This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Highly Deformable Energy-Dissipating Reinforced Concrete Elements in Seismic ...IJERA Editor
Incorporating scrap tyre rubber particles as partial replacement for aggregates has been found to produce concrete with improved ductility, deformability and damping which are desired characteristics of a viable material for enhancing structural response to earthquake vibrations. An analytical study using Drain-2dX was carried out to investigate the response of 4-storey, 3-bay reinforced concrete frames on innovative rubberised concrete deformable foundation models to simulated earthquake scaled to 5 different peak ground accelerations. Stress-strain properties of 3-layers aramid fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-confinement for concrete incorporating waste rubber from scrap vehicle tyres were used to model the elements of this foundation models. With a partial decoupling of the superstructure from the direct earthquake force, the models showed up to 70% reduction in base shear, an improved overall q-factor of 7.1, and an estimated frame acceleration of 0.11g for an earthquake peak ground acceleration of 0.44g. This implies that a non-seismically designed reinforced concrete frame on the proposed rubberised concrete deformable foundation system would provide a simple, affordable and equally efficient alternative to the conventional and usually expensive earthquake resistant concrete frames. A supplementary Arrest System (SAS) was proposed to anchor the frame from the resulting soft storey at the rubberised concrete foundation. A further research is recommended for the design of concrete hinges with rubberised concrete as used in the model with the most impressive response
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RC FRAMED STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT INFILLSIAEME Publication
Earthquakes are the nature’s greatest hazard which cannot be exactly predicted by human
beings. Earthquake is a sudden movement of earth’s surface with the release of massive energy
in the form of seismic waves. There are so many methods to control the vibration of the
buildings like passive, active and hybrid control systems.[1] Base isolation is a passive control
system. In the present work, a (G+3) structure considering with and without infill’s subjected
to seismic force along with static gravity loads are analyzed using Response Spectrum Method
in ETABS-2015 package. From the study, the response of the structure obtained is time period,
base shear, story displacement and inter-story drifts and also the comparison is drawn for the
same parameters considering structure as bare and infill frames. The variation in percentage
of steel is also presented. It is found that the time period and story displacement increases
while base shear and story drifts gets reduces with the provision of effective base isolators.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
Analysis of rc frame with and without masonry infill wall with different stif...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Highly Deformable Energy-Dissipating Reinforced Concrete Elements in Seismic ...IJERA Editor
Incorporating scrap tyre rubber particles as partial replacement for aggregates has been found to produce concrete with improved ductility, deformability and damping which are desired characteristics of a viable material for enhancing structural response to earthquake vibrations. An analytical study using Drain-2dX was carried out to investigate the response of 4-storey, 3-bay reinforced concrete frames on innovative rubberised concrete deformable foundation models to simulated earthquake scaled to 5 different peak ground accelerations. Stress-strain properties of 3-layers aramid fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)-confinement for concrete incorporating waste rubber from scrap vehicle tyres were used to model the elements of this foundation models. With a partial decoupling of the superstructure from the direct earthquake force, the models showed up to 70% reduction in base shear, an improved overall q-factor of 7.1, and an estimated frame acceleration of 0.11g for an earthquake peak ground acceleration of 0.44g. This implies that a non-seismically designed reinforced concrete frame on the proposed rubberised concrete deformable foundation system would provide a simple, affordable and equally efficient alternative to the conventional and usually expensive earthquake resistant concrete frames. A supplementary Arrest System (SAS) was proposed to anchor the frame from the resulting soft storey at the rubberised concrete foundation. A further research is recommended for the design of concrete hinges with rubberised concrete as used in the model with the most impressive response
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
SEISMIC ISOLATION OF RC FRAMED STRUCTURE WITH AND WITHOUT INFILLSIAEME Publication
Earthquakes are the nature’s greatest hazard which cannot be exactly predicted by human
beings. Earthquake is a sudden movement of earth’s surface with the release of massive energy
in the form of seismic waves. There are so many methods to control the vibration of the
buildings like passive, active and hybrid control systems.[1] Base isolation is a passive control
system. In the present work, a (G+3) structure considering with and without infill’s subjected
to seismic force along with static gravity loads are analyzed using Response Spectrum Method
in ETABS-2015 package. From the study, the response of the structure obtained is time period,
base shear, story displacement and inter-story drifts and also the comparison is drawn for the
same parameters considering structure as bare and infill frames. The variation in percentage
of steel is also presented. It is found that the time period and story displacement increases
while base shear and story drifts gets reduces with the provision of effective base isolators.
