This document provides a summary of a survey paper on Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) as an efficient technique for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) reduction in uplink communication systems. SC-FDMA was adopted for uplink transmission in Long Term Evolution (LTE) due to its lower PAPR compared to OFDMA. SC-FDMA applies a DFT pre-coding to OFDMA signals before transmission, which converts the multi-carrier signal into a single-carrier signal and significantly reduces the PAPR. The document discusses the limitations of OFDM including high PAPR, and various PAPR reduction techniques for OFDM such as clipping,
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a block level and an elementary level mathematical treatment of optical communication systems employing coherent detection. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
The attached narrated power point presentation offers a block level and an elementary level mathematical treatment of optical communication systems employing coherent detection. The material will immensely benefit KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
In communication system, intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable.
In communication system, the Nyquist ISI criterion describes the conditions which when satisfied by a communication channel (including responses of transmit and receive filters), result in no intersymbol interference(ISI). It provides a method for constructing band-limited functions to overcome the effects of intersymbol interference.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Originally presented at DesignCon 2013.
Jitter is a very important topic in signal integrity for high speed serial data links. The jitter performance of clock signals used in generating the serial data signal is critical to the overall performance of these signals.
Phase noise is the most sensitive and accurate measurement of the performance of precision clocks.
This presentation covers the theory and practice for making phase noise measurements on clock signals as well as the relationship between phase noise and total jitter, random jitter and deterministic jitter. Measurements on a typical clock signal is also included.
For more information, visit http://rohde-schwarz-scopes.com or call (888) 837-8772 to speak to a local Rohde & Schwarz expert.
In communication system, intersymbol interference (ISI) is a form of distortion of a signal in which one symbol interferes with subsequent symbols. This is an unwanted phenomenon as the previous symbols have similar effect as noise, thus making the communication less reliable.
In communication system, the Nyquist ISI criterion describes the conditions which when satisfied by a communication channel (including responses of transmit and receive filters), result in no intersymbol interference(ISI). It provides a method for constructing band-limited functions to overcome the effects of intersymbol interference.
The attached narrated power point presentation attempts to explain the methods of computation of total power loss and system rise time in a fiber optic link. The material will be useful for KTU final year B Tech students who prepare for the subject EC 405, Optical Communications.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission to overcome the effect of multi path fading problem. LTE uses OFDM for the downlink, from base station to terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career bandwidth. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates.
The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its ability to cope with severe channel conditions. Channel equalization is simplified. The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol interference (ISI).
LTE is used in 4G Technology. Different physical layer techniques used in LTE are described in this presentation. Majorly OFDM, MIMO and Carrier Aggregation are mentioned in this presentation. It was presented at IIT Patna.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Testing the flexural fatigue behavior of e glass epoxy laminateseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Life cycle assessment and simulation enablers of sustainable product designeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance Evaluation of PAPR Reduction with SER and BER by Modified Clippin...ijcsse
This paper work focuses on performance analysis of PAPR reduction of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) using amplitude clipping & filtering based design. Now a days one of the most proficient multi-carrier transmission techniques widely used today is orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) which has been implemented by the next generation wireless communication technology: Long Term Evolution (LTE). Extra robustness to multipath fading and impulse noise is provided OFDM. It eliminates inter symbol interference (ISI) & inter carrier interference (ICI) with certain procedure. Therefore peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is the basic problem with OFDM. However in this paper we proposed a reduction procedure of the PAPR by using clipping and filtering. Here we use a composed high pass , low pass & Chevyshev band pass filter II after amplitude clipping to reduce the PAPR. The performance of the system in terms of bit error rate (BER) and symbol error rate (SER) is also investigated as a new filter based clipping method is proposed. Our proposed clipping method with and composed high pass the Chevyshev bandpass filter II in PAPR performance of the system with a little compromise of BER & SER showing the significant improvement in Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
Performance Analsis of Clipping Technique for Papr Reduction of MB-OFDM UWB S...ijcisjournal
Multiband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) is used as efficacious procedure for
ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communication applications, which divides the spectrum into various subbands,
whose bandwidth is approximately 500MHz. Major arduousness in multiband-OFDM is ,it have
very large peak to average power ratio value which causes the signal to enter into dynamic region that
consequence in the loss of orthogonal properties and results in the interference of the carrier signals which
crops the amplifier saturation and finally limits the capacity of the system. Many PAPR amortize
algorithms have reported in the survey and pre-coding is PAPR reduction which is inserted after
modulation in the OFDM system. The Existing work presents the reduction of that value by different
clipping techniques namely Classical-Clipping (CC), Heavy side-Clipping (HC), Deep-Clipping (DC) and
Smooth-Clipping (SC) and their comparison analysis is done. Every clipping method is best at its own
level .The proficiency of these strategies are evaluated in locutions of average power disparity, complete
system decadence and PAPR reduction. Finally results show the MB OFDM yields better performance to
reduce PAPR in effective way.
