes have three or four (occasionally five)
objectives usually of 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x (oil immersion) which
revolve on a nosepiece (turret) to give different magnifying powers.

11. Numerical Aperture
• NA of a microscope objective is a measure of its ability to gather light
• The more light (higher NA) the better the resolving power of the lens
– Better resolution
• The N.A. will be marked on the objective and the typical N.A. for the
following are;
• 4x=0.10,
• 10x=0.25
• 40x=0.65
• 100x=1.25.

12. Ocular Lens or Eye piece
• The eyepiece consists of a series of lenses mounted in a tube (barrel) at the upper
end of the microscope.
• Its basic function is to look at the focused, magnified image projected by the
objective lens and magnify that image a second time before your eye looks at the
image of the specimen.
• The eyepieces are usually 10x but also come in 5x, 12.5x, 15x, and 20x. The “x”
refers to the amount of magnification (power) that this lens adds as a multiplier to
the magnification of the objective.
• For special applications, eyepieces can have scales, pointers, crosshairs, markers,
etc. on them.
• The eyepoint is the location (or position) of the eye from the eyepiece which allows
for the best possible viewing of the image.

13. Other parts
• Diopter Adjustment: Useful as a means to change focus on one eyepiece so as
to correct for any difference in vision between your two eyes.
• Body tube (Head): The body tube connects the eyepiece to the objective
lenses.
• Arm: The arm connects the body tube to the base of the microscope.
• Coarse adjustment: Brings the specimen into general focus.
• Fine adjustment: Fine tunes the focus and increases the detail of the specimen.
• Nosepiece: A rotating turret that houses the objective lenses. The viewer spins
the nosepiece to select different objective lenses.
• Specimen or slide: The specimen is the object being examined. Most
specimens are mounted on slides, flat rectangles of thin glass.

14. • Stage: The flat platform where the slide is placed.
• Stage clips: Metal clips that hold the slide in place.
• Stage height adjustment (Stage Control): These knobs move the stage left and
right or up and down.
• Aperture: The hole in the middle of the stage that allows light from the illuminator
to reach the specimen.
• On/off switch: This switch on the base of the microscope turns the illuminator off
and on.
• Illumination: The light source for a microscope. Illumination is the application of
light onto an object or specimen in a microscope.
• Diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen.
• Condenser: Gathers and focuses light from the illuminator onto the specimen being
viewed.
• Base: The base supports the microscope and it’s where illuminator is located.