muscle protein
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
6 likes•3,622 views
This document summarizes the major proteins involved in muscle structure and contraction. It discusses the roles of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin in forming the thin filaments, and how actin polymerizes. Myosin forms the thick filaments and interacts with actin to generate force through ATP hydrolysis. The contraction cycle involves the actin-myosin complex forming and breaking through ATP binding and hydrolysis. Muscle derives ATP from glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, and creatine phosphate to power continuous contractions. Genetic mutations can cause muscular dystrophy where muscles progressively deteriorate.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Muscle Protiens
The document categorizes and describes the main proteins found in muscle fibers. It discusses myofibril proteins that make up the contractile apparatus, such as actin and myosin. It also describes the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that links the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. This complex includes dystrophin, dystroglycan, sarcoglycans, and other proteins. The document further discusses nuclear envelope proteins and categorizes the various muscle proteins based on their location in the muscle cell.
TRANSAMINATION & DEAMINATION
The document discusses protein and amino acid metabolism. It states that proteins are made of amino acids and perform many important functions in the body. Amino acids can be synthesized by the body or obtained through diet. They undergo breakdown and interconversion through various pathways including transamination, oxidative deamination, and the urea cycle to generate energy, synthesize other compounds, and regulate nitrogen balance in the body. Precise control of protein and amino acid metabolism is crucial for many physiological processes.
Skeletal muscle contraction
This document summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle contraction. It discusses the structures involved like the sarcomere, thick and thin filaments, and T-tubules. The process of muscle contraction involves excitation-contraction coupling where an action potential triggers the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via T-tubules. Calcium binds to troponin allowing the myosin heads on thick filaments to bind to actin on thin filaments. The power stroke of the myosin heads pulls the thin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere. Relaxation occurs when calcium is reabsorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum allowing detachment of the myosin heads.
Mechanism of muscle contraction
This document summarizes the structure and contraction mechanism of skeletal muscle. It describes the hierarchical structure of muscle from the whole muscle down to the contractile myofibrils. The myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are composed of actin and myosin filaments. Muscle contraction is triggered by a nerve impulse that causes calcium release and the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. Contraction occurs as long as calcium is present; relaxation happens when calcium is pumped back into storage.
Sliding filament theory muscle contraction
The document describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. It explains the structure of skeletal muscle including the sarcolemma, myofibrils containing actin and myosin filaments, and sarcoplasmic reticulum. It then summarizes the sliding filament model where muscle shortening occurs through the movement of actin filaments over stationary myosin filaments, reducing the distance between Z-lines in the sarcomere.
Skeletal muscle structure & function
This document discusses the structure and function of skeletal muscle. It begins with an introduction to skeletal muscle and then covers topics like muscle fiber structure, development of muscle cells, muscle proteins, the sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and excitation-contraction coupling. Diagrams are provided to illustrate muscle fiber anatomy, the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere, and the relationship between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubules. The document provides definitions of key muscle terms and describes the roles of various muscle proteins.
Actin & Myosin
Actin and myosin are proteins that play important roles in muscle contraction. Actin exists as monomers called G-actin and polymers called F-actin that form microfilaments. Myosin has a head domain that binds to actin and uses ATP to generate force and move along actin filaments. During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to actin, exert tension through a power stroke, causing actin filaments to slide and muscles to shorten. Precise interactions between actin and myosin are crucial for muscle function and movement.
Muscle contraction
The document describes various aspects of muscle contraction including:
1) Excitation-contraction coupling which involves depolarization of the muscle membrane leading to calcium release and muscle contraction.
2) The roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubules, and troponin-tropomyosin complex in regulating calcium levels and exposing actin binding sites during contraction.
3) The sliding filament theory of how myosin heads binding to actin causes muscle shortening through an ATP-driven cycling of cross-bridge formation and breaking.
Recommended
Muscle Protiens
The document categorizes and describes the main proteins found in muscle fibers. It discusses myofibril proteins that make up the contractile apparatus, such as actin and myosin. It also describes the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex that links the intracellular cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. This complex includes dystrophin, dystroglycan, sarcoglycans, and other proteins. The document further discusses nuclear envelope proteins and categorizes the various muscle proteins based on their location in the muscle cell.
TRANSAMINATION & DEAMINATION
The document discusses protein and amino acid metabolism. It states that proteins are made of amino acids and perform many important functions in the body. Amino acids can be synthesized by the body or obtained through diet. They undergo breakdown and interconversion through various pathways including transamination, oxidative deamination, and the urea cycle to generate energy, synthesize other compounds, and regulate nitrogen balance in the body. Precise control of protein and amino acid metabolism is crucial for many physiological processes.
Skeletal muscle contraction
This document summarizes the molecular mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle contraction. It discusses the structures involved like the sarcomere, thick and thin filaments, and T-tubules. The process of muscle contraction involves excitation-contraction coupling where an action potential triggers the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via T-tubules. Calcium binds to troponin allowing the myosin heads on thick filaments to bind to actin on thin filaments. The power stroke of the myosin heads pulls the thin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere. Relaxation occurs when calcium is reabsorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum allowing detachment of the myosin heads.
Mechanism of muscle contraction
This document summarizes the structure and contraction mechanism of skeletal muscle. It describes the hierarchical structure of muscle from the whole muscle down to the contractile myofibrils. The myofibrils contain repeating units called sarcomeres, which are composed of actin and myosin filaments. Muscle contraction is triggered by a nerve impulse that causes calcium release and the sliding of actin and myosin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. Contraction occurs as long as calcium is present; relaxation happens when calcium is pumped back into storage.