PAPR Reduction in OFDM using Active and Non-Active ChannelsIOSR Journals
Abstract : According to the request of advance communication field there should be high data rate in addition to both power efficiency and lower bit error rate. This request of high data rate can be achieved by the multi carrier modulation scheme using the OFDM technique. But the great drawback of the OFDM technique is its high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). High PAPR reduces OFDM signals by driving the analog amplifier to work in the nonlinear region, changing this way the signal and making the amplifier to consume more power. To reduce the PAPR methods exist which adjust or present new signals to battle large signal peaks. The methods which use data carrying channels are called active channel methods and which use redundant channel are called non active channel methods. This work deals with reduction of the PAPR of OFDM signal using both Active and Non Active Channels. Clipping technique has been applied to active channels and Tone reservation has been applied to Non Active Channels. By using both channels we can get considerable reduction in PAPR. Keywords:Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM), Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Power Amplifier (PA).
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A low complexity partial transmit sequence scheme for better papr reduction i...eSAT Journals
Abstract The main drawback of OFDM system is the high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signals. Partial transmit sequence scheme is a promising algorithm to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). The Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS) consist of several inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) operations and complicated calculations to obtain optimum phase sequence which results in increasing the computational complexity of PTS. A phase sequence applied to the PTS Scheme reduces its complexity but at the expense of slight degradation in PAPR reduction. In this paper, for further reduction of PAPR the peak clipping of the OFDM signal is introduced along with the PTS with new phase sequence scheme. Since clipping is one of the simplest techniques of PAPR reduction, it does not increase the complexity of the system much and a better PAPR reduction is obtained with the combined effect of clipping and PTS with New Phase Sequence. But the clipping technique introduce some distortion in the signal, however peak clipping of signal below a particular threshold can maintain the BER in the tolerable range. The clipping threshold selected will be different for different OFDM systems. Index Terms: OFDM, Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR), Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS), Clipping.
Performance comparison of two clipping based filtering methods for papr reduc...ijmnct
The growth of wireless communication technologies has been producing the intense demand for high-speed,
efficient, reliable voice & data communication. As a result, third generation partnership project (3GPP)
has implemented next generation wireless communication technology long term evolution (LTE) which is
designed to increase the capacity and speed of existing mobile telephone & data networks. LTE has
adopted a multicarrier transmission technique known as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM). OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for
very wide carriers. One major generic problem of OFDM technique is high peak to average power ratio
(PAPR) which is defined as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of the OFDM signal. A
trade-off is necessary for reducing PAPR with increasing bit error rate (BER), computational complexity or
data rate loss etc. In this paper, two clipping based filtering methods have been implemented & also
analyzed their modulation effects on reducing PAPR.
Performance improvement for papr reduction in lte downlink system with ellipt...IJCNCJournal
This paper is concerned with the performance improvement of PAPR reduction of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signal using amplitude clipping & filtering based design. Note that OFDM is one of the well adept multi-carrier multiplexing transmission scheme which has been implemented in long term evolution (LTE) downlink. Nonetheless peak to average power ratio (PAPR) is the more rattling problem with OFDM, consequently in this paper a reduction procedure of the PAPR by using amplitude clipping and filtering is proposed. Here we used IIR bandpass elliptic filter after amplitude clipping to
reduce the PAPR. The performance of the system in terms of bit error rate (BER) is also canvased as a new
filter based clipping method. Our results show that the proposed methodology of clipping method with the
IIR elliptic band pass filter significantly reduces the PAPR value.
