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Presentation on DSP-Research Areas- National Conference in VLSI & Communication, October 31st 2012

The document discusses research areas in VLSI digital signal processing. It covers topics like VLSI digital filters, speech and image coders, binary and finite field arithmetic architectures, design methodologies for low-power signal processing, digital integrated circuit chips, error control coding, and more. The goal is developing high-speed and low-power VLSI architectures for digital signal processing applications.

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VLSI DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING – RESEARCH AREAS Intelligence is the capacity to receive, decode and transmit information efficiently. Stupidity is blockage of this process at any point. Bigotry, ideologies etc. block the ability to receive; robotic reality-tunnels block the ability to decode or integrate new signals; censorship blocks transmission…Robert Anton Wilson Shivoo Koteshwar - shivoo@pes.edu
Reference Material   http://www.ee.umn.edu/users/parhi/ current_research.html   http://www.advrg.wmin.ac.uk/about.html   http://www.dspguru.com/   http://sestevenson.wordpress.com/   http://www.ee.umn.edu/groups/ddp/research.html   http://www.ee.umn.edu/users/parhi/ past_research.html
Need   Digital signal processing (DSP) applications are becoming more prevalent in everyday use   Because of this widespread usage and advances in computer technology, the DSP algorithms themselves are being subjected to more demanding specifications   There is a constant need for designing systems with lower power, higher speed (>100G bps), and lower area   Focus is on developing new algorithms, architectures, techniques, and design tools
Example: DSP in Medical Field   Involving use of advanced signal and image processing techniques in classification of biomedical signals   The objective here is to use signal processing for preprocessing and feature extraction and use classifiers for classification.   Applications include epilepsy detection and prediction, lung sound signal processing, automated fundus eye scan analysis for diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma screening, and detection of neural disorders   The work on language understanding of Schophrenic patients from MEG signals   Synthesis of various signal processing functions by chemical or molecular reactions. These reactions are mapped to DNA strands. The objective here is to synthesize molecular reactions for a specified signal processing function. The emphasis is on design of robust reactions that are (almost) rate-independent. This research is expected to find applications in drug delivery and biosensing
Microprocessor and DSP Processor   The 5 units (Memory, Instruction Fetch, Instruction Decode, ALU and Memory Access) correspond to the four different stages of processing, which repeat for every instruction executed on the machine   Processing Stages, Instruction Fetch, Instruction Decode, Execute and Memory Access happens sequentially Classical Von Neumann (vN) microprocessor architecture - SISD (Single instruction single data) type
Microprocessor and DSP Processor   The sequential nature of the microprocessor architecture makes it unsuitable for the efficient implementation of computationally complex DSP systems, either in that it cannot achieve the required sampling rate, or it meets the requirement, but consumes a lot of power.   The serial architecture is such that for data processing applications, a lot of the transistors will not be performing any useful part in the computation being performed but are consuming power   Microprocessors normally run large blocks of software, such as operating systems, and usually are not used for real-time computation.
Microprocessor and DSP Processor   Until about 25 years ago, most signal processing was performed using specialized analog processors. As digital systems became available and digital processing algorithms could be implemented, the digital processing of signals became more widespread.   Initially, DSP was performed on general-purpose microprocessors such as the Intel 8088. While this certainly allowed for more sophisticated signal analysis, it was quite slow and was not useful for real-time applications   In the 1980s, DSPm s such as the TMS32010 from TI emerged, which had similar functionality to microprocessors, but differed in that they were based on the Harvard architecture , with separate program and data memories and separate buses   In other words, they were microprocessor architectures which had been optimized for DSP that perform multiply and accumulation operations, consuming less power   A more specialized design was needed   A lot of changes in the original architecture have occurred since the inception of DSP microprocessors
Characteristics of DSP Processor   Are really just specialized microprocessors   Designed to perform a fairly limited number of functions, but at very high speeds.   The digital signal processor must be capable of performing the computations necessary to carry out the techniques like transformation to the frequency domain, averaging, and a variety of filtering techniques   In order to perform these operations, a typical digital signal processor would include the following elements: 1.  Control processor 2.  Arithmetic processor 3.  Data memory 4.  Timing control 5.  Systems
DSP Microprocessor Changes from original architecture   Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)   Increased number of data buses   Fixed point operation   Bit-serial processing   Pipelining   Parallel processing   Array processing – Systolic and Wavefront Arrays   Reduced Instruction set computer (RISC)   Multiprocessing   Retiming
Characteristics of DSP Operations   Computationally intensive   Highly suited to implementation with parallel processors   Exhibits a high degree of parallelism, data independent   Have lower arithmetic requirements than other high- performance applications, e.g. scientific computing
Comparing different DSP Processors   Comparing the performance of DSPs is not always a straightforward procedure.   While MIPS (million instructions per second) or MFlops (million floating-point operations per second) are often used when comparing microprocessor speed, this is not well suited to DSPs   A common benchmark for comparing the performance of DSPs is the multiply and accumulate (MAC) time   The MAC time generally reflect the maximum rate at which instructions involving both multiplication and accumulation can be issued. More meaningful benchmarks would be computations such as FFTs and digital filters
Definitions   Pipelining   Reduce the effective critical path by introducing pipelining latches along the critical data path   Parallel Processing   Increasesthe sampling rate by replicating hardware so that several inputs can be processed in parallel and several outputs can be produced at the same time Datapath pipelined Parallel Processing
High-Speed/Low-Power VLSI Digital Signal Processing Architectures    The various wireless communication technologies have led to the tremendous increasing demand for mobile processing devices which has intensive DSP and communication blocks   Unlike wired devices that are optimized in favor of performance   minimization of power/energy consumption while maintaining a certain level of performance is a critical concern for wireless devices with limited energy capacity   With continuous demand for increasing levels of performance, Digital processing techniques requires high levels of computational throughput, particularly for real-time applications   The trend in DSP design is toward more algorithm-based architectures. In other words, the ease with which VLSI design can be done today leads the designer to more specialized architectures.   Research is focused on the voltage over scaling (VOS) techniques in DSP and communication system design, such as filters, FFT/IFFT, etc.   The VOS is one of the most prominent techniques that can significantly reduce the power consumption at the cost of incurring computational error/noise due to timing violation.   This is because as the supply voltage scales the power consumption decreases quadratically while the delay increases linearly.   Research is also in low-power architectures for biomedical applications. Specifically efforts are directed towards low-power feature extractors and classifiers.
