The document discusses different types of microscopes, including compound microscopes and stereomicroscopes. It describes the key parts and principles of operation. Compound microscopes use multiple lenses to magnify specimens and provide a two-dimensional image. Stereomicroscopes use two optical paths to provide a three-dimensional view of surface details. Examples of uses include biology studies, forensics, manufacturing quality control, and more. The document also discusses who may have invented the compound microscope and provides references for further reading.

1. MADE BY : TANAY SINGH GEHLOT
SUBMITTED TO: KETAN SIR

2. MICROSCOPE
A microscope (from the Ancient Greek: μικρός, mikrós,
"small" and σκοπεῖν, skopeîn, "to look" or "see") is an
instrument used to see objects that are too small to be
seen by the naked eye. Microscopy is the science of
investigating small objects and structures using such
an instrument. Microscopic means invisible to the eye
unless aided by a microscope.

3. Compound Microscope
 Compound Microscopes are optical
microscopes that have two or more convex lenses.
 This allows for a detailed study of our specimen in
a two-dimensional image.
 High-quality Compound Microscopes are
available in Monocular, Binocular, and Trinocular
configurations

5.  The microscope pictured above is referred to as a
compound light microscope. The term light refers
to the method by which light transmits the image
to our eye. Compound deals with the microscope
having more than one lens. Microscope is the
combination of two words; "micro" meaning small
and "scope" meaning view.

6. Who invented compound
microscope?
 Compound microscope was invented in 17th
century. As to who invented the compound
microscope is a question of controversy. There are
three persons who claim to have invented it; Hans
Lippershey, Zacharias and Hans Janse n and
Giovanni Faber.

7. Its parts
 Eyepiece
 Objectives
 Fine Adjustment Knob
 Power Switch
 Stage
 Diaphragm
 Base

8.  Body Tube
 Nosepiece
 Stage Clips
 Stage Stop
 Coarse Adjustment Knob
 Aperture
 Arm
 Light Source

10. Principle of Compound
Microscope
 A compound microscope works on the
principle that when a tiny object to be
magnified is placed just beyond the focus of
its objective lens, a virtual, inverted and
highly magnified image of the object is
formed at the least distance of distinct vision
from the eye held close to the eye piece.

11. Uses
 Blood analysis is undertaken.
 Various crime cases are detected and solved by
drawing out human cells and examining them under
the microscope in forensic laboratories.
 Forensic experts and scientists can also find out the
country from which a particular drug has come by
viewing its particles under a compound microscope.
 Used by Students in schools and colleges for
conducting academic experiments.
 Used to examined the Plant cells.

12. STEREOMICROSCOPE
 The stereo, stereoscopic or dissecting microscope
is an optical microscope variant designed for low
magnification observation of a sample, typically
using light reflected from the surface of an object
rather than transmitted through it.
 The instrument uses two separate optical paths
with two objectives and eyepieces to provide
slightly different viewing angles to the left and
right eyes.

13. Magnification
• There are two major types of magnification
systems in stereo microscopes. One type is fixed
magnification in which primary magnification is
achieved by a paired set of objective lenses with a
set degree of magnification.
• The other is zoom or pancratic magnification,
which are capable of a continuously variable
degree of magnification across a set range. Zoom
systems can achieve further magnification
through the use of auxiliary objectives that
increase total magnification by a set factor.

14. Illumination
 Small specimens necessarily require intense
illumination, especially at high magnifications,
and this is usually provided by a fibre-optic light
source.
 Fiber optics utilize halogen lamps which provide
high light output for a given power input.

15. Its parts
A stereo microscope has three key parts:
 Viewing Head/Body that houses the optical
components in the upper part of the microscope
 Focus Block that attaches the microscope head to
the stand and focuses the microscope
 Stand that supports the microscope and houses
any integrated illumination.

16. OPTICAL COMPONENTS
 As in a compound microscope, there are two optical
systems in a stereo microscope: Eyepiece Lenses and
Objective Lenses.
• Eyepieces or Oculars
• Eyepiece tube
• Diopter
• Objective Lenses
• Focus Control
• Working Stage
• Stage Clips
• Transmitted Illumination

17. Fig: Stereomicroscope

18. Uses
 The stereo microscope is often used to study the
surfaces of solid specimens or to carry out close work
such as
 dissection.
 microsurgery
 watch-making
 circuit board manufacture or
 inspection, and fracture surfaces as in fractography
and forensic engineering.
 They are thus widely used in manufacturing industry
for manufacture, inspection and quality control.
 Stereo microscopes are essential tools in entomology.

19. Reference
 The Microscope And How to Use It
Dr. Georg Stehli, 1970 English edition translated
from German, soft cover, 157 pages, b/w
illustrations
 the free encyclopedia.
 The Microscope Book 1997, Shar Levine and Leslie
Johnstone. Sterling Publishing