AN OVERVIEW OF PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO REDUCTION TECHNIQUES FOR OFDM SIGNALSijmnct
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been widely adopted for high data rate wireless
communication systems due to its advantages such as extraordinary spectral efficiency, robustness to
channel fading and better QoS (Quality of Service) performance for multiple users. However, some
challenging issues are still unresolved in OFDM systems. One of the issues is the high PAPR (peak-toaverage
power ratio), which results in nonlinearity in power amplifiers, and causes out of band radiation
and in band distortion. This paper reviews some conventional PAPR reduction techniques and their
modifications to achieve better PAPR performance. Advantages and disadvantages of each technique are
discussed in detail. And comparisons between different techniques are also presented. Finally, this paper
makes a prospect forecast about the direction for further researches in the area of PAPR reduction for
OFDM signals
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Ber performance of ofdm with discrete wavelet transform for time dispersive c...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Modified Design Of Acf Operation For Reducing Papr Of Ofdm Signaljosephjonse
Next generation wireless communication technology long term evolution (LTE) has implemented orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique as a strong candidate for radio access systems. It has several attributes such as providing robustness to multipath fading & impulse noise, eliminating intersymbol interference (ISI), inter carrier interference (ICI) & the need for equalizers. The major challenging issue of OFDM technique is the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) which is defined as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of the OFDM signal. A trade-off is necessary for reducing PAPR with increasing bit error rate (BER), computational complexity or data rate loss etc. In this paper, a moderately modified design of amplitude clipping & filtering operation (ACF) is proposed and implemented which shows the significant improvement in case of PAPR reduction for both quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) & quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) while increasing slight BER match up to to an existing method.
A review paper on the papr analysis of orthogonal frequency division multiple...ijmnct
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) has been raised a new modulation technique. Due
to its advantages in multipath fading channel e.g. robust against ISI, ICI and some other advantages like
best QoS for multiple users, efficient usage of bandwidth it is suggested to be the modulation technique for
next generation 4G networks e.g. LTE. But along with all its advantages there are some disadvantages also
e.g. High PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) at the transmitter end and BER (Bit Error Rate) at the
receiving end. Since OFDM is only used in the downlink of 4G networks. To reduce the problems of OFDM
some techniques e.g. SLM, PTS, Clipping, Coding, & Pre-coding etc are suggested but none of them is
reduce the PAPR and BER to an acceptable value. This Paper will discuss some techniques of PAPR &
BER reduction, and their advantages and disadvantages in detail.
A modified design of acf operation for reducing papr of ofdm signalijngnjournal
Next generation wireless communication technology long term evolution (LTE) has implemented
orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) technique as a strong candidate for radio access
systems. It has several attributes such as providing robustness to multipath fading & impulse noise,
eliminating intersymbol interference (ISI), inter carrier interference (ICI) & the need for equalizers. The
major challenging issue of OFDM technique is the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR) which is
defined as the ratio of the peak power to the average power of the OFDM signal. A trade-off is
necessary for reducing PAPR with increasing bit error rate (BER), computational complexity or data rate
loss etc. In this paper, a moderately modified design of amplitude clipping & filtering operation (ACF) is
proposed and implemented which shows the significant improvement in case of PAPR reduction for both
quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) & quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) while increasing slight
BER match up to to an existing method.
Advanced approach for reducing papr in ofdm systems to minimize interference ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is a popular modulation scheme and finds its use in wireless communication and mostly drawing attention towards 4G mobile communication. Wireless Technology is cardinal as it offers high data rate transmission, which is needed for efficacious communication. The main features of OFDM technique are that it can easily acclimate to severe channel conditions without complex time-domain equalization and is vigorous against Intersymbol Interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation. But the OFDM system faces the problem of PAPR i.e. Peak to Average Power Ratio. This PAPR effect is tried to be reduced using a combined technique which makes use of clipping and filtering technique along with companding technique. The simulation results show us that the PAPR value reduces to 4.41dB with a value of 128 subcarriers. Earlier used approaches for PAPR reduction were SLM, PTS, Tone reservation etc. The proposed approach shows that PAPR effect is tried to be reduced to a great extent.
Key Words: OFDM, PAPR, BER ,FFT, IFFT etc
Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) Reduction in OFDM-OQAM Signalspaperpublications3
Abstract: The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a type of modulation that is being used for many of the latest wireless, telecommunication and broadcasting standards. OFDM is considered to be complicated than other signals but also it possess high data rate transmissions with relatively wide bandwidths. The major disadvantage included in OFDM signal is Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) in higher level and Sensitive to Carrier offset. Hence there were found to be many reduction techniques for PAPR have been proposed where in need to reduction in high PAPR and carrier sensitivity still more to make it efficient for future optical domain standards. This paper not only makes the OFDM system advantageous but also suitable for fast data transmission and reduces the complication at receiver side, because all the transmitting data are cleared out of signal noise, interferences, etc. The technique which is going to get implemented for PAPR reduction is Optimized Iterative Clipping and Filtering (OICF).The OFDM is provided with the subcarrier of N=256 and the modulation of Offset Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (OQAM). The OQAM-OFDM provides the higher spectral efficiency and also the inter-symbol interference is avoided since not using Cyclic Prefix (CP) in OQAM-OFDM signal. The main reason for reducing PAPR is that to avoid non- linearity at the receiving end in high speed wireless communication.