Broad Research Topics   VLSI Digital Filters    Digital Integrated Circuit   VLSI Speech and Image Chips Coders    Error Control Coding   Binary and Finite Field   Ultra Wideband Systems Arithmetic Architectures    High Speed Transreceivers   Design Methodologies for   3D Video Systems Signal Processing Low-   Soft Decision Reed- Power Solomon Decoder   DSP System Design 
VLSI Digital Filters Concurrent Algorithms and architectures for VLSI Digital Filters exploit pipelining or parallelism   In 1960s and 1970s, digital signal processing algorithms were implemented using the available microprocessors which executed the algorithms sequentially. Therefore, there was no motivation for designing concurrent signal processing algorithms, which could exploit pipelining or parallelism   But today it’s a world of parallel processing. The efforts are in   Transforming existing non-concurrent algorithms into concurrent forms to create pipelining and parallel processing   Designing new algorithms which are inherently concurrent
VLSI Digital Filters Concurrent Algorithms and architectures for VLSI Digital Filters exploit pipelining or parallelism   Transforming non concurrent to concurrent: Look-ahead transformation, decomposition, and incremental computation techniques   Designing Inherently Pipelined System: Sum, delay, and product relaxed look- ahead techniques   Research Focus   Design of pipelined and parallel recursive digital filters, recursive lattice digital filters, recursive wave digital filters, LMS adaptive digital filters, adaptive lattice digital filters, two-dimensional recursive digital filters, and rank-order and stack digital filters   Examining Finite word-length effects in these filters for fixed-point hardware implementations and introducing pipeline in these algorithms   Pipelined stable recursive digital filters   Pipelined architecture topologies for various forms of adaptive filters   Recursive least square (RLS) adaptive filters   Annihilation Reordering Look-Ahead recursive least square (RLS) adaptive filters can also be pipelined based on Givens rotation; these filters maintain exact orthogonality. Truly orthogonal IIR recursive filters have also been developed. These structures provide excellent round-off noise properties.
VLSI SPEECH & IMAGE CODERS   Achieving pipelining and parallel processing in encoders and decoders used for speech and image processing applications   Because the processing of high-definition and super high-definition television video signals requires very high data rates   Demands of the high-throughput real-time signal and image processing application is the trend
VLSI SPEECH & IMAGE CODERS   High-speed algorithms for predictive coders (including differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), and adaptive DPCM), Huffman and arithmetic decoders, Viterbi decoders (which are variations of dynamic programming computations), arithmetic coders, decision feedback equalizers (DFEs), and adaptive DFEs   Design of architectures for VLSI discrete wavelet transforms which require fewer number of registers using life time analysis   Various approaches of implementations of DCTs   Design approach to arbitrarily parallel Variable Length Coder
Architectures for Binary and Finite Field Arithmetic   New architectures for arithmetic operations   Goal is to save the number of pipelining latches   Faster operation   Complex designs - multiply-adder, shared divider/ square-root   Arithmetic architecture design for finite field (i.e., Galois field) which can be used in error control coding applications   Appropriate scheduling techniques based on a hardware- software co-design approach is also used   Goal is low area, low latency and low power consumption
Design Methodologies for Signal Processing   Development of algorithms and design tools for rapid prototyping of these algorithms using either dedicated VLSI chips or commercially available programmable digital signal processors or using field-programmable systems   Folding techniques to design any bit-serial architectures from digit-serial or bit-parallel, and to design digit-serial architectures from bit-parallel ones which can be pipelined at sub-digit levels   Usual adhoc approaches limits the digit-size to be a divisor of word-length. Newer techniques to accommodate arbitrary digit sizes   Developing multiple rate signal processing algorithms – such as interpolation and decimation   In hardware system prototyping, we are concerned with high-level hardware synthesis of specified algorithms for specified sample rate constraints, with the objective of minimizing the number of functional units (such as adders, multipliers, latches, buses, and interconnections etc.)   Focus is on addressing systematic pipelining, retiming, unfolding of data-flow graphs for unraveling the hidden concurrently in algorithms, addressing scheduling and resource allocation for fixed multiprocessor architectures for software system prototyping of signal processing problems, minimization of registers in data path,
Low Power DSP System Design   Efficient power estimation tool development   Power estimation for DSP circuits based on switching activity estimation which incorporates glitching   Various approaches to low-power arithmetic implementations are being addressed   New types of low power binary adders   Various division, square-root and CORDIC architectures are being evaluated for low-power consumption   Approaches to power reduction in parallel FIR filters through novel strength reduction   Novel approaches to power reduction by gate resizing, supply voltage scheduling and threshold voltage scheduling   Low Power DSP system design approaches by pipelining of DSP structures or novel arithmetic architectures
Digital Integrated Circuit Chips   Focus is on layout design, fabrication and testing of IC for demonstration of key algorithmic ideas   4thorder recursive digital filtering which uses loop pipelining and has 86MHz sample rate   Fine grain pipelined chips - 16x16-bit multiplier which makes use of internal redundant number representation, and another one for a 100 MHz ADPCM video codec   Shared divider/square-root chip   Bit-level pipelined RLS adaptive filter   Viterbi Coder chip   Shared divider/square root and CORDIC chips
Error Control Coding   Forward-error correction (FEC) codes can be used in almost all kinds of communication systems (wireless, wireline, fiber optic network, etc.) to provide significant gains over the overall transmit power budget of the link, and at the same time, lower the bit error rate.   Research is on on both soft-decision and hard-decision error control code   e.g. Convolutional Viterbit and Turbo Codes, Block Turbo Codes, LDPC Codes (a re-discovery), conventional Convolutional Codes and Reed-Solomon Codes.