Sliding filament theory muscle contraction
The document describes the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. It explains the structure of skeletal muscle including the sarcolemma, myofibrils containing actin and myosin filaments, and sarcoplasmic reticulum. It then summarizes the sliding filament model where muscle shortening occurs through the movement of actin filaments over stationary myosin filaments, reducing the distance between Z-lines in the sarcomere.
Skeletal muscle structure & function
This document discusses the structure and function of skeletal muscle. It begins with an introduction to skeletal muscle and then covers topics like muscle fiber structure, development of muscle cells, muscle proteins, the sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and excitation-contraction coupling. Diagrams are provided to illustrate muscle fiber anatomy, the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments in the sarcomere, and the relationship between the sarcoplasmic reticulum and t-tubules. The document provides definitions of key muscle terms and describes the roles of various muscle proteins.
Actin & Myosin
Actin and myosin are proteins that play important roles in muscle contraction. Actin exists as monomers called G-actin and polymers called F-actin that form microfilaments. Myosin has a head domain that binds to actin and uses ATP to generate force and move along actin filaments. During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to actin, exert tension through a power stroke, causing actin filaments to slide and muscles to shorten. Precise interactions between actin and myosin are crucial for muscle function and movement.
Muscle contraction
The document describes various aspects of muscle contraction including:
1) Excitation-contraction coupling which involves depolarization of the muscle membrane leading to calcium release and muscle contraction.
2) The roles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, t-tubules, and troponin-tropomyosin complex in regulating calcium levels and exposing actin binding sites during contraction.
3) The sliding filament theory of how myosin heads binding to actin causes muscle shortening through an ATP-driven cycling of cross-bridge formation and breaking.
Sarcomere a-contractile_unit (1)
a sarcomere is nothing but unit of contraction in muscle. this slide show explains in detail about contraction in myology
Fibrous proteins
Fibrous proteins are a group of proteins associated with rod or wire shapes. They are usually inert structural or storage proteins that are generally water insoluble. Examples include keratin, collagen, and elastin. In the early 1950s, the basic structures of fibrous proteins were determined to be long protein chains composed of amino acid strings that fold into limited structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. Fibrous proteins often have biological roles as structural components and are found in tissues like bone, cartilage, hair and skin.
Mechanism of steroid hormone action
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble chemical messengers derived from cholesterol that transport signals between cells. They are synthesized and immediately released near their target cells. Since they are lipid-soluble, steroid hormones diffuse freely into cells and are carried in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins. Within target cells, steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors that act as transcription factors to increase or decrease the expression of specific genes and thereby influence various physiological processes like carbohydrate regulation, mineral balance, and reproductive functions.
Contractile mechanism of smooth muscle
This document provides an overview of the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle. It discusses:
1. The physical basis of smooth muscle contraction including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.
2. The chemical basis being similar to skeletal muscle but without a troponin complex.
3. Key differences from skeletal muscle including slower cycling of myosin cross-bridges, lower energy requirements, and a "latch mechanism" allowing prolonged contraction.
4. The role of calcium ions and proteins like calmodulin in activating phosphorylation of the myosin head and initiating contraction.
Physiology of muscle contraction
The muscle are biological motors which convert chemical energy into force and mechanical work.
This biological machinery is composed of proteins – which is actomyosin and the fuel is ATP.
With the use of muscles we are able to act on our environment.
Muscle Contraction
The document summarizes the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers which contain myofibrils made of actin and myosin filaments. The basic contractile unit is the sarcomere, where the overlapping actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to cause muscle contraction. Contraction is triggered by calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to an action potential, which allows myosin to bind to and pull on actin, shortening the muscle.
Biological oxidation
1) Biological oxidation involves the conversion of energy from foods like carbohydrates and lipids into ATP through electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
2) The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors like NADH to final acceptor oxygen, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
3) Through the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the potential energy of the proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP, coupling electron transport to oxidative phosphorylation.
Excitation - Contraction coupling
The document summarizes the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. It describes how an action potential leads to a rise in intracellular calcium levels through excitation-contraction coupling. This triggers the sliding filament theory where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other through cross-bridge cycling powered by ATP hydrolysis. Calcium binds to troponin C, allowing the power stroke to occur as myosin heads pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. Relaxation occurs as calcium is re-sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, breaking the cross-bridges.
section 3, chapter 9 cross-bridge cycling
During a muscle contraction, thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments slide across one another via cross-bridge cycling where myosin heads bind to and pull on actin filaments. This causes the sarcomere, the basic unit of muscle contraction, to shorten as the Z-bands move closer together without a change in filament lengths. The sliding filament model explains muscle contraction through cyclical cross-bridge binding powered by ATP hydrolysis allowing the power stroke and detachment of myosin from actin to enable repeated contractions.
Protein structure: details
This document discusses the different levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure refers to the amino acid sequence. Secondary structure includes alpha helices, beta sheets, and beta turns formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids. Tertiary structure is the 3D conformation determined by interactions between side chains. Quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in multimeric proteins. The structures are determined through techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR.
Electron transport chain
ETC is the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via electron carriers. This releases energy to drive ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi. Multiple protein complexes make up the electron transport chain, passing electrons from one complex to the next until reaching oxygen. As electrons are passed, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building up a proton gradient used for ATP production.
Co enzymes
This document discusses co-enzymes and their functions. It defines co-factors as non-protein components that assist enzymes in biochemical transformations, and can be organic or inorganic. Organic co-factors include vitamins like NAD+, Coenzyme A, and flavin mononucleotide. Inorganic co-factors include metal ions like copper, iron, and magnesium. Co-enzymes are loosely bound co-factors that transport groups between enzymes, and include NAD+, Coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and adenosine triphosphate. Specific examples of enzymes requiring various co-enzymes are provided.