A NEW APPROACH TO IMPROVE THE PERFORMANCE OF OFDM SIGNAL FOR 6G COMMUNICATIONIJCNCJournal
The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a very efficient modulation technique that can achieve
very high throughput by transmitting many carriers simultaneously and it is spectrally efficient because of
the proximity of the subcarriers. OFDM is used in 5G communication for higher data transmission. 6th
generation communication also demands OFDM, since it is more spectrally efficient and suitable for high
data transmission. The drawback of the OFDM includes peak to average power ratio and sensitivity to
carrier offsets and drifts. The usage of a non-linear power amplifier causes the signal spreading and leads
to inter-modulation and signal constellation distortion. These two distortions have an impact on the signalto-noise ratio and hence reduce the efficiency. The methods used to reduce PAPR are clipping and
filtering, selective mapping, partial transmit sequence, tone reservation, and injection and non-linear
commanding. The drawbacks of the above methods are computational complexity, spectrum inefficiency,
increase in bit error rate and PAPR rate. In this work, three effective methods are discussed and compared
to improve the performance parameters. These are adaptive peak window method based on harmonize
clipping, harmonics kernel adaptive filter and Slepian-based flat-top window techniques are presented to
reduce the BER, PAPR, and CCDF to improve the signal-to-noise of the system. This window technique
averages out the noise spread out in the spectrum and thus reduces the signal loss by minimizing peak to
average power ratio. The results are analyzed and compared with the existing conventional methods.
Finally, the reductions in PAPR, BER and CCDF obtained are discussed in the results and comparison
section. The proposed work has a higher signal-to-noise ratio than the conventional methods.
Similar to Sc fdma -an efficient technique for papr reduction in (20)
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
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The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
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In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
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Sc fdma -an efficient technique for papr reduction in
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 01 | NC-WiCOMET-2014 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 53
SC-FDMA -AN EFFICIENT TECHNIQUE FOR PAPR REDUCTION IN
UPLINK COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS -A SURVEY
Prittu Ann Thomas1
, M. Mathurakani2
1
PG Student [Wireless Technology], 2
Professor, Dept of ECE, Toc-H Institute of Science and Technology, Kerala, India
Abstract
In this paper, a survey on different modulation schemes having lowest peak to average power ratio (PAPR) value for use in uplink
communication has been studied. OFDM has become the popular modulation choice for high data rate wireless communication
systems. It can provide multi-path delay spread tolerance and is robust to channel dispersions. But one of the major limitations of
OFDM is the large variation in signal amplitude which gives it a high PAPR. OFDM signals with high PAPR will suffer from non-
linear distortion due to non-ideal behavior of High Power amplifiers as well as it is detrimental to battery powered devices like
mobile phones which are power limited .SC-FDMA was found to have a better PAPR reduction than OFDMA and has become
modulation choice for uplink communication in Long Term Evolution (LTE).
Keywords: OFDM, PAPR, SC-FDMA, Localized FDMA, Interleaved FDMA, SC-FDMA-CDMA
----------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The demand for a radio system with high data rate and
throughput has been increasing tremendously in recent years.
To support these requirements third generation partnership
project (3GPP) has developed a new radio access technology
called long term Evolution (LTE). LTE can provide a data rate
of 100Mbps in downlink and 50Mbps in uplink when
operating in a bandwidth of 20Mhz.The high data rate of LTE
not only demands a wider bandwidth but also a more
advanced modulation technique. OFDM was considered as an
optimum solution for downlink transmission requirement. But
this modulation scheme has some major limitations like high
PAPR which can increase complexity and power of
transmitter (mobile) in uplink. So an uplink scheme should be
considered with trade-off between low computation
complexity and system performance. A solution to this
problem was to use SC-FDMA which is similar to OFDM but
has an additional DFT pre-coding prior to OFDM modulation.