Error Control Coding   JPL Turbo Code Homepage /   Wireless Multimedia Lab., Cornell TDA Progress Reports University, USA.   ANT Department of Communications   LNT Digital Communications Group Engineering   Center for Satellite Engineering   ITR's Turbo Coding Home Page, Univ. of Research (UK) South Australia   David J. MacKay's Homepage, U.K.   Small World Communications, Australia   Turbo Codes at West Virginia University,   Turbo codes research at West Virginia West Virginia University, USA. University   Jakob Anderson's Homepage, Technical   Block Turbo Codes Home Page, ENST de University of Denmark. Bretagne, France.   Patrick Robertson's Homepage, DLR,   Wireless Systems Laboratory, Georgia Germany Institute of Technology, USA.   Error Correcting Codes (ECC) Home   Politecnico di Torino's Turbo-codes page Page,   Technische Universität Lehrstuhl für   Coding Research Group, University of Nachrichtentechnik München, Germany Notre Dame.   Caltech Communications Group
Error Control Coding   JPL Turbo Code Homepage: http://www331.jpl.nasa.gov/   LNT Digital Communications Group: http://www-nt.e- public/JPLtcodes.html / technik.uni-erlangen.de/~dcg/Welcome.html TDA Progress Reports: http://tda.jpl.nasa.gov/ progress_report/index.html   Center for Satellite Engineering Research (UK): http:// www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/CSER/DSP/turbo.html   ANT Department of Communications Engineering: http:// www.comm.uni-bremen.de/pages/research.html   David J. MacKay's Homepage: http://wol.ra.phy.cam.ac.uk/ mackay/, U.K.   ITR's Turbo Coding Home Page: http://www.itr.unisa.edu.au/ ~steven/turbo/, Univ. of South Australia   Turbo Codes at West Virginia University: http:// www.csee.wvu.edu/~mvalenti/turbo.html, West Virginia   Small World Communications: http://www.sworld.com.au/, University, USA. Australia   Jakob Anderson's Homepage: http://www.tele.dtu.dk/   Turbo codes research at West Virginia University: http:// ~jda/, Technical University of Denmark. www.csee.wvu.edu/~mvalenti/tc-webpages.html   Patrick Robertson's Homepage: http://www.dlr.de/NT/NT-   Block Turbo Codes Home Page: http://www-sc.enst- T/robertson/Welcome_us.html, DLR, Germany bretagne.fr/turbo/principale.html, ENST de Bretagne, France.   Error Correcting Codes (ECC) Home Page: http://imailab- www.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~robert/codes.html,   Wireless Systems Laboratory: http://users.ece.gatech.edu/ ~stuber/wsl.html, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.   Coding Research Group: http://www.nd.edu/~eecoding/, University of Notre Dame.   Politecnico di Torino's Turbo-codes page: http:// hp0tlc.polito.it/turbo_codes.html   Technische Universität Lehrstuhl für Nachrichtentechnik München, Germany   Caltech Communications Group: http:// www.systems.caltech.edu/EE/Groups/communications/   Wireless Multimedia Lab: http://limburger.ee.cornell.edu/ wml/index.html, Cornell University, USA.
Ultra Wideband Systems   As Ultra wideband (UWB) wireless communication has very high data rates, ultra-low power consumption, robustness to interference and fine ranging capabilities, it has been chosen as candidate for different wireless personal area network (WPAN) standards, including IEEE 802.15.3a and 802.15.4a.   Research is on low power, area-efficient implementation of different modules in digital baseband system in the wireless UWB systems, including FFT/IFFT processors, time-domain/ frequency-domain equalizers, channel code decoders (Viterbi decoders and LDPC decoders)   Research to address the algorithms related to ranging, geolocation, MIMO-UWB modulation and demodulation.
High Speed Transreceivers   IEEE 802.310GBASE-T study group or IEEE-P802.3an Task Force, has completed investigating the feasibility of transmission of 10 Gbps over 4 pairs of unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and is developing its baseline transmission scheme   In this received signal at a receiver not only suffers from signal attenuation and ISI but also suffers from echo, near-end cross talk (NEXT), far-end cross talk (FEXT), and other noises such as alien NEXT (ANEXT)   To meet the desired throughput and target BER requirements, we need to perform significant amount of DSP operations in the transceivers, which include channel equalization, channel coding, and echo/NEXT/FEXT cancellation.   Research focus is on high speed, low power and area-efficient implementation of various DSP blocks used in 10GBASE-T Transceiver which includes Parallel Decision Feedback Decoders, High speed Tomlinson-Harashima precoders, Interleaved trellis coded modulation and decoding, Efficient long FIR Adaptive Filter Implementation and Low Power Echo&Next Cancellers
3D Video Systems   Stereoscopic video is two-channel video taken from a binocular camera which provides viewers images with depth information. Recently the auto- stereoscopic display becomes possible due to the development of optical and LCD technology   Opportunities exists in 3D motion estimation improving techniques, improved disparity matching for each pair of images and depth map segmentation
Soft Decision Reed-Solomon Decoder   Soft-Decision Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are of great interest in modern communications and storage systems applications   Koetter-Vardy (KV) soft-decision decoding algorithm of RS codes can achieve substantial coding gain for high-rate codes, while maintaining a complexity polynomial with respect to the codeword length   Present:   In the KV algorithm, the factorization step can consume a major part of the decoding latency. A novel architecture based on root-order prediction is proposed to speed up this step. As a result, the exhaustive-search-based root computation from the second iteration of the factorization step is circumvented with more than 99% probability. In addition, resource sharing among root-prediction blocks, as well as normal basis representation for finite field elements and composite field arithmetic, are exploited to reduce the silicon area significantly.   Applying the proposed fast factorization architecture to a typical (255, 239) RS code, a speedup of 141% can be achieved over the fastest prior effort, while the area consumption is reduced to 31% In the architecture of the fast factorization for the KV algorithm, the root computation and polynomial updating can be carried out simultaneously to reduce the factorization latency further. The latency and area of the polynomial updating account for more than half of the total latency and the total area of the factorization architecture, respectively.   Future:   Future work will address efficient implementations of polynomial updating. There is no real hardware implementation of the entire KV algorithm so far. The only available implementation is for the interpolation step only, which uses four Xilinx Virtex2000E devices and achieves a maximum clock frequency of 23 MHz. This implementation has overwhelming complexity and runs too slow for practical applications. Current research is directed towards bringing down the complexity of the KV decoding algorithm to practical level through further algorithmic and architectural level optimizations.