GLUCONEOGENESIS & ITS REGULATION
This document summarizes gluconeogenesis, the process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors. It describes the major substrates and sites of gluconeogenesis, its importance during fasting, and how it resembles the reversed pathway of glycolysis. Key enzymes that bypass irreversible glycolysis steps are pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by substrates, enzymes like pyruvate carboxylase, and hormones including glucagon and glucocorticoids.
Mechanism & action hormone
1) Hormones are organic substances that regulate growth, metabolism and other functions by acting as biochemical messengers. They can be classified based on their chemical composition and target organs.
2) Hormone action involves processes like synergism, permissiveness, antagonism and feedback loops. Lipid-soluble hormones like steroids directly enter cells and activate genes, while water-soluble hormones trigger intracellular signaling cascades.
3) The document discusses the mechanisms and characteristics of hormone action, including the different classes of receptors, signal amplification pathways, and how lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones elicit their effects on target cells and tissues. Negative and positive feedback loops help regulate hormone secretion.
Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids lec 20
This document discusses ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids. It defines ketogenic amino acids as those whose catabolism yields ketone bodies, while glucogenic amino acids yield intermediates that can be used for gluconeogenesis to produce glucose. Leucine and lysine are provided as examples of exclusively ketogenic amino acids. Several metabolic defects affecting amino acid catabolism are also summarized, including phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, albinism, homocystinuria, and alkaptonuria.
Action potential
This document summarizes the action potential in neurons. It describes how an action potential is initiated by voltage-gated sodium channels opening during depolarization. This allows sodium ions to rush into the neuron, further depolarizing the membrane. Then, the sodium channels quickly inactivate while voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to leave the neuron and repolarize the membrane back to its resting potential. The precise opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels underlies the generation and propagation of action potentials along neuronal membranes.
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL & ACTION POTENTIAL
The resting membrane potential of neurons and muscle cells is maintained around -70 mV due to selective permeability of ions across the cell membrane. The sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions into the cell, contributing to the negative interior potential. When the membrane potential reaches the threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open rapidly, causing a sharp depolarization as sodium ions rush in. Subsequently, voltage-gated potassium channels open more slowly, repolarizing the membrane as potassium ions efflux from the cell. This generates an action potential that propagates by local current flow between adjacent areas of the membrane. The sodium-potassium pump then restores ion gradients in preparation for the next action potential
Biological oxidation reduction
The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions in biological systems. It begins by defining oxidation as the removal of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. It states that redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from substances of higher electrochemical potential to those of lower potential. The document outlines several types of redox enzymes, including oxidases, dehydrogenases, hydroperoxidases, and oxygenases. It provides examples of important redox reactions and enzymes in biological systems, such as cytochrome oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The role of redox reactions in energy production through electron transport chains is also briefly mentioned.
Active transport
Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. There are two types: primary active transport which directly uses ATP hydrolysis for energy, and secondary active transport which utilizes ion gradients established by primary transport. Primary transport examples include the sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump, and hydrogen-potassium pumps. Secondary transport uses the gradient of one ion like sodium to co-transport another molecule like glucose or counter-transport molecules in opposite directions.
Globular and fibrous proteins
This document summarizes and provides examples of two main types of proteins: fibrous proteins and globular proteins. Fibrous proteins have little tertiary structure and form long fibers or sheets through cross-linkages of parallel polypeptide chains. They are usually insoluble and structural, such as keratin and collagen. Globular proteins have complex 3D structures that are folded into spherical shapes. They are usually soluble and play roles in metabolic reactions as enzymes and hemoglobin. Hemoglobin and collagen are provided as examples, with hemoglobin being globular and oxygen-carrying, while collagen is fibrous and structural in skin, bones and other tissues.
Muscles Contraction
This document discusses muscular contraction and energy generation in mechanochemical systems. It explains that muscle contraction occurs via the sliding filament model, where thick and thin filaments containing the proteins actin and myosin slide past one another, shortening the muscle fibers. ATP hydrolysis by the myosin ATPase provides the energy for this process. Calcium ions play a key role in regulating contraction by initiating the interaction of actin and myosin. Phosphagens like creatine phosphate help replenish ATP levels and allow sustained muscle contraction.
muscle contraction .pptx
1.Striated/striped/skeletal/voluntary/hard muscle.
2.Unstriated/unstriped/nonskeletal/involuntary/smooth muscle
3. Cardiac muscle.
# Actin filaments
#Myosin filaments
More Related Content
What's hot
Sarcomere a-contractile_unit (1)
a sarcomere is nothing but unit of contraction in muscle. this slide show explains in detail about contraction in myology
Fibrous proteins
Fibrous proteins are a group of proteins associated with rod or wire shapes. They are usually inert structural or storage proteins that are generally water insoluble. Examples include keratin, collagen, and elastin. In the early 1950s, the basic structures of fibrous proteins were determined to be long protein chains composed of amino acid strings that fold into limited structures like alpha helices and beta sheets. Fibrous proteins often have biological roles as structural components and are found in tissues like bone, cartilage, hair and skin.
Mechanism of steroid hormone action
Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble chemical messengers derived from cholesterol that transport signals between cells. They are synthesized and immediately released near their target cells. Since they are lipid-soluble, steroid hormones diffuse freely into cells and are carried in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins. Within target cells, steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors that act as transcription factors to increase or decrease the expression of specific genes and thereby influence various physiological processes like carbohydrate regulation, mineral balance, and reproductive functions.