The survey is organized as follows. Section 2 provides a brief
overview on OFDM with its advantages and limitations.
Section 3 discusses the various PAPR reduction techniques.
Section 4 provides a detailed explanation on SC-FDMA.
Section 5 discusses the simulation results obtained from
different papers. The survey is finally concluded with
highlights on the main observations made in the study.
2. OFDM
The transmission bandwidth required for communication has
increased for taking care of increasing demand for higher data
rates. A wide transmission bandwidth can increase frequency
selectivity of the channel and thus inter-symbol interference
(ISI) becomes a major issue. An efficient way to mitigate
frequency-selective fading of wide band channel is to use
multicarrier modulation, which divides the entire channel into
a number of smaller sub-channels. Each sub-channel will
undergo a flat fading since the signal bandwidth is narrower
than coherence bandwidth of the channel.
Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is a special case
of frequency division multiplexing where sub-carriers are
orthogonal to one another. This allows overlapping of
subcarriers which can ensure efficient bandwidth utilization
compared to conventional frequency division multiplexing
which requires guard bands between adjacent sub-bands.
Orthogonality of sub-carriers is achieved by using inverse-
discrete Fourier transformation. Thus discrete Fourier
transform at transmitter and its inverse at receiver form the
signal processing techniques at the heart of OFDM
implementations [1]. OFDM is basically a combination of
multiplexing and modulation. In OFDM the signals are first
split into independent channels modulated by data and then re-
multiplexed to create OFDM carrier. Since maximum of a
subcarrier corresponds to zeros of another subcarrier, each
subcarrier can be demodulated independently of the other.
The various advantages of OFDM includes
• Tolerance to multi-path delay spread
• Robustness to channel distortion
• Throughput maximization
• Effective bandwidth utilization
• Frequency Diversity
OFDM can ensure a wide range of advantages in wireless
communication. But it has some major limitations.
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2.1 Limitations of OFDM
2.1.1 Peak to Average Power Ratio
OFDM signal is vector sum of a number of sub-carriers with
different phases. At some time instances, this sum will be
large and at other times it may be small. As a result the peak
value of the signal will be substantially larger than the average
value. The complex OFDM signal can be represented by
))((
1
0
)(1)( ttj
n
N
n
nn
etA
N
tx φω +
−
=
∑=
(1)
Where N is the number of subcarriers,
)(tAn is amplitude of
each sub-carrier, ω =2π f and
)(tn
φ
is phase of each sub-
carrier. The high envelope fluctuation in signal amplitude can
result in signal distortion which can result in out-of band
spectral re-growth of the signals. To accommodate the high
PAPR signal, the linear range of high power amplifier has to
be increased [2]. It can in turn increase the complexity and
cost of high power amplifiers. PAPR of a signal x (t) is given
by the following equation
}|)({|
|)(|max
2
2
txE
tx
PAPR =
(2)
The High PAPR value can also reduce the efficiency of HPA
because efficiency is given by,
PAPR
.
Efficiency
50
=
(3)
The PAPR problem can be reduced by providing a back-off
in input signal but it will reduce efficiency because HPA will
not be able achieve maximum efficiency when operating
below saturation point. Analog to digital converters are also
affected by this factor since quantization error will increase
with high PAPR.
Fig-1: A theoretical relationship between PAPR and transmit
power efficiency for ideal High power amplifier [7]
2.1.2 Carrier Frequency Offset
OFDM signal consist of a number of narrow sub-carriers
which require high degree of frequency synchronization
because an offset in carrier frequency can destroy the
orthogonality of sub-carriers which can in turn increase
multiple access interference among users.
2.1.3 Sensitivity to Spectral Null
The OFDM signal detection is done in frequency domain so it
is highly sensitive to spectral null. It requires an adaptive
coding scheme to overcome spectral nulls in the channel.
3. PAPR REDUCTION TECHNIQUES
In uplink communication PAPR becomes a major constraint in
the design of mobile terminals. PAPR affects uplink
communication than downlink because compared to base
station we cannot increase the complexity and power of
mobile terminals. So a number of PAPR reduction techniques
were developed. PAPR reduction techniques can be classified
into two:
3.1 Distortion Based Techniques
Distortion based technique will cause spectral re-growth of
signals. It is one of the most straightforward PAPR reduction
methods. Clipping is a distortion based technique in which
clipper limits the peak of the input OFDM signal to a
predetermined threshold value. But this is a non-linear
operation and can result in out-of band radiation of signals and
degradation in bit error rate performance of the system.