Latest Research Areas   Hardware Security: PUFs, Reverse Engineering   DSP-based Voice-over-Internet Protocol    Medical Field   Seizure Prediction from EEG - A Pacemaker for the Brain     Automated Fundus Eye Scan Analysis 
Hardware Security: PUFs, Reverse Engineering    The goal of this research is   To use physical unclonable functions (PUFs) for counterfeit prevention of integrated circuit chips and devices   To simultaneously authenticate devices and users   The objective is to design PUF circuits based on arbiter PUFs that cannot be hacked easily and to include designing digital circuits that are harder to reverse engineer
Seizure Prediction from EEG    Epilepsy is the second most neurological disorders, which 0.6 to 0.8% of people in the world suffer from.    Approximately 75% of the patients with epilepsy achieve partial or sufficient control over seizures from medication or resective surgery.  However, the remaining 25% of the patients do not have any treatment currently available.    If there is a way to predict occurrence of a seizure, it could sufficiently enhance the therapeutic possibilities, leading to a better quality of life of the patients.   The general goal of this project is to propose a patient-specific algorithm, which can predict occurrences of an epileptic seizure in advance.    Specifically, this project intends to develop an algorithm to classify EEG (electroencephalogram) signals before a seizure onset from those during ordinary conditions with high sensitivity and a low rate of false positive   In addition to predicting seizures, research is also focused on design of classifiers for seizure detection
Automated Fundus Eye Scan Analysis    Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in people of working age in the developed world.   The blindness due to diabetes costs US government and general public $500 million annually. A WHO collaborative study projected that the global diabetic burden is expected to increase to 221 million people by 2010   However treatment can prevent visual loss from sight-threatening retinopathy if detected early. In order to address the impact of diabetes, screening schemes are currently being put into place based on digital fundas photography. However, the cost of screening is expensive because of manual trained graders. Automating detection is key to reduce cost and improve screening efficiency   Current research interest is focused on automated diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using digital fundus images. The images will be graded onto diabetic retinopathy scale (10 - 80 ) based on the type, quantity and the area of lesions present in the eye. Feature extraction is the first step in the classification of these images. The challenge lies in extracting robust features as the image color varies from patient to patient.
Unchartered waters for many …   Language Understanding of Schizophrenic Patients   Attempts to understand language understanding at various levels in from magnetoencephalogram (MEG) signals   Molecular Signal Processing   This research attempts to understand synthesis of DSP functions through molecular reactions, where inputs and outputs are proteins or chemical molecules   One example of implementation involves DNA strands.   Synthesizing signal processing functions in biochemical and biomolecular systems will enable biosensing, drug delivery, monitoring and controlling rate of therapy or treatment   Efforts are directed towards implementation of FIR and IIR digital filters, FFTs, and equalizers using chemical reactions. Efforts are also directed towards implementation of iterative computations through the molecular reactions   Design Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy for Parkinsons and Dystonia   Lung Sound Analysis
Other Research Areas   Research into natural algorithms for fixed and adaptive   Development of high-fidelity decimators using polyphase digital filtering. allpass filters.   Development of fractional-delay filters for sample rate   Low-distortion wideband microwave amplifier design. conversion and beamforming.   Research into the suppression of harmonic distortion in   Research in the area of modelling and design of wireless microwave transmission systems. communication systems.   Development of Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receiver   Development of new signal processing architectures and systems. architectural component realisation in full-custom integrated   Research into asynchronous logic techniques to realise low- circuits. power digital signal processors.   Development of switched-capacitor filters for   Research into flexible receiver structures and architectures telecommunication applications. for software radio applications.   Development of IIR filter design techniques based upon   Breaking the Nyquist barrier using non-equispaced sampling balanced model truncation of much higher order FIR filters. for radar applications.   Development of computer-aided packages for the design of   Computer-aided techniques for the design of RF and discrete-time filters. microwave filters.   Evaluation of adaptive notch filters for tracking and   Development of ultra-low-power digital signal processors eliminating harmonic interference in mains-powered systems. for use in digital hearing aids.   Research into sigma-delta data conversion techniques for   Research into high-quality digital image processing for baseband and bandpass applications. biomedical and urban traffic control applications   Design and silicon implementation of bitstream codecs for mobile telephone applications.
Project Ideas   Software Configurable Global Positioning Systems Receiver silicon implementation   Wireless FSK burglar alarm: algorithmic/structural/   GSM base station SD ADC: algorithmic/structural/ architectural design and gate array implementation architectural design, implementation and silicon integration   Digital/switched-capacitor filters for integrated very low   Algorithmic/structural/architectural design, silicon frequency, vehicle burglar alarm system integration and implementation of a mixed-signal, SD and All pass polyphase based low-power CODEC, for use within   Digital part of a SD CODEC: feasibility study and a Completely In Canal (CIC) digital hearing aid chip architectural design for custom-silicon   GNSScope: Platform for rapid prototyping and testing of   Software Radio Cellular Base station System: Feasibility designs targeting multi-platform multi-frequency GNSS Study, Design and Development systems   Interactive Virtual Classroom   Ultra-low power configurable baseband processor for   Software DAB Radio Receiver: design, implementation and GNSS algorithms frequency synchronization in software   Adaptive IIR filtering techniques for channel equalization   Linear mixed-signal SD CODECs for GSM base station: applications design and implementation   Efficient frequency transformation algorithm and toolbox   SD based fast hopping fractional-N frequency synthesizer: development design and FPGA implementation   Low-power reconfigurable full-custom DSP processor design   Programmable switched-capacitor ladder-filter chipset for and development duplex modem systems complying with the CCITT magnitude   Novel frequency estimation algorithm development and and group delay specification Implementation   Oversampled PWM 28-bit DAC for very high fidelity audio   Adaptive schemes for non-linear distortion compensation in applications: feasibility study and architectural design for communication systems custom-silicon implementation   ULTRA-low-power algorithm development for real-time   Integrated SD based mixed-signal commander for mobile biomedical application telephone systems: trouble-shooting and correction   13-bit linear mixed-signal SD CODEC for GSM mobile systems: algorithmic/structural/architectural design and
CONCLUSION Digital Circuits and DSP are not yet outdated!   Audio Signal Processing, Audio Compression, Speech processing, Speech Recognition   hi-fi loudspeaker crossovers and equalization, and audio effects for use with electric guitar amplifiers   Speech compression and transmission in digital mobile phones   Room correction of sound in hi-fi and sound reinforcement applications   Digital Image Processing, Video Compression   Medical imaging such as CAT scans and MRI, MP3 compression, computer graphics, image manipulation   Digital Communication, RADAR, SONAR, Seismology   Weather forecasting, economic forecasting, seismic data processing, analysis and control of industrial processes   Biomedical Signal Processing is another important area of research   Signal Processing, Machine Learning and Classification are important tools for biomedical signal processing – Feature extraction and classification is key here   Monitoring, Diagnosis, Prevention and Therapy is driven by DSP   Signal processing for monitoring and processing proteins
THANK YOU Shivoo Koteshwar 9845722117 shivoo@pes.edu

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Presentation on DSP-Research Areas- National Conference in VLSI & Communication, October 31st 2012

  • 1.