Contractile mechanism of smooth muscle
This document provides an overview of the contractile mechanism of smooth muscle. It discusses:
1. The physical basis of smooth muscle contraction including the arrangement of actin and myosin filaments.
2. The chemical basis being similar to skeletal muscle but without a troponin complex.
3. Key differences from skeletal muscle including slower cycling of myosin cross-bridges, lower energy requirements, and a "latch mechanism" allowing prolonged contraction.
4. The role of calcium ions and proteins like calmodulin in activating phosphorylation of the myosin head and initiating contraction.
Physiology of muscle contraction
The muscle are biological motors which convert chemical energy into force and mechanical work.
This biological machinery is composed of proteins – which is actomyosin and the fuel is ATP.
With the use of muscles we are able to act on our environment.
Muscle Contraction
The document summarizes the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers which contain myofibrils made of actin and myosin filaments. The basic contractile unit is the sarcomere, where the overlapping actin and myosin filaments slide past each other to cause muscle contraction. Contraction is triggered by calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in response to an action potential, which allows myosin to bind to and pull on actin, shortening the muscle.
Biological oxidation
1) Biological oxidation involves the conversion of energy from foods like carbohydrates and lipids into ATP through electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria.
2) The electron transport chain involves a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors like NADH to final acceptor oxygen, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis.
3) Through the chemiosmotic hypothesis, the potential energy of the proton gradient is used by ATP synthase to phosphorylate ADP into ATP, coupling electron transport to oxidative phosphorylation.
Excitation - Contraction coupling
The document summarizes the mechanism of skeletal muscle contraction. It describes how an action potential leads to a rise in intracellular calcium levels through excitation-contraction coupling. This triggers the sliding filament theory where actin and myosin filaments slide past each other through cross-bridge cycling powered by ATP hydrolysis. Calcium binds to troponin C, allowing the power stroke to occur as myosin heads pull the actin filaments towards the center of the sarcomere. Relaxation occurs as calcium is re-sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, breaking the cross-bridges.
section 3, chapter 9 cross-bridge cycling
During a muscle contraction, thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments slide across one another via cross-bridge cycling where myosin heads bind to and pull on actin filaments. This causes the sarcomere, the basic unit of muscle contraction, to shorten as the Z-bands move closer together without a change in filament lengths. The sliding filament model explains muscle contraction through cyclical cross-bridge binding powered by ATP hydrolysis allowing the power stroke and detachment of myosin from actin to enable repeated contractions.
Protein structure: details
This document discusses the different levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure refers to the amino acid sequence. Secondary structure includes alpha helices, beta sheets, and beta turns formed by hydrogen bonding between amino acids. Tertiary structure is the 3D conformation determined by interactions between side chains. Quaternary structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide subunits in multimeric proteins. The structures are determined through techniques like X-ray crystallography and NMR.
Electron transport chain
ETC is the transfer of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen via electron carriers. This releases energy to drive ATP synthesis from ADP and Pi. Multiple protein complexes make up the electron transport chain, passing electrons from one complex to the next until reaching oxygen. As electrons are passed, protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space, building up a proton gradient used for ATP production.
Co enzymes
This document discusses co-enzymes and their functions. It defines co-factors as non-protein components that assist enzymes in biochemical transformations, and can be organic or inorganic. Organic co-factors include vitamins like NAD+, Coenzyme A, and flavin mononucleotide. Inorganic co-factors include metal ions like copper, iron, and magnesium. Co-enzymes are loosely bound co-factors that transport groups between enzymes, and include NAD+, Coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide, and adenosine triphosphate. Specific examples of enzymes requiring various co-enzymes are provided.
GLUCONEOGENESIS & ITS REGULATION
This document summarizes gluconeogenesis, the process by which glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors. It describes the major substrates and sites of gluconeogenesis, its importance during fasting, and how it resembles the reversed pathway of glycolysis. Key enzymes that bypass irreversible glycolysis steps are pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. Gluconeogenesis is regulated by substrates, enzymes like pyruvate carboxylase, and hormones including glucagon and glucocorticoids.
Mechanism & action hormone
1) Hormones are organic substances that regulate growth, metabolism and other functions by acting as biochemical messengers. They can be classified based on their chemical composition and target organs.
2) Hormone action involves processes like synergism, permissiveness, antagonism and feedback loops. Lipid-soluble hormones like steroids directly enter cells and activate genes, while water-soluble hormones trigger intracellular signaling cascades.
3) The document discusses the mechanisms and characteristics of hormone action, including the different classes of receptors, signal amplification pathways, and how lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones elicit their effects on target cells and tissues. Negative and positive feedback loops help regulate hormone secretion.
Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids lec 20
This document discusses ketogenic and glucogenic amino acids. It defines ketogenic amino acids as those whose catabolism yields ketone bodies, while glucogenic amino acids yield intermediates that can be used for gluconeogenesis to produce glucose. Leucine and lysine are provided as examples of exclusively ketogenic amino acids. Several metabolic defects affecting amino acid catabolism are also summarized, including phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, albinism, homocystinuria, and alkaptonuria.
Action potential
This document summarizes the action potential in neurons. It describes how an action potential is initiated by voltage-gated sodium channels opening during depolarization. This allows sodium ions to rush into the neuron, further depolarizing the membrane. Then, the sodium channels quickly inactivate while voltage-gated potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to leave the neuron and repolarize the membrane back to its resting potential. The precise opening and closing of sodium and potassium channels underlies the generation and propagation of action potentials along neuronal membranes.
RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL & ACTION POTENTIAL
The resting membrane potential of neurons and muscle cells is maintained around -70 mV due to selective permeability of ions across the cell membrane. The sodium-potassium pump actively transports 3 Na+ ions out and 2 K+ ions into the cell, contributing to the negative interior potential. When the membrane potential reaches the threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open rapidly, causing a sharp depolarization as sodium ions rush in. Subsequently, voltage-gated potassium channels open more slowly, repolarizing the membrane as potassium ions efflux from the cell. This generates an action potential that propagates by local current flow between adjacent areas of the membrane. The sodium-potassium pump then restores ion gradients in preparation for the next action potential
Biological oxidation reduction
The document discusses oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions in biological systems. It begins by defining oxidation as the removal of electrons and reduction as the gain of electrons. It states that redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from substances of higher electrochemical potential to those of lower potential. The document outlines several types of redox enzymes, including oxidases, dehydrogenases, hydroperoxidases, and oxygenases. It provides examples of important redox reactions and enzymes in biological systems, such as cytochrome oxidase and alcohol dehydrogenase. The role of redox reactions in energy production through electron transport chains is also briefly mentioned.
Active transport
Active transport requires energy and moves molecules against their concentration gradient. There are two types: primary active transport which directly uses ATP hydrolysis for energy, and secondary active transport which utilizes ion gradients established by primary transport. Primary transport examples include the sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump, and hydrogen-potassium pumps. Secondary transport uses the gradient of one ion like sodium to co-transport another molecule like glucose or counter-transport molecules in opposite directions.
Globular and fibrous proteins
This document summarizes and provides examples of two main types of proteins: fibrous proteins and globular proteins. Fibrous proteins have little tertiary structure and form long fibers or sheets through cross-linkages of parallel polypeptide chains. They are usually insoluble and structural, such as keratin and collagen. Globular proteins have complex 3D structures that are folded into spherical shapes. They are usually soluble and play roles in metabolic reactions as enzymes and hemoglobin. Hemoglobin and collagen are provided as examples, with hemoglobin being globular and oxygen-carrying, while collagen is fibrous and structural in skin, bones and other tissues.
What's hot (20)
Similar to muscle protein
Muscles Contraction
This document discusses muscular contraction and energy generation in mechanochemical systems. It explains that muscle contraction occurs via the sliding filament model, where thick and thin filaments containing the proteins actin and myosin slide past one another, shortening the muscle fibers. ATP hydrolysis by the myosin ATPase provides the energy for this process. Calcium ions play a key role in regulating contraction by initiating the interaction of actin and myosin. Phosphagens like creatine phosphate help replenish ATP levels and allow sustained muscle contraction.
muscle contraction .pptx
1.Striated/striped/skeletal/voluntary/hard muscle.
2.Unstriated/unstriped/nonskeletal/involuntary/smooth muscle
3. Cardiac muscle.
# Actin filaments
#Myosin filaments
skeletal muscle.pdf
This document provides an overview of muscle physiology, including:
1. The objectives are to learn about muscle functions, types, structures, contraction mechanisms, and differences between muscle fiber types.
2. Muscles have general functions like body movement, stabilization, substance transport, heat generation, and respiration.
3. Muscles are classified by control (voluntary or involuntary), location, and striation. The three main types are skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
4. Skeletal muscle contraction occurs via the sliding filament theory where the cross-bridge cycling of actin and myosin fibers causes sarcomere shortening and muscle contraction.
Muscle Contraction
The main proteins involved in muscle contraction are actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and troponin. Actin forms thin filaments that interact with myosin heavy chain thick filaments through a sliding filament mechanism. Calcium ions released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to troponin C, exposing actin binding sites and initiating muscle contraction. Muscle relaxation occurs when calcium ions are reabsorbed by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing troponin to cover the actin binding sites and inhibit the actin-myosin interaction. ATP hydrolysis provides the energy for myosin to pull on actin filaments through its power stroke, resulting in muscle shortening and force generation during each contraction
Skeletal Muscle Physiology Basics
Skeletal muscle is composed of long cylindrical muscle fibers that contain contractile filaments called myofibrils. Myofibrils contain regularly arranged thick and thin filaments that allow for muscle contraction via the sliding filament mechanism. Thick filaments are composed of myosin and thin filaments are composed of actin. When calcium levels rise, myosin heads bind to actin and the power stroke causes thin filaments to slide inward, shortening the sarcomere and muscle fiber. Calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via T-tubules in response to neural stimulation.
Muscle physiology in orthodontics
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Sliding filament bgt (1)
1. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction describes how myosin cross-bridges interact with actin filaments through ATP hydrolysis, generating force and causing filament sliding.
2. Calcium binding to troponin exposes actin binding sites, allowing myosin cross-bridge binding and force generation through its power stroke.
3. Repeated myosin cross-bridge cycling causes incremental filament sliding, shortening the sarcomere and generating muscle contraction. ATP is required to detach cross-bridges between cycles.
Muscle physiology in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
Muscle physiology in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.comLocomotion and movement
Locomotion is the voluntary movement of organisms that results in a change of position. It occurs through locomotory movements like walking, running, climbing, flying, and swimming. Muscles enable locomotion and have properties like excitability, contractility, extensibility, and elasticity. There are three main types of muscles - skeletal muscles which are striated and attached to bones, visceral muscles which are smooth and located in organs, and cardiac muscles which make up the heart. Skeletal muscles enable locomotion through contraction initiated by motor neurons in the nervous system.