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Base isolation is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new structure. The base isolation system decouples the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by earthquake, and offers very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in connection to substructure (foundation). It shifts the fundamental lateral period, dissipates the energy in damping, and reduces the amount of the lateral forces that transferred to the building, inter-story drift, and the floor acceleration.
The work deals with modelling and finite element analysis of a high damping rubber bearing in ANSYS 12.0. A displacement controlled transient analysis was done to analyse the behaviour of the isolator during earthquakes.
Keywords: Base isolation, High damping rubber, Transient analysis
Static Analysis of Masonry Infilled R.C.Frame With &Without Opening Including...IOSR Journals
Masonry infill is considered as a non-structural element in all type of buildings where masonry use.
But, masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase initial stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete (RC)
frame buildings. This Open First storey is also termed as “Soft Storey”. The upper storeys have brick infilled
wall panels with various opening percentage in it. In many cities of India, it is very common to leave the first
storey of masonry infilled reinforcement concrete (RC) frame building open preliminary to generate parking
space or any other usage in the first storey. Such buildings are highly undesirable in seismically active areas. In
the present study, it is an attempt to access the performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames
with soft storey of with and without opening. In this paper, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5) located
in seismic zone-III is considered by modelling of initial frame. According to FEMA-273, & ATC-40 which
contain the provisions of calculation of stiffness of infilled frames by modelling infill as“Equivalent Diagonal
Strut Method”. Therefore, the infill panels are modelled as equivalent diagonal strut method. The error
involved in modelling such buildings as neglecting the presence of infills in the upper storeys, is brought out
through the study of an example building with different analytical models. This linear static analysis is to be
carried out on the models such as Strut frame with 15%, 20%, & 25% centre &corner opening, which is
performed by using computer software STAAD-Pro from which different parameters are computed. In which it
shows that how infill panels increase the stiffness of the structure. While the increase in the opening percentage
leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. This paper highlights the importance of the presence
of the open first storey in the analysis of the building
Behavioural Study of RC Flat Plate Multi-Storey Building Persuaded By Stiffne...IJERA Editor
With a very swift development in urban areas the framed structures which are infilled by brick masonry or
concrete blocks are widely used as partition walls and also exterior walls. Masonry infill walls are common
element in structural system which modifies the conduction of building under the lateral load. These structures
resist the moderate earthquakes and accomplish well in such a prime manner that even if they have no load
bearing function. Evidently, during the time of resolution of such a multi-storey structure, the infilled frame is
considered as bare frame, because IS codes do not provide any guide lines for the analysis and design of RC
frames with infill wall. This paper addresses the numerical study of G+10 RC flat plate framed building with
different cases i.e, soft story at ground level (Basement), with soft story at 5th floor level, without soft storey and
bare frame building by using ETABS as soft computing tool. All these cases are analyzed for equivalent static
method and Response spectrum method. By this, dynamic properties are evaluated and according to the results
obtained conclusions are drawn
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...eSAT Journals
Abstract Moderate and astringent earthquakes have struck different places in the world, causing rigorous damage to reinforced concrete
structures. The bond between the structural elements and masonry in-fills of the building is habitually effected by Earthquake. The
voids between horizontal and vertical resisting elements of the building frame is filled by Masonry in-fills. An infill wall enhances
considerably the strength and rigidity of the structure. It has apperceived that frames with in-fills have more vigor and rigidity
compared to the bare frames Hence this study is about the demeanor of 3D-RC frames with and without masonry in-fills utilizing
E-TABS. parameters were studied like displacement, lateral load distribution, stiffness and overturning moment of the frames and
it is concluded that, the in-fill walls are needed to be considered while designing phase of the structures.