    VLSI DIGITAL SIGNALPROCESSING – RESEARCH AREAS Intelligence is the capacity to receive, decode and transmit information efficiently. Stupidity is blockage of this process at any point. Bigotry, ideologies etc. block the ability to receive; robotic reality-tunnels block the ability to decode or integrate new signals; censorship blocks transmission…Robert Anton Wilson Shivoo Koteshwar - shivoo@pes.edu
  • 2.
    Reference Material   http://www.ee.umn.edu/users/parhi/ current_research.html   http://www.advrg.wmin.ac.uk/about.html   http://www.dspguru.com/   http://sestevenson.wordpress.com/   http://www.ee.umn.edu/groups/ddp/research.html   http://www.ee.umn.edu/users/parhi/ past_research.html
  • 3.
    Need   Digital signal processing (DSP) applications are becoming more prevalent in everyday use   Because of this widespread usage and advances in computer technology, the DSP algorithms themselves are being subjected to more demanding specifications   There is a constant need for designing systems with lower power, higher speed (>100G bps), and lower area   Focus is on developing new algorithms, architectures, techniques, and design tools
  • 5.
    Example: DSP inMedical Field   Involving use of advanced signal and image processing techniques in classification of biomedical signals   The objective here is to use signal processing for preprocessing and feature extraction and use classifiers for classification.   Applications include epilepsy detection and prediction, lung sound signal processing, automated fundus eye scan analysis for diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma screening, and detection of neural disorders   The work on language understanding of Schophrenic patients from MEG signals   Synthesis of various signal processing functions by chemical or molecular reactions. These reactions are mapped to DNA strands. The objective here is to synthesize molecular reactions for a specified signal processing function. The emphasis is on design of robust reactions that are (almost) rate-independent. This research is expected to find applications in drug delivery and biosensing
  • 6.
    Microprocessor and DSPProcessor   The 5 units (Memory, Instruction Fetch, Instruction Decode, ALU and Memory Access) correspond to the four different stages of processing, which repeat for every instruction executed on the machine   Processing Stages, Instruction Fetch, Instruction Decode, Execute and Memory Access happens sequentially Classical Von Neumann (vN) microprocessor architecture - SISD (Single instruction single data) type
  • 7.
    Microprocessor and DSPProcessor   The sequential nature of the microprocessor architecture makes it unsuitable for the efficient implementation of computationally complex DSP systems, either in that it cannot achieve the required sampling rate, or it meets the requirement, but consumes a lot of power.   The serial architecture is such that for data processing applications, a lot of the transistors will not be performing any useful part in the computation being performed but are consuming power   Microprocessors normally run large blocks of software, such as operating systems, and usually are not used for real-time computation.
  • 8.
    Microprocessor and DSPProcessor   Until about 25 years ago, most signal processing was performed using specialized analog processors. As digital systems became available and digital processing algorithms could be implemented, the digital processing of signals became more widespread.   Initially, DSP was performed on general-purpose microprocessors such as the Intel 8088. While this certainly allowed for more sophisticated signal analysis, it was quite slow and was not useful for real-time applications   In the 1980s, DSPm s such as the TMS32010 from TI emerged, which had similar functionality to microprocessors, but differed in that they were based on the Harvard architecture , with separate program and data memories and separate buses   In other words, they were microprocessor architectures which had been optimized for DSP that perform multiply and accumulation operations, consuming less power   A more specialized design was needed   A lot of changes in the original architecture have occurred since the inception of DSP microprocessors
  • 9.
    Characteristics of DSPProcessor   Are really just specialized microprocessors   Designed to perform a fairly limited number of functions, but at very high speeds.   The digital signal processor must be capable of performing the computations necessary to carry out the techniques like transformation to the frequency domain, averaging, and a variety of filtering techniques   In order to perform these operations, a typical digital signal processor would include the following elements: 1.  Control processor 2.  Arithmetic processor 3.  Data memory 4.  Timing control 5.  Systems
  • 10.
    DSP Microprocessor Changes fromoriginal architecture   Very Long Instruction Word (VLIW)   Increased number of data buses   Fixed point operation   Bit-serial processing   Pipelining   Parallel processing   Array processing – Systolic and Wavefront Arrays   Reduced Instruction set computer (RISC)   Multiprocessing   Retiming
  • 11.
    Characteristics of DSPOperations   Computationally intensive   Highly suited to implementation with parallel processors   Exhibits a high degree of parallelism, data independent   Have lower arithmetic requirements than other high- performance applications, e.g. scientific computing
  • 12.
    Comparing different DSPProcessors   Comparing the performance of DSPs is not always a straightforward procedure.   While MIPS (million instructions per second) or MFlops (million floating-point operations per second) are often used when comparing microprocessor speed, this is not well suited to DSPs   A common benchmark for comparing the performance of DSPs is the multiply and accumulate (MAC) time   The MAC time generally reflect the maximum rate at which instructions involving both multiplication and accumulation can be issued. More meaningful benchmarks would be computations such as FFTs and digital filters
  • 13.
    Definitions   Pipelining   Reduce the effective critical path by introducing pipelining latches along the critical data path   Parallel Processing   Increasesthe sampling rate by replicating hardware so that several inputs can be processed in parallel and several outputs can be produced at the same time Datapath pipelined Parallel Processing
  • 14.
    High-Speed/Low-Power VLSI Digital SignalProcessing Architectures    The various wireless communication technologies have led to the tremendous increasing demand for mobile processing devices which has intensive DSP and communication blocks   Unlike wired devices that are optimized in favor of performance   minimization of power/energy consumption while maintaining a certain level of performance is a critical concern for wireless devices with limited energy capacity   With continuous demand for increasing levels of performance, Digital processing techniques requires high levels of computational throughput, particularly for real-time applications   The trend in DSP design is toward more algorithm-based architectures. In other words, the ease with which VLSI design can be done today leads the designer to more specialized architectures.   Research is focused on the voltage over scaling (VOS) techniques in DSP and communication system design, such as filters, FFT/IFFT, etc.   The VOS is one of the most prominent techniques that can significantly reduce the power consumption at the cost of incurring computational error/noise due to timing violation.   This is because as the supply voltage scales the power consumption decreases quadratically while the delay increases linearly.   Research is also in low-power architectures for biomedical applications. Specifically efforts are directed towards low-power feature extractors and classifiers.
  • 15.
    Broad Research Topics   VLSI Digital Filters    Digital Integrated Circuit   VLSI Speech and Image Chips Coders    Error Control Coding   Binary and Finite Field   Ultra Wideband Systems Arithmetic Architectures    High Speed Transreceivers   Design Methodologies for   3D Video Systems Signal Processing Low-   Soft Decision Reed- Power Solomon Decoder   DSP System Design 
  • 16.