Muscle physiology
This document provides an introduction to skeletal muscle structure and function. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
Skeletal muscle forms about 50% of body weight, is voluntary and striated, and its main functions are tension development and shortening under nervous system control. Skeletal muscle is composed of bundles of muscle fibers which contain myofibrils made up of repeating structural units called sarcomeres, the basic contractile units of muscle. Each sarcomere contains thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments arranged in a repeating pattern that gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance visible under electron microscopy.
muscle tissue 2.pdffufygugyytyfyytygygygyf
1) Skeletal muscle tissue is composed of long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells called muscle fibers that contract voluntarily to facilitate movement.
2) Muscle fibers are bundled together and surrounded by connective tissue layers including the endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium.
3) Contraction occurs via the sliding filament model, where the binding of calcium ions exposes actin binding sites on thin filaments, allowing myosin heads to interact and pull actin filaments inward, shortening the sarcomere and muscle fiber.
Molecular basis of Skeletal Muscle Contraction
The ppt aims to explain the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction and certain applied aspects of the same. Sources include Guyton and Hall's Textbook of Physiology (South-Asia edition, Vol. 2) and C.L. Ghai's Textbook for Practical Physiology.
EDITED- PART II- LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT – STRUCTURE,.pptx
The document summarizes the structure and function of muscle tissue. It describes the organization of proteins actin and myosin into thin and thick filaments within myofibrils. The sliding filament theory of muscle contraction is explained, where myosin heads bind to actin and use ATP to "walk" along the filaments, causing them to slide past each other and shorten the muscle. Two types of muscle fibers are also described: red fibers with many mitochondria and myoglobin that allow aerobic respiration and white fibers with fewer mitochondria that rely more on anaerobic glycolysis.
③ 근육
The document summarizes skeletal muscle contraction and excitation. It discusses the physiological anatomy of skeletal muscle fibers and their components. It then describes the general mechanism of muscle contraction initiated by a nerve impulse and action potential. On a molecular level, it explains the sliding filament theory and interactions between actin, myosin, calcium ions and ATP that cause contraction. Finally, it discusses the neuromuscular junction where motor neurons signal the muscle fiber and release acetylcholine to trigger muscle excitation.
Animal physiology and anatomy muscular system
Muscle is a soft tissue found in most animals.
They are primarly responsible for maintaining and changing posture,locomotion as well as movement of internal organs.
They are derived from the mesodermal layer of embryonic germ cells in a process known as myogenesis.
Based on locomotion three types of muscles are identified.
MUSCLE PHYSIOLOGY 1
Describes the action potential occuring in the muscle. It includes the cellular and molecular organization of the muscle particularly on the myosin and actin myofilaments. Describes likewise the steps of muscle contraction.
Motor Proteins
Types of Motor protein, there introduction, structure, location and function. Mainly, Actin, Myosin, keratin and dynein.
Anatomy and Physiology of Muscle by Prasanjit Shom.pptx
This document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of muscle. It describes the three main types of muscle - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. It then focuses on the structure and function of skeletal muscle. Key points include that skeletal muscle is made of fascicles and fibers containing myofibrils and sarcomeres. Sarcomeres contain thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments. Contraction occurs via a cross-bridge cycle in which calcium release allows myosin to interact with and pull on actin, shortening the muscle.
Actin and myosin YB
Muscle cells contain myofibrils which are composed of actin, myosin, and titin proteins organized into thin filaments, thick filaments, and sarcomeres. Actin exists as globular G-actin monomers or polymerized F-actin in microfilaments and thin filaments. Myosin is a motor protein with a head, neck, and tail domain that binds actin and uses ATP hydrolysis. Muscle contraction occurs when actin thin filaments slide over myosin thick filaments, known as the sliding filament theory, in a calcium-dependent process where the power stroke of myosin pulls actin toward the center of the sarcomere.
part 7 A1
This document summarizes the structure and function of the three main types of muscle tissues - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. It describes the sarcomere as the basic contractile unit of myofibrils composed of thin actin filaments and thick myosin filaments. Contraction occurs via the sliding filament mechanism when myosin cross-bridges attach to and pull on actin filaments, shortening the sarcomere. Key regulatory proteins troponin and tropomyosin prevent contraction in low-calcium conditions by blocking the actin-myosin interaction.
Similar to muscle protein (20)
Muscle physiology in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
Muscle physiology in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...
EDITED- PART II- LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT – STRUCTURE,.pptx
EDITED- PART II- LOCOMOTION AND MOVEMENT – STRUCTURE,.pptx
Anatomy and Physiology of Muscle by Prasanjit Shom.pptx
Anatomy and Physiology of Muscle by Prasanjit Shom.pptx
More from Maaz ul haq
lacrimal system ppt
The document summarizes the lacrimal system, which produces and drains tears from the eyes. It includes the lacrimal gland, lacrimal ducts, lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct. The lacrimal gland secretes tears, which drain through the lacrimal ducts into the conjunctival sac. The tears then drain from the puncta through the canaliculi and lacrimal sac into the nasolacrimal duct, which empties into the nasal cavity. Accessory lacrimal glands also contribute to tear production. The system is innervated by parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves
Data Collection Method ppt
In this ppt we will discuss about data, types of research data , data collection, types of data collection and method of data collection.
anatomy of the eyeball
in this ppt we describe about anatomy of eyeball( cornea, sclera, choroid, iris, retina, ciliary body, vitreous etc..), dimension of the eyeball, coats of the eyeball.