To overcome these limitations repeated clipping and filtering
of signals to several times can reduce out of-band radiation
and PAPR of signals to desired level [3]. But this technique
cannot eliminate in-band radiation of the signal.
3.2 Non-distortion Based Techniques
PAPR reduction techniques which do not distort shape and
cause any spectral re-growth of OFDM signals are called non-
distortion techniques. Tone reservation is one such technique
[5] in which a set of unused or reserved tones are selected to
design a peak cancelling signal. Since the reserved tones are
orthogonal chances of distortion due to additive noises are
eliminated. A major drawback of this method is the slow
convergence toward optimal solution and it has resulted in
bandwidth sacrifice as tones have to be reserved.
Multiple signal representation techniques like selected
mapping, partial transmit sequence are distortion less PAPR
reduction techniques [4].In selected mapping input data is
multiplied with a random series and resultant series with
lowest PAPR is chosen for transmission. This method has the
advantage that it doesn’t eliminate peaks and can handle any
number of subcarriers. But the limitation of this technique is
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that it requires additional side information that requires to be
transmitted to the receiver of the system in order to recover
information. Partial transmit sequence is flexible and effective
for OFDM system. In this method the input data frame is
divided into non-overlapping sub blocks and each sub block is
phase shifted by a constant factor to reduce PAPR. All these
techniques can provide PAPR reduction but are iterative in
nature. So the OFDM transmitter complexity will increase
with number of iterations.
An alternate approach to overcome PAPR problem is based on
signal transformation. This technique involves a signal
transformation prior to amplification at transmitter and an
inverse transformation prior to demodulation at the receiver.
Some of the transformations include companding, phase
modulation and discrete cosine transformation. Conversion of
OFDM signal into constant envelope by phase modulation is a
technique which can ensure a lowest achievable PAPR of 0dB.
It can provide a faster side-lobe roll-off than OFDM. But a
major limitation [6] of this technique was orthogonality of
subcarriers was not being maintained.
The major reason for PAPR in OFDM is due to its multi-
carrier structure. So conversion of multi-carrier OFDM signal
into single carrier can effectively reduce PAPR of the signals
[7]. Pre-coding of OFDMA signal with Discrete Fourier
transformation can convert it into single carrier frequency
division multiple access signal (SC-FDMA). Thus SC-FDMA
can overcome PAPR problem of OFDMA and many of its
limitations like sensitivity to carrier frequency offset, spectral
nulls (data detection is done in time domain) and can also
reduce complexity of transmitter.
4. SC-FDMA
Single carrier frequency division multiple access utilizes
single carrier modulation at the transmitter and frequency
domain equalization at the receiver. It has similar performance
and essentially the same overall complexity as that of an
OFDMA system [8-9].SC-FDMA can provide flexible
bandwidth assignment for different users and was adopted for
uplink in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) due to its low
PAPR property. The structure of SC-FDMA transmitter and
receiver are given below
Fig-2: SC-FDMA Transmitter [7]
Fig-3: SC-FDMA Receiver [7]
The information bits can be modulated using any modulation
techniques like QPSK, QAM or CPM. The aim of a
modulation scheme is not only to transmit message signals
through a radio channel but also to achieve this function with
best quality, power efficiency and minimum bandwidth.
Constant envelope modulation like QPSK can ensure high
power efficiency and can maintains low spectral side lobes.
Modulation scheme like CPM have constant envelope and
continuous phase which can provide high spectral efficiency
and better PAPR reduction. The modulation index can control
the spectral confinement of CPM signal, smaller the index
better is the spectral confinement. When modulation index
increases BER performance will be improved. But the
modulation and demodulation of CPM is complicated by the
fact that the initial phase of each symbol is determined by the
cumulative phase of all previous transmitted symbols which
requires the receiver to have memory. The PAPR value varies
with the modulation schemes used.
The complex modulated signal then undergoes discrete time
Fourier transformation. The number of DFT points (M) is
determined by the number of symbols to be transmitted. The
DFT output is then mapped on different sub-carrier. The
number of sub-carriers (N) is given by the following equation
N = M.Q (4)
Where, M represents the number of DFT points and Q
represents number of users.
Sub-carrier mapping can be divided into two. They are
1) Localized Mapping (LFDMA) and
2) Distributed Mapping.