    VLSI Digital Filters ConcurrentAlgorithms and architectures for VLSI Digital Filters exploit pipelining or parallelism   In 1960s and 1970s, digital signal processing algorithms were implemented using the available microprocessors which executed the algorithms sequentially. Therefore, there was no motivation for designing concurrent signal processing algorithms, which could exploit pipelining or parallelism   But today it’s a world of parallel processing. The efforts are in   Transforming existing non-concurrent algorithms into concurrent forms to create pipelining and parallel processing   Designing new algorithms which are inherently concurrent
  • 17.
    VLSI Digital Filters ConcurrentAlgorithms and architectures for VLSI Digital Filters exploit pipelining or parallelism   Transforming non concurrent to concurrent: Look-ahead transformation, decomposition, and incremental computation techniques   Designing Inherently Pipelined System: Sum, delay, and product relaxed look- ahead techniques   Research Focus   Design of pipelined and parallel recursive digital filters, recursive lattice digital filters, recursive wave digital filters, LMS adaptive digital filters, adaptive lattice digital filters, two-dimensional recursive digital filters, and rank-order and stack digital filters   Examining Finite word-length effects in these filters for fixed-point hardware implementations and introducing pipeline in these algorithms   Pipelined stable recursive digital filters   Pipelined architecture topologies for various forms of adaptive filters   Recursive least square (RLS) adaptive filters   Annihilation Reordering Look-Ahead recursive least square (RLS) adaptive filters can also be pipelined based on Givens rotation; these filters maintain exact orthogonality. Truly orthogonal IIR recursive filters have also been developed. These structures provide excellent round-off noise properties.
  • 18.
    VLSI SPEECH &IMAGE CODERS   Achieving pipelining and parallel processing in encoders and decoders used for speech and image processing applications   Because the processing of high-definition and super high-definition television video signals requires very high data rates   Demands of the high-throughput real-time signal and image processing application is the trend
  • 19.
    VLSI SPEECH &IMAGE CODERS   High-speed algorithms for predictive coders (including differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), and adaptive DPCM), Huffman and arithmetic decoders, Viterbi decoders (which are variations of dynamic programming computations), arithmetic coders, decision feedback equalizers (DFEs), and adaptive DFEs   Design of architectures for VLSI discrete wavelet transforms which require fewer number of registers using life time analysis   Various approaches of implementations of DCTs   Design approach to arbitrarily parallel Variable Length Coder
  • 20.
    Architectures for Binaryand Finite Field Arithmetic   New architectures for arithmetic operations   Goal is to save the number of pipelining latches   Faster operation   Complex designs - multiply-adder, shared divider/ square-root   Arithmetic architecture design for finite field (i.e., Galois field) which can be used in error control coding applications   Appropriate scheduling techniques based on a hardware- software co-design approach is also used   Goal is low area, low latency and low power consumption
  • 21.
    Design Methodologies forSignal Processing   Development of algorithms and design tools for rapid prototyping of these algorithms using either dedicated VLSI chips or commercially available programmable digital signal processors or using field-programmable systems   Folding techniques to design any bit-serial architectures from digit-serial or bit-parallel, and to design digit-serial architectures from bit-parallel ones which can be pipelined at sub-digit levels   Usual adhoc approaches limits the digit-size to be a divisor of word-length. Newer techniques to accommodate arbitrary digit sizes   Developing multiple rate signal processing algorithms – such as interpolation and decimation   In hardware system prototyping, we are concerned with high-level hardware synthesis of specified algorithms for specified sample rate constraints, with the objective of minimizing the number of functional units (such as adders, multipliers, latches, buses, and interconnections etc.)   Focus is on addressing systematic pipelining, retiming, unfolding of data-flow graphs for unraveling the hidden concurrently in algorithms, addressing scheduling and resource allocation for fixed multiprocessor architectures for software system prototyping of signal processing problems, minimization of registers in data path,
  • 22.
    Low Power DSPSystem Design   Efficient power estimation tool development   Power estimation for DSP circuits based on switching activity estimation which incorporates glitching   Various approaches to low-power arithmetic implementations are being addressed   New types of low power binary adders   Various division, square-root and CORDIC architectures are being evaluated for low-power consumption   Approaches to power reduction in parallel FIR filters through novel strength reduction   Novel approaches to power reduction by gate resizing, supply voltage scheduling and threshold voltage scheduling   Low Power DSP system design approaches by pipelining of DSP structures or novel arithmetic architectures
  • 23.
    Digital Integrated CircuitChips   Focus is on layout design, fabrication and testing of IC for demonstration of key algorithmic ideas   4thorder recursive digital filtering which uses loop pipelining and has 86MHz sample rate   Fine grain pipelined chips - 16x16-bit multiplier which makes use of internal redundant number representation, and another one for a 100 MHz ADPCM video codec   Shared divider/square-root chip   Bit-level pipelined RLS adaptive filter   Viterbi Coder chip   Shared divider/square root and CORDIC chips
  • 24.
    Error Control Coding   Forward-error correction (FEC) codes can be used in almost all kinds of communication systems (wireless, wireline, fiber optic network, etc.) to provide significant gains over the overall transmit power budget of the link, and at the same time, lower the bit error rate.   Research is on on both soft-decision and hard-decision error control code   e.g. Convolutional Viterbit and Turbo Codes, Block Turbo Codes, LDPC Codes (a re-discovery), conventional Convolutional Codes and Reed-Solomon Codes.
  • 25.
    Error Control Coding   JPL Turbo Code Homepage /   Wireless Multimedia Lab., Cornell TDA Progress Reports University, USA.   ANT Department of Communications   LNT Digital Communications Group Engineering   Center for Satellite Engineering   ITR's Turbo Coding Home Page, Univ. of Research (UK) South Australia   David J. MacKay's Homepage, U.K.   Small World Communications, Australia   Turbo Codes at West Virginia University,   Turbo codes research at West Virginia West Virginia University, USA. University   Jakob Anderson's Homepage, Technical   Block Turbo Codes Home Page, ENST de University of Denmark. Bretagne, France.   Patrick Robertson's Homepage, DLR,   Wireless Systems Laboratory, Georgia Germany Institute of Technology, USA.   Error Correcting Codes (ECC) Home   Politecnico di Torino's Turbo-codes page Page,   Technische Universität Lehrstuhl für   Coding Research Group, University of Nachrichtentechnik München, Germany Notre Dame.   Caltech Communications Group
  • 26.