Corneal signs ppt
Superficial punctate keratitis is characterized by multiple small lesions in the superficial layers of the cornea. Other corneal signs mentioned include epithelial defects, Descemet membrane folds, endothelial plaques which can indicate fungal infiltration, corneal ulcers, dendritic ulcers, punctate epithelial keratitis, punctate epithelial erosions, geographic ulcers, stromal vascularization, pannus formation, keratic precipitates, and scars.
Tonometer ppt
This document discusses different types of tonometers used to measure intraocular pressure. It describes indentation tonometers like the Schiotz tonometer which measures indentation depth from a known weight. Applanation tonometers like the Goldmann tonometer flatten a circular area of the cornea to measure pressure. Non-contact tonometers use an air puff to detect inward and outward corneal movement at different pressures. Accuracy can be affected by corneal properties, accommodation, and proper technique.
Laser
Lasers have many uses in ophthalmology, both therapeutic and diagnostic. Therapeutically, lasers are used to treat retinal disorders like diabetic retinopathy, macular edema and retinal detachments. They are also used in procedures like laser iridotomy and trabeculoplasty to treat glaucoma. Diagnostically, lasers are used in optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy to image the retina. Different types of lasers like argon, Nd:YAG and excimer interact with tissue in various ways such as coagulation, vaporization or ablation, depending on the wavelength and power. While lasers are generally safe, potential complications include pain, elevated pressure, retinal damage and
Color theory .
Color theory involves both additive and subtractive color synthesis. Additive color uses combinations of red, green, and blue light to produce colors, as in displays. Subtractive color uses pigments that absorb certain wavelengths, with cyan, magenta, and yellow inks producing colors by subtracting from white light. Key aspects of color theory include the color wheel, hue, saturation, value, primary/secondary/tertiary colors, color temperature, and how colors are created by adding black, white, or gray to a base hue. Understanding both additive and subtractive color models is essential for color management in displays, printing, and other media.
Iop
The document discusses intraocular pressure (IOP) and methods of measuring IOP (tonometry). It defines IOP as the fluid pressure inside the eye and notes the normal range is 10.5-20.5 mmHg. Factors that can influence IOP include heredity, age, drugs, and blockage of aqueous circulation. Common tonometry methods are discussed - indentation tonometry uses a plunger like the Schiotz tonometer, while applanation tonometry is based on flattening the cornea and includes Goldmann, Perkins, and air puff tonometers. Accurate IOP measurement is important for evaluating glaucoma patients.
Fiber optics
Optical fibers transmit light between ends of a flexible glass or plastic fiber. They consist of a core and cladding layer, with the core having a higher refractive index to keep light confined via total internal reflection. This allows transmission over longer distances and higher bandwidths than electrical cables. Optical fibers come in single mode, graded index multimode, and step index multimode types depending on core size and refractive index profile. Their advantages include high bandwidth, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and low attenuation over long distances.
Telescope
Telescopes use lenses or mirrors to magnify distant objects. There are two main types: refracting and reflecting. Refracting telescopes use lenses and have two main variants - astronomical/Keplerian and Galilean. The astronomical telescope uses a convex objective lens and concave eyepiece to produce an inverted and magnified final image. The Galilean telescope combines a convex objective and concave eyepiece to produce an upright final image without inversion. Reflecting telescopes use curved mirrors instead of lenses.
Simple & compound microscope PPT
1. A compound microscope uses two lenses, an objective lens with a short focal length that magnifies the object, and an eyepiece lens that further magnifies the image from the objective lens and brings it into the visible range.
2. The objective lens produces a real, inverted intermediate image of the specimen that is enlarged, and the eyepiece lens magnifies this intermediate image and produces a final virtual image that is both enlarged and upright.
3. The magnifying power of a compound microscope is calculated as the ratio of the angle subtended by the final magnified image to the angle subtended by the actual specimen.
Lens defects or lens fault ppt
Lens defects can be grouped into three categories: manufacturing defects, surface defects, and errors in power. Manufacturing defects like color, strain, bubbles, or feathers occur during the production process. Surface defects such as pits, waves, or orange peel happen during polishing or handling. Errors in power arise when blocking pressure or base curves are inconsistent during lens grinding. Proper manufacturing and polishing techniques are needed to minimize defects that can impact image quality or visual comfort.
Heart
The heart is a hollow, muscular organ located in the thorax between the lungs. It has 4 chambers - 2 atria which receive blood and 2 ventricles which pump blood out of the heart. The heart has 4 valves that control the direction of blood flow between chambers. It is surrounded by 3 layers - the outer pericardium, middle myocardium which contains the muscle, and inner endocardium. Blood enters the right atrium from the body and enters the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve. It then goes to the lungs via the pulmonary valve and returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins. Blood enters the left ventricle through the mitral valve and is pumped out to the
Eyelid
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the eyelid. It describes the eyelid's gross anatomy including its extent, folds, margins, lashes and palpebral aperture. It details the layers that make up the eyelid including skin, muscles such as the orbicularis oculi and levator palpebrae superioris, and glands like the meibomian and moll glands. The arterial blood supply and lymphatic and nerve drainage of the eyelid are also summarized.
Glass lens manufacturing
Glass lenses have evolved from early crown and flint glass. Crown glass contains silica, soda, and lime and has an index of 1.523. Flint glass contains lead oxide and has a higher index of 1.58-1.69. Barium crown glass introduced by Abbe has an index of 1.514-1.616 without high dispersion. Optical glass is manufactured through melting ingredients at high temperatures, annealing, grinding, and polishing into lenses. New hi-index materials allow for thinner lenses but have greater distortions and fragility than conventional lenses.