Keywords: Earthquake load, 3D RC Frame, Masonry In-Fill
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic evaluation of rc frame with brick masonry infill wallseSAT Journals
Abstract
Infill panels are widely used as partition walls as well as external walls of the building to fill the gap between RC frames. Non-structural member may provide considerable stiffness to the building and hence may improve the performance of the RC building during ground motions. But In most of the cases, the ignorance of this property of masonry in designing of the RC frame may get an unsafe design. There are two methods are used to determine the effect of ground motion. The effect of ground motion on RC frame building has been carried out by considering with and without the stiffness of infill wall. A comparative study is carried out with RC building using Equivalent Lateral Force method and Response Spectrum method. The masonry infill has been modeled as an equivalent diagonal strut element using Hendry formula. Pushover analysis is carried out on bare frame and frame with infill wall. The model has been generated using STAAD Pro and results obtained from the analysis are compared in terms of strength and stiffness with bare frame.
Keywords: Seismic evaluation, Response Spectrum, masonry infill, diagonal strut.
Seismic analysis of high damping rubber bearings for base isolationeSAT Journals
Abstract
Base isolation is a mechanism that provides earthquake resistance to the new structure. The base isolation system decouples the building from the horizontal ground motion induced by earthquake, and offers very stiff vertical components to the base level of the superstructure in connection to substructure (foundation). It shifts the fundamental lateral period, dissipates the energy in damping, and reduces the amount of the lateral forces that transferred to the building, inter-story drift, and the floor acceleration.
The work deals with modelling and finite element analysis of a high damping rubber bearing in ANSYS 12.0. A displacement controlled transient analysis was done to analyse the behaviour of the isolator during earthquakes.
Keywords: Base isolation, High damping rubber, Transient analysis
Static Analysis of Masonry Infilled R.C.Frame With &Without Opening Including...IOSR Journals
Masonry infill is considered as a non-structural element in all type of buildings where masonry use.
But, masonry infill walls are mainly used to increase initial stiffness and strength of reinforced concrete (RC)
frame buildings. This Open First storey is also termed as “Soft Storey”. The upper storeys have brick infilled
wall panels with various opening percentage in it. In many cities of India, it is very common to leave the first
storey of masonry infilled reinforcement concrete (RC) frame building open preliminary to generate parking
space or any other usage in the first storey. Such buildings are highly undesirable in seismically active areas. In
the present study, it is an attempt to access the performance of masonry infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames
with soft storey of with and without opening. In this paper, symmetrical frame of college building (G+5) located
in seismic zone-III is considered by modelling of initial frame. According to FEMA-273, & ATC-40 which
contain the provisions of calculation of stiffness of infilled frames by modelling infill as“Equivalent Diagonal
Strut Method”. Therefore, the infill panels are modelled as equivalent diagonal strut method. The error
involved in modelling such buildings as neglecting the presence of infills in the upper storeys, is brought out
through the study of an example building with different analytical models. This linear static analysis is to be
carried out on the models such as Strut frame with 15%, 20%, & 25% centre &corner opening, which is
performed by using computer software STAAD-Pro from which different parameters are computed. In which it
shows that how infill panels increase the stiffness of the structure. While the increase in the opening percentage
leads to a decrease on the lateral stiffness of infilled frame. This paper highlights the importance of the presence
of the open first storey in the analysis of the building
Behavioural Study of RC Flat Plate Multi-Storey Building Persuaded By Stiffne...IJERA Editor
With a very swift development in urban areas the framed structures which are infilled by brick masonry or
concrete blocks are widely used as partition walls and also exterior walls. Masonry infill walls are common
element in structural system which modifies the conduction of building under the lateral load. These structures
resist the moderate earthquakes and accomplish well in such a prime manner that even if they have no load
bearing function. Evidently, during the time of resolution of such a multi-storey structure, the infilled frame is
considered as bare frame, because IS codes do not provide any guide lines for the analysis and design of RC
frames with infill wall. This paper addresses the numerical study of G+10 RC flat plate framed building with
different cases i.e, soft story at ground level (Basement), with soft story at 5th floor level, without soft storey and
bare frame building by using ETABS as soft computing tool. All these cases are analyzed for equivalent static
method and Response spectrum method. By this, dynamic properties are evaluated and according to the results
obtained conclusions are drawn
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Behaviour of 3 d rc frames with masonry infill under earthquake loads an ana...eSAT Journals
Abstract Moderate and astringent earthquakes have struck different places in the world, causing rigorous damage to reinforced concrete
structures. The bond between the structural elements and masonry in-fills of the building is habitually effected by Earthquake. The
voids between horizontal and vertical resisting elements of the building frame is filled by Masonry in-fills. An infill wall enhances
considerably the strength and rigidity of the structure. It has apperceived that frames with in-fills have more vigor and rigidity
compared to the bare frames Hence this study is about the demeanor of 3D-RC frames with and without masonry in-fills utilizing
E-TABS. parameters were studied like displacement, lateral load distribution, stiffness and overturning moment of the frames and
it is concluded that, the in-fill walls are needed to be considered while designing phase of the structures.
