Digital signal processors (DSPs) are specialized microprocessors designed to process digital signals like audio, video, and communications more efficiently than general-purpose microprocessors. DSPs perform mathematical calculations very rapidly and with predictable execution times. They are commonly used in applications like cellular phones, modems, digital cameras, and high-definition televisions to process digital signals in real-time. The first DSPs were developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s, and newer generations have incorporated more specialized instructions and parallel processing capabilities to accelerate complex signal processing tasks.
Digital signal processing is a specialized microprocessor with its architecture optimized for operational needs of digital signal processing
Application's of DSP like STFT and Wavelet transform has been explained in detail with images.
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Digital signal processing is a specialized microprocessor with its architecture optimized for operational needs of digital signal processing
Application's of DSP like STFT and Wavelet transform has been explained in detail with images.
FPGA are a special form of Programmable logic devices(PLDs) with higher densities as compared to custom ICs and capable of implementing functionality in a short period of time using computer aided design (CAD) software....by mathewsubin3388@gmail.com
Presents features of ARM Processors, ARM architecture variants and Processor families. Further presents, ARM v4T architecture, ARM7-TDMI processor: Register organization, pipelining, modes, exception handling, bus architecture, debug architecture and interface signals.
Harvard Arch,Multiplier and multiplier Accumulator,Single Cycle MAC Unit,Modified Bus Structure and Memory Access scheme in PDSP,SIMD,VLIW Arch,CICS Vs RISC Vs VLIW,Pipelining
"Digital Systems Design" undergraduate course slides, By Dr. Reza Sameni, presented at Shiraz University, Shiraz, IRAN, Revision: June 2018, WEB: www.sameni.info, EMAIL: reza.sameni@gmail.com
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
Digital: Operating by the use of discrete signals to represent data in the form of numbers.
Signal: A parameter (Electrical quantity or effect) that can be varied in such a way as to convey information.
Processing: A series operations performed according to programmed instructions.
Harvard Arch,Multiplier and multiplier Accumulator,Single Cycle MAC Unit,Modified Bus Structure and Memory Access scheme in PDSP,SIMD,VLIW Arch,CICS Vs RISC Vs VLIW,Pipelining
"Digital Systems Design" undergraduate course slides, By Dr. Reza Sameni, presented at Shiraz University, Shiraz, IRAN, Revision: June 2018, WEB: www.sameni.info, EMAIL: reza.sameni@gmail.com
Describes ARM7-TDMI Processor Instruction Set. Explains classes of ARM7 instructions, syntax of data processing instructions, branch instructions, load-store instructions, coprocessor instructions, thumb state instructions.
Digital: Operating by the use of discrete signals to represent data in the form of numbers.
Signal: A parameter (Electrical quantity or effect) that can be varied in such a way as to convey information.
Processing: A series operations performed according to programmed instructions.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
A large number of mathematical operations must be
performed quickly and repeatedly on a set of data by DSP.
Signals are constantly converted from analog to digital,
manipulated digitally, and then converted back to analog form.
Higher power consumption and size of a DSP
implementation may make it unsuitable for small- size
applications.
4. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
In addition to performing mathematical
calculations very rapidly, DSPs must also have a
predictable execution time.
5. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
1. Digital signals do not corrupted by noise , minimam
electromagnetic interference etc.
2. Digital signals typically use less bandwidth .So , that
you can fill more information into the same space.
3. Digital can be encrypted so that only the intended
receiver can decode it .(like secure telephone system etc.)
5. It is more secure and less costly.
6. It is easier to translate human audio and video
signals and other messages into machine language.
6. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
6. Enables transmission of signals over a long
distance.
7. Digital signal processing techniques are more
advanced and this technique is also use for Digital TV
Transmission .
7. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
• Before few years it is seen that general purpose
computers are capable of performing
two major tasks.
(1) Data Manipulation, and
(2) Mathematical Calculations
• All the microprocessors are capable of doing these
tasks but it is difficult to make a device which can
perform both the functions optimally(under a particular
set of circumstances.).
9. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
Microprocessors are built for a general purpose
functions, and normally run large blocks of software,
such as operating systems like Windows or UNIX.
Although today's microprocessors, including the
Intel family, are extremely fast or faster than some
DSPs they are still not often called upon to perform
real-time computation or signal processing.
10. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
Usually, their high processing power is directed
more at handling many tasks at once, and controlling
huge amounts of memory and data, and controlling a
wide variety of computer peripherals (disk drive,
modem etc).