Bifocals PPT
Bifocals are lenses with two optical powers, one for distance and one for near. There are several types of bifocal segments including round, flat top, curve top, ribbon, and Franklin style. Bifocals can be made through fused, one piece, or cemented constructions. When measuring for bifocals, the frame is positioned as it will be worn and the bifocal height is measured from the lower limbus or lid margin using a vertical ruler. This ensures the bifocal segment will be at the proper height for the wearer.
Pupil ppt
The pupil is a circular aperture located in the center of the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye. It has two muscles - the sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae - that control its size. The pupillary reflex causes involuntary constriction or dilation of the pupil in response to light and near focus. There are several pupillary reflexes, including the light reflex which causes constriction when light hits the eye, and the near reflex which causes constriction during near vision due to convergence and accommodation of the eye. The pathways involve the retina, optic nerve, pretectal nucleus, and Edinger-Westphal nucleus.
More from Maaz ul haq (17)
Recently uploaded
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptxMohd Adib Abd Muin, Senior Lecturer at Universiti Utara Malaysia
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP Module
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
ANATOMY AND BIOMECHANICS OF HIP JOINT.pdf
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama UniversityAkanksha trivedi rama nursing college kanpur.
Natural birth techniques are various type such as/ water birth , alexender method, hypnosis, bradley method, lamaze method etcHow to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
clinical examination of hip joint (1).pdf
described clinical examination all orthopeadic conditions .
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS Template 2023-2024 by: Irene S. Rueco
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
CACJapan - GROUP Presentation 1- Wk 4.pdf
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docx
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Recently uploaded (20)
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Chapter 4 - Islamic Financial Institutions in Malaysia.pptx
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp Network
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
Pride Month Slides 2024 David Douglas School District
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold Method
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
Group Presentation 2 Economics.Ariana Buscigliopptx
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
RPMS TEMPLATE FOR SCHOOL YEAR 2023-2024 FOR TEACHER 1 TO TEACHER 3
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
Azure Interview Questions and Answers PDF By ScholarHat
muscle protein
- 1. 1 MUSCLE PROTEINS Presented by;- MAAZ UL HAQ c.L gupta eye institute
- 2. MUSCLE PROTEIN • Muscle mass is composed of protein. • Largely contributed by structural proteins namely actin, myosin, and the actin cross-linking proteins, tropomyosin and troponin. • Muscle also contains other proteins - myoglobin, collagen, enzymes etc. 2
- 3. 3
- 4. ACTIN • Major constituent of thin filaments of sarcomere. • It exists in two forms – Monomeric G- actin Polymeric F- actin . • G- actin constitutes about 25% of the muscle proteins by wei ght. • In the presence of Mg ions, G- actin polymerizes to form an in soluble double helical F- actin with a thickness of 6-7 nm. 4
- 5. FUNCTION OF ACTIN Some major roles of actin include: • Being the structural makeup and support of the cytoskeleton. • Dividing and producing in order to enble cells to move spontaneously and actively. • Serving as a supportive framework for myosin protein during muscle contr action. 5
- 6. TROPOMYOSIN AND TROPONIN • Cross-linking proteins found in association with actin. • Although, minor in terms of mass, they are important in terms of their function. • Tropomyosin, composed of two chains, attaches to F-actin in t he grooves . • Troponi consists of three polypeptide chain- troponin T, tropinin I, troponin C 6
- 7. 7
- 8. MYOSIN • Myosins are actually a family of proteins with about 15 member. • The myosin that is predominantly present in muscle is myosin ll. • myosin constitute approximately 55% of muscle, and found in th ick filaments. • Myosin is composed of six polypeptide chains. • lt contains one pair of heavy (H) chains, and two pairs of light (L) chains. 8
- 9. FUNCTION OF MYOSIN Myosin has three important functions as follows: • Constituent of thick filament of muscle fiber. • The amino terminal globular ends of myosin exhibit adenosine tri phosphatase (ATPase) activity, It hydrolyzes ATP to ADP + Pi and p rovides free energy for muscle contracrion. • Myosin interacts with actin and generates the force that moves t he thick and thin filament past each other. 9
- 10. 10
- 11. Light and heavy meromyosins • When myosin is digested with trypsin, two fragments namely LMM and HMM are produced. • Ligh meromyosin represents the a-helical fibres of the tail of myosin , and cannot bind to F-actin. • Heavy meromyosin contains the fibrous and globular portions of my osin. • HMM inhibit ATPase activitv and binds to F-actin. 11
- 12. 12
- 13. MUSCLE CONTRACTION • During the relaxation phase of muscle contractionn, the S-1 head of myosin hydrolyses ATP to ADP and Pi. • On contraction, the muscle gets stimulatet to finally form actin my osin-ADP-Pi complex. • The next step is the power stroke which drives movement of actin filaments over myosin filaments. This is followed by the release of ADPand Pi, and a conformation change in myosin The actin-myosi n complex is in a low energy state. 13
- 14. • A fresh molecule of ATP now binds to form actin-myosin ATP c omplex. 14
- 15. Sources of ATP for Muscle contraction ATP is a constant source of energy for muscle contraction and relaxation cycle. ATP can be generated from the following ways. • By substrate level phosphorylation of glycolysis using glucose or glycogen. • By oxidative phosphorylation. • From creatine phosphate. 15
- 16. Muscles Disease Museular Dystrophy - • Muscular dystrophy is a hereditary disease in Which muscles progressively deteriorate. • This is Caused by mutations in the gene coding for the protei n dystrophin. • Muscular dystrophy refers a group of disorders that involve a pro gressive loss of muscle mass and consequent loss of strength. 16