In localized mapping each terminal is provided a set of
adjacent sub-carriers. LFDMA can potentially achieve multi-
user diversity in the presence of frequency selective fading by
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assigning each user to subcarriers in a portion of the signal
band where that user has favorable transmission characteristics
(high channel gain)[12].This demands channel-dependent
scheduling (CDS) of subcarriers. CDS requires the system
(base station) to monitor the channel quality as a function of
frequency for each terminal, and adapt subcarrier assignments
according to changes in channel frequency responses of all
terminals. In distributed mapping each terminal is provided a
set of sub-carriers that are distributed over the entire
bandwidth .This can ensure frequency diversity. Interleaved
sub-carrier mapping (IFDMA) is a special case of distributed
mapping where sub-carriers allocated for a user are equidistant
to one another. The time domain symbols of IFDMA [11] are
a simple repetition of input time symbols scaled by a factor
(1/Q).The time domain symbols of LFDMA have exact copies
of input time symbols in M multiple sample positions. It was
found that a system having many users with each transmitting
at a moderate bit rate is better off with IFDMA, while
LFDMA can work better in a system with high-bit-rate users.
Localized mapping are generally used in LTE uplink
applications.
The transmitter performs an important signal processing
operation before transmission. It inserts symbols referred to as
a cyclic prefix (CP) to provide guard time to prevent inter-
block interference (IBI) arising due to multipath propagation.
If the length of the CP is longer than the maximum delay
spread of the channel, or is equal to length of channel impulse
response, there will be no IBI. CP is a copy of the last portion
of the information block. It can convert discrete time linear
convolution into discrete time circular convolution. Thus data
transmitted through the channel can be modeled as a circular
convolution between channel impulse response and
transmitted data block, which in frequency domain is a point-
wise multiplication of the same. Thus the complexity of
equalization at the receiver can be reduced.
The transmitter performs a linear filtering operation referred to
as pulse shaping for transmission of signal through band
limited channel [13]. Raised-cosine filters (RC) are widely
used for pulse shaping in wireless communication systems. As
roll off factor of filter increase PAPR reduces significantly.
But a trade-off between PAPR and out of-band radiation is
required because out-of-band radiation can increase with
increase in roll-off. The performance of OFDM and different
sub carrier mapping of SC-FDMA were compared [14].It was
observed that PAPR was less when no pulse shaping was used
for IFDMA and LFDMA signals. But PAPR increases
significantly for IFDMA when raised cosine pulse shaping
was used and for LFDMA PAPR hardly increases with pulse
shaping. When pulse shaping was carried out using Root-
raised cosine filter (RRC), it was found that RRC pulse
shaping filter was effective in reducing PAPR than RC pulse
shaping filter. The table below gives the numerical analysis of
PAPR for different modulation schemes for IFDMA and
LFDMA for raised cosine filer with different roll off (α).
Table- 1: Comparison of PAPR for Different Modulation
Schemes and Filter Roll-Off [14]
In an SC-FDMA receiver the reverse operation of transmitter
is carried out. The receiver transforms the signal into
frequency domain via DFT, de-maps the subcarriers and then
performs frequency domain equalization. The equalization
process is done in frequency domain because in broadband
channels conventional time domain equalizers are impractical
as they have a very long channel impulse response in time
domain. In cellular systems with severe multipath propagation
SC-FDMA signals arrives the base station with substantial
inter-symbol interference. The base station uses an adaptive
frequency domain equalization to cancel this interference.
Most of the well-known time domain equalization techniques
such as minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalization,
decision feedback equalization (DFE) and turbo equalization
can be used. The equalized symbols are transformed back to
time domain via IDFT and then detection and decoding will
take place in the time domain.
In LTE uplink transmission it was observed [15] that OFDMA
turns out to have better performance with high-order
modulations and are typically used for users near base station
having favorable propagation conditions. SC-FDMA can
provide better performance with QPSK and lower code rates
and are used near cell edges for users with bad propagation
conditions. So OFDMA can provide higher cell capacity and
SC-FDMA can lead to cell range extension.
Spreading in SC-FDMA using code-division multiple access
(SC-FDMA-CDMA) can provide better PAPR reduction than
OFDMA-CDMA [16]. It can combine both features of SC-
FDMA and Direct sequence CDMA. Single carrier nature of
SC-FDMA signal can effectively reduce PAPR while
spreading of signals can ensure easy frequency planning, high
immunity against interference and flexible data rate
adaptation.SC-FDMA-CDMA can ensure both IFDMA and
LFDMA mapping to co-exist (Hybrid mapping) which can
ensure higher data throughput than conventional sub-carrier
mapping techniques . But hybrid sub-carrier mapping can
destroy orthogonality of users which can be overcome by
using channel dependent scheduling and adaptive modulation.