    Error Control Coding   JPL Turbo Code Homepage: http://www331.jpl.nasa.gov/   LNT Digital Communications Group: http://www-nt.e- public/JPLtcodes.html / technik.uni-erlangen.de/~dcg/Welcome.html TDA Progress Reports: http://tda.jpl.nasa.gov/ progress_report/index.html   Center for Satellite Engineering Research (UK): http:// www.ee.surrey.ac.uk/CSER/DSP/turbo.html   ANT Department of Communications Engineering: http:// www.comm.uni-bremen.de/pages/research.html   David J. MacKay's Homepage: http://wol.ra.phy.cam.ac.uk/ mackay/, U.K.   ITR's Turbo Coding Home Page: http://www.itr.unisa.edu.au/ ~steven/turbo/, Univ. of South Australia   Turbo Codes at West Virginia University: http:// www.csee.wvu.edu/~mvalenti/turbo.html, West Virginia   Small World Communications: http://www.sworld.com.au/, University, USA. Australia   Jakob Anderson's Homepage: http://www.tele.dtu.dk/   Turbo codes research at West Virginia University: http:// ~jda/, Technical University of Denmark. www.csee.wvu.edu/~mvalenti/tc-webpages.html   Patrick Robertson's Homepage: http://www.dlr.de/NT/NT-   Block Turbo Codes Home Page: http://www-sc.enst- T/robertson/Welcome_us.html, DLR, Germany bretagne.fr/turbo/principale.html, ENST de Bretagne, France.   Error Correcting Codes (ECC) Home Page: http://imailab- www.iis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~robert/codes.html,   Wireless Systems Laboratory: http://users.ece.gatech.edu/ ~stuber/wsl.html, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.   Coding Research Group: http://www.nd.edu/~eecoding/, University of Notre Dame.   Politecnico di Torino's Turbo-codes page: http:// hp0tlc.polito.it/turbo_codes.html   Technische Universität Lehrstuhl für Nachrichtentechnik München, Germany   Caltech Communications Group: http:// www.systems.caltech.edu/EE/Groups/communications/   Wireless Multimedia Lab: http://limburger.ee.cornell.edu/ wml/index.html, Cornell University, USA.
  • 27.
    Ultra Wideband Systems   As Ultra wideband (UWB) wireless communication has very high data rates, ultra-low power consumption, robustness to interference and fine ranging capabilities, it has been chosen as candidate for different wireless personal area network (WPAN) standards, including IEEE 802.15.3a and 802.15.4a.   Research is on low power, area-efficient implementation of different modules in digital baseband system in the wireless UWB systems, including FFT/IFFT processors, time-domain/ frequency-domain equalizers, channel code decoders (Viterbi decoders and LDPC decoders)   Research to address the algorithms related to ranging, geolocation, MIMO-UWB modulation and demodulation.
  • 28.
    High Speed Transreceivers   IEEE 802.310GBASE-T study group or IEEE-P802.3an Task Force, has completed investigating the feasibility of transmission of 10 Gbps over 4 pairs of unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables, and is developing its baseline transmission scheme   In this received signal at a receiver not only suffers from signal attenuation and ISI but also suffers from echo, near-end cross talk (NEXT), far-end cross talk (FEXT), and other noises such as alien NEXT (ANEXT)   To meet the desired throughput and target BER requirements, we need to perform significant amount of DSP operations in the transceivers, which include channel equalization, channel coding, and echo/NEXT/FEXT cancellation.   Research focus is on high speed, low power and area-efficient implementation of various DSP blocks used in 10GBASE-T Transceiver which includes Parallel Decision Feedback Decoders, High speed Tomlinson-Harashima precoders, Interleaved trellis coded modulation and decoding, Efficient long FIR Adaptive Filter Implementation and Low Power Echo&Next Cancellers
  • 29.
    3D Video Systems  Stereoscopic video is two-channel video taken from a binocular camera which provides viewers images with depth information. Recently the auto- stereoscopic display becomes possible due to the development of optical and LCD technology   Opportunities exists in 3D motion estimation improving techniques, improved disparity matching for each pair of images and depth map segmentation
  • 30.
    Soft Decision Reed-SolomonDecoder   Soft-Decision Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are of great interest in modern communications and storage systems applications   Koetter-Vardy (KV) soft-decision decoding algorithm of RS codes can achieve substantial coding gain for high-rate codes, while maintaining a complexity polynomial with respect to the codeword length   Present:   In the KV algorithm, the factorization step can consume a major part of the decoding latency. A novel architecture based on root-order prediction is proposed to speed up this step. As a result, the exhaustive-search-based root computation from the second iteration of the factorization step is circumvented with more than 99% probability. In addition, resource sharing among root-prediction blocks, as well as normal basis representation for finite field elements and composite field arithmetic, are exploited to reduce the silicon area significantly.   Applying the proposed fast factorization architecture to a typical (255, 239) RS code, a speedup of 141% can be achieved over the fastest prior effort, while the area consumption is reduced to 31% In the architecture of the fast factorization for the KV algorithm, the root computation and polynomial updating can be carried out simultaneously to reduce the factorization latency further. The latency and area of the polynomial updating account for more than half of the total latency and the total area of the factorization architecture, respectively.   Future:   Future work will address efficient implementations of polynomial updating. There is no real hardware implementation of the entire KV algorithm so far. The only available implementation is for the interpolation step only, which uses four Xilinx Virtex2000E devices and achieves a maximum clock frequency of 23 MHz. This implementation has overwhelming complexity and runs too slow for practical applications. Current research is directed towards bringing down the complexity of the KV decoding algorithm to practical level through further algorithmic and architectural level optimizations.
  • 31.
    Latest Research Areas  Hardware Security: PUFs, Reverse Engineering   DSP-based Voice-over-Internet Protocol    Medical Field   Seizure Prediction from EEG - A Pacemaker for the Brain     Automated Fundus Eye Scan Analysis 
  • 32.
    Hardware Security: PUFs,Reverse Engineering    The goal of this research is   To use physical unclonable functions (PUFs) for counterfeit prevention of integrated circuit chips and devices   To simultaneously authenticate devices and users   The objective is to design PUF circuits based on arbiter PUFs that cannot be hacked easily and to include designing digital circuits that are harder to reverse engineer
  • 33.