However, microprocessors such as Intel are well
known for their size, cost, and power consumption to
achieve their muscular performance.
Using EXCEL spreadsheet software can assist in
manipulating the data and making graphs quickly.
11. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
whereas DSPs are more designed for a specific
purpose, a smaller range of functions at lightning
speed, yet less costly and requiring much less space
(size) and power consumption to achieve their purpose.
In computer systems, DSPs may be employed as
attached processors, assisting microprocessor.
DSP is use for Image Processing, Biomedical Signal
Analysis(ex. X-rays), Telecommunications Products
(ex. Bluetooth).
12. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
DSP applications were implemented using bit-slice processors(Bit
slicing is a method of combining processor modules to multiply the
word length).
These bit slice architectures would sometimes include a peripheral
multiplier chip which included an accumulator, providing the
multiply–accumulate (MAC) function.
multiply–accumulate operation is a common step that computes
the product of two numbers and adds that product to an
accumulator.
13. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
In a bit-sliced processor, each module contains an
ALU(arithmetic-logic unit) usually capable of handling a
4-bit field. By combining two or more identical modules, it is
possible to build a processor that can handle any multiple of
this value, such as 8 bits, 12 bits, 16 bits, 20 bits, and so on.
Each module is called a slice. The control lines for all the
slices are connected effectively in parallel to share the
processing "work" equally.
14. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
1978 Texas Instruments produced the first Speak & Spell, TMS5100
the industry's first digital signal processor.
In 1978, Intel released the 2920 as an "analog signal processor". It had
an on-chip ADC/DAC with an internal signal processor, but it didn't
have a hardware multiplier and was not successful in the market.
In 1980 the first stand-alone, complete DSPs – the NEC µPD7720and
AT&T DSP1.
15. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
The NEC µPD7720 runs at 4 MHz frequency with 128-word data
RAM, 512-word(used BCD rather than plain binary, typically having a
word size of 10 or 12 decimal digits) data ROM, and 512-word program
memory, which has VLIW like instruction format; enabling all of ALU
operation, address register increment/decrement operation, and move
operation in one cycle.
The Altamira DX-1 was another early DSP, utilizing quad integer
pipelineswith branch prediction(part of a processor that determines
whether a conditional(false if first instruction is false from two
instruction) branch (jump) in the instruction flow of a program is likely
to be taken or not).
16. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
Another DSP produced by Texas Instruments(TI), the TMS32010
presented in 1983 success. It was based on the Harvard architecture. It
already had a special instruction set, with instructions like load-and-
accumulate or multiply-and-accumulate. It could work on 16-bit
numbers and needed 390 ns for a multiply–add operation. TI is now the
market leader in general-purpose DSPs.
17. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
About five years later, the second generation of DSPs began to
spread. They had hardware to accelerate tight loops(Such a loop which
heavily uses I/O or processing resources, failing to sufficient share them
with other programs running in the operating system). Some of them
operated on 24-bit variables and a typical model only required about 21
ns for a MAC. Members of this generation were for example the AT&T
DSP16A or the Motorola DSP56001.
18. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
The main improvement in the third generation was the appearance of
application-specific units and instructions in the data path, or sometimes
as coprocessors. These units allowed direct hardware acceleration of
very specific but complex mathematical problems, like the Fourier-
transform or matrix operations. Some chips, like the Motorola MC68356,
even included more than one processor core to work in parallel. Other
DSPs from 1995 are the TI TMS320C541 or the TMS 320C80.
The fourth generation is best characterized by the changes in the
instruction set and the instruction encoding/decoding. SIMD extensions
were added, VLIW and the superscalar architecture appeared. As always,
the clock-speeds have increased, a 3 ns MAC now became possible.
19. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
They are found in cellular phones, computer
devices, fax/modems , disk drives, radio ,
printers, MP3 players, high-definition
television(HDTV), digital cameras, and so on.
21. Digital Signal Processor
M & I 3-10-2012
•An AIC23 stereo codec(provides ADC AND DAC functions.)
• 16 Mbytes of synchronous DRAM
• 512 Kbytes of non-volatile Flash memory (256 Kbytes usable in
default configuration)
• 4 user accessible LEDs and DIP switches
•Standard expansion connectors for daughter card use
• JTAG emulation through on-board JTAG(Joint Test Action Group )
emulator with USB host
interface or external emulator
• Single voltage power supply (+5V)