The spreading code length is defined by DFT size and the
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number of spreading code will define the number of active
users in the system. It was observed that increase in spreading
gain can provide better BER performance for the system.
Fig-4: SC-FDMA-CDMA System [17]
5. SIMULATION RESULTS
The simulation of SC-FDMA system for QPSK and 16-QAM
modulation was carried out for the following parameters.
Table-2: Simulation Parameters
No of Symbol Block 100000
DFT Size 64
IFFT Size 256
No of users 4
Sub-carrier Frequency 15Khz
Filter Raised Cosine
Roll –Off 0.5
Oversampling Factor 8
The complementary cumulative distribution (CCDF) function
Vs PAPR plot of IFDMA and LFDMA was compared with
OFDMA. It was observed that SC-FDMA signal has
significant PAPR reduction compared to OFDMA and PAPR
of IFDMA was lower than LFDMA.
Fig-5: CCDF Vs PAPR of IFDMA, LFDMA and OFDMA
signals for (a) QPSK and (b) 16- QAM [9]
The CCDF Vs PAPR plot of IFDMA, LFDMA and OFDMA
for different roll-off of raised cosine filter was compared. It
was observed that PAPR will reduce with increase in filter
roll-off.
Fig- 6: CCDF Vs PAPR of IFDMA, LFDMA and OFDMA
signals for different roll-off (a) QPSK and (b) 16-QAM [9]
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The PAPR performance of SC-FDMA-CDMA and OFDM-
CDMA was compared for a frame length of 100, Spread
length of 16, for 8 users with 1000 data blocks .The PAPR of
SC-FDMA-CDMA was found to be lower than OFDM-
CDMA
Fig-7: PAPR performance of SC-FDMA-CDMA and OFDM-
CDMA [16]
6. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper we have done a survey on various modulation
schemes to determine their suitability in high data rate uplink
communication systems and it was found that SC-FDMA was
a better choice. SC-FDMA can provide better PAPR reduction
than OFDMA and can overcome many of its limitations.
Besides uplink communication SC-FDMA is used in various
applications like return-link of interactive broadband systems,
aeronautical telemetry, land mobile satellite communication
systems etc.SC-FDMA can also be used for multiuser
communication in downlink for obtaining a more energy
efficient and greener base station. It was also observed that
PAPR of signal will vary with the modulation used and a
trade-off between PAPR and out-of band signal energy has to
be considered while choosing the roll-off factor for pulse
shaping. Besides this, spreading in SC-FDMA can provide
both features of SC-FDMA and CDMA which has better
advantages than OFDM-CDMA.
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[5]. Brian S. Krongold, and Douglas L. Jones, “An Active-
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[7]. Hyung.G. Myung and David. Goodman, “Single carrier
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[8]. Marilynn P. Wylie-Green, Erik Perrins and Tommy
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[15]. Christina Ciochina and Hikmet Sari, “A review of
OFDMA and Single–carrier FDMA and some recent results,
In Proc IEEE, vol.1, No1, 2010
[16]. Zhongqiang Luo, Xingzhong Xiong, “Performance
Comparison of SC-FDMA-CDMA and OFDM-CDMA
Systems for uplink”, 2011 IEEE
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 01 | NC-WiCOMET-2014 | Mar-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 59
BIOGRAPHIES
Prittu Ann Thomas has graduated from
Saintgits College of Engineering of Mahatma
Gandhi University in Electronics &
Communication Engineering in 2012. She is
currently pursuing her M-Tech Degree in
Wireless Technology from Toc H Institute of
Science & Technology, Arakunnam. Her research interest
includes Mobile Communication and Digital Communication
M. Mathurakani has graduated from
Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering
and Technology of Madurai University and
completed his masters from PSG college of
Technology of Madras University. He has
worked as a Scientist in Defense Research
and development organization (DRDO) in the area of signal
processing and embedded system design. He was honoured
with the DRDO Scientist of the year award in 2003.Currently
he is a professor in Toc H Institute of Science and
Technology, Arakunnam. His area of research interest
includes signal processing algorithms, embedded system
implementations, reusable architecture and communication
systems.