    Seizure Prediction fromEEG    Epilepsy is the second most neurological disorders, which 0.6 to 0.8% of people in the world suffer from.    Approximately 75% of the patients with epilepsy achieve partial or sufficient control over seizures from medication or resective surgery.  However, the remaining 25% of the patients do not have any treatment currently available.    If there is a way to predict occurrence of a seizure, it could sufficiently enhance the therapeutic possibilities, leading to a better quality of life of the patients.   The general goal of this project is to propose a patient-specific algorithm, which can predict occurrences of an epileptic seizure in advance.    Specifically, this project intends to develop an algorithm to classify EEG (electroencephalogram) signals before a seizure onset from those during ordinary conditions with high sensitivity and a low rate of false positive   In addition to predicting seizures, research is also focused on design of classifiers for seizure detection
  • 34.
    Automated Fundus EyeScan Analysis    Diabetic retinopathy is the leading cause of blindness in people of working age in the developed world.   The blindness due to diabetes costs US government and general public $500 million annually. A WHO collaborative study projected that the global diabetic burden is expected to increase to 221 million people by 2010   However treatment can prevent visual loss from sight-threatening retinopathy if detected early. In order to address the impact of diabetes, screening schemes are currently being put into place based on digital fundas photography. However, the cost of screening is expensive because of manual trained graders. Automating detection is key to reduce cost and improve screening efficiency   Current research interest is focused on automated diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy using digital fundus images. The images will be graded onto diabetic retinopathy scale (10 - 80 ) based on the type, quantity and the area of lesions present in the eye. Feature extraction is the first step in the classification of these images. The challenge lies in extracting robust features as the image color varies from patient to patient.
  • 35.
    Unchartered waters formany …   Language Understanding of Schizophrenic Patients   Attempts to understand language understanding at various levels in from magnetoencephalogram (MEG) signals   Molecular Signal Processing   This research attempts to understand synthesis of DSP functions through molecular reactions, where inputs and outputs are proteins or chemical molecules   One example of implementation involves DNA strands.   Synthesizing signal processing functions in biochemical and biomolecular systems will enable biosensing, drug delivery, monitoring and controlling rate of therapy or treatment   Efforts are directed towards implementation of FIR and IIR digital filters, FFTs, and equalizers using chemical reactions. Efforts are also directed towards implementation of iterative computations through the molecular reactions   Design Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy for Parkinsons and Dystonia   Lung Sound Analysis
  • 36.
    Other Research Areas   Research into natural algorithms for fixed and adaptive   Development of high-fidelity decimators using polyphase digital filtering. allpass filters.   Development of fractional-delay filters for sample rate   Low-distortion wideband microwave amplifier design. conversion and beamforming.   Research into the suppression of harmonic distortion in   Research in the area of modelling and design of wireless microwave transmission systems. communication systems.   Development of Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) receiver   Development of new signal processing architectures and systems. architectural component realisation in full-custom integrated   Research into asynchronous logic techniques to realise low- circuits. power digital signal processors.   Development of switched-capacitor filters for   Research into flexible receiver structures and architectures telecommunication applications. for software radio applications.   Development of IIR filter design techniques based upon   Breaking the Nyquist barrier using non-equispaced sampling balanced model truncation of much higher order FIR filters. for radar applications.   Development of computer-aided packages for the design of   Computer-aided techniques for the design of RF and discrete-time filters. microwave filters.   Evaluation of adaptive notch filters for tracking and   Development of ultra-low-power digital signal processors eliminating harmonic interference in mains-powered systems. for use in digital hearing aids.   Research into sigma-delta data conversion techniques for   Research into high-quality digital image processing for baseband and bandpass applications. biomedical and urban traffic control applications   Design and silicon implementation of bitstream codecs for mobile telephone applications.
  • 37.
    Project Ideas   Software Configurable Global Positioning Systems Receiver silicon implementation   Wireless FSK burglar alarm: algorithmic/structural/   GSM base station SD ADC: algorithmic/structural/ architectural design and gate array implementation architectural design, implementation and silicon integration   Digital/switched-capacitor filters for integrated very low   Algorithmic/structural/architectural design, silicon frequency, vehicle burglar alarm system integration and implementation of a mixed-signal, SD and All pass polyphase based low-power CODEC, for use within   Digital part of a SD CODEC: feasibility study and a Completely In Canal (CIC) digital hearing aid chip architectural design for custom-silicon   GNSScope: Platform for rapid prototyping and testing of   Software Radio Cellular Base station System: Feasibility designs targeting multi-platform multi-frequency GNSS Study, Design and Development systems   Interactive Virtual Classroom   Ultra-low power configurable baseband processor for   Software DAB Radio Receiver: design, implementation and GNSS algorithms frequency synchronization in software   Adaptive IIR filtering techniques for channel equalization   Linear mixed-signal SD CODECs for GSM base station: applications design and implementation   Efficient frequency transformation algorithm and toolbox   SD based fast hopping fractional-N frequency synthesizer: development design and FPGA implementation   Low-power reconfigurable full-custom DSP processor design   Programmable switched-capacitor ladder-filter chipset for and development duplex modem systems complying with the CCITT magnitude   Novel frequency estimation algorithm development and and group delay specification Implementation   Oversampled PWM 28-bit DAC for very high fidelity audio   Adaptive schemes for non-linear distortion compensation in applications: feasibility study and architectural design for communication systems custom-silicon implementation   ULTRA-low-power algorithm development for real-time   Integrated SD based mixed-signal commander for mobile biomedical application telephone systems: trouble-shooting and correction   13-bit linear mixed-signal SD CODEC for GSM mobile systems: algorithmic/structural/architectural design and
  • 38.
    CONCLUSION Digital Circuits andDSP are not yet outdated!   Audio Signal Processing, Audio Compression, Speech processing, Speech Recognition   hi-fi loudspeaker crossovers and equalization, and audio effects for use with electric guitar amplifiers   Speech compression and transmission in digital mobile phones   Room correction of sound in hi-fi and sound reinforcement applications   Digital Image Processing, Video Compression   Medical imaging such as CAT scans and MRI, MP3 compression, computer graphics, image manipulation   Digital Communication, RADAR, SONAR, Seismology   Weather forecasting, economic forecasting, seismic data processing, analysis and control of industrial processes   Biomedical Signal Processing is another important area of research   Signal Processing, Machine Learning and Classification are important tools for biomedical signal processing – Feature extraction and classification is key here   Monitoring, Diagnosis, Prevention and Therapy is driven by DSP   Signal processing for monitoring and processing proteins
  • 39.