Keywords: Earthquake load, 3D RC Frame, Masonry In-Fill
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Human action recognition using local space time features and adaboost svmeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Performance evaluation of path loss parameters for broadcasting applicationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Efficient distributed detection of node replication attacks in mobile sensor ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A comparative study of physical attacks on wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Intelligent computing techniques on medical image segmentation and analysis a...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Case study on slender multi storey rc building with brick infilleSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of modulus of masonry on initial lateral stiffness of infilled frames ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic performance study on rc wall buildings from pushover analysiseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Seismic evaluation of mutistorey building with soft storeyeSAT Journals
ABSTRACT Most of the reinforced concrete (RC) structures are not designed to resist major or moderate earthquakes. The designs of such building are regularly done by using gravity loading without considering the earthquake load. Thus these buildings are vulnerable during the event of an earthquake.. In present study bare frame and soft storey are modeled considering special and ordinary moment resisting frame (SMRF & OMRF) for medium soil profile under zone III. The masonry infill panels were modeled as equivalent diagonal strut seven and ten storey buildings are considered to represent medium and high rise buildings , equivalent static and response spectrum analysis was performed on bare frame, infill frames as brick and infill frame as solid concrete block using SAP 2000 V15 software. Nonlinear static pushover analysis carried out for default-hinge properties, M, PM, V and P hinges are applied to beam, column and strut available in some programs based on the FEMA-356 and ATC-40 guidelines. While such documents provide the hinge properties for several ranges of detailing, programs may implement averaged values. The performance of building frames were compared with bare frame, in terms of ductility, safety, and stiffness. The investigation concludes that the performance of the buildings having non-ductile moment resisting frames can be improved by adding infill walls and SMRF building models are found more resistant to earthquake loads as compared to the OMRF building models in terms of performance level, performance point and hinging variation the performance of building for OMRF lies in LS to CP range where as SMRF are found under life safety range ,this shows in high seismicity region the ductile detailing must be adopted to avoid the vulnerability of building for tremor loads.
Key Words: Soft Storey, OMRF, SMRF, Pushover Analysis, Ductility, Stiffness, Performance Levels
Evaluation of the use of concentric steel bracing to improve seismic performa...eSAT Journals
Abstract Most of the existing RC frame structures were not designed to withstand seismic effect. To meet those criteria structures should be retrofitted and out of all available retrofitting techniques adding steel braces are considered to be most efficient technique to enhance the seismic performance of the RC frame structure. In the present study three types of buildings are considered i.e., (G+2), (G+5), (G+8) as low rise, medium rise, high rise respectively, and these buildings are assigned by four different types of braces namely X, V, Inverted V, Eccen Forward at the periphery bays of the building in three different pattern i.e., model A, model B and model C. And these buildings are analyzed by nonlinear pushover analysis by using SAP2000.It is observed that the hinges were first formed in beams and followed by columns in bare frame whereas hinges were first formed in braces and followed by columns and followed by beams in case of X, Eccen forward brace and in case of V and inverted V hinges are formed first in brace followed by beams and followed by columns. It is pointed out that RC frames which are assigned with inverted V brace has least shear force and bending moment in the beams when compared to the other brace frames and there is less amount of variations in axial force shear force and bending moment in case of column. Keywords: equivalent static analysis, steel braces, equivalent strut method
“Analysis and design of multi storeyed load bearing reinforced masonry struct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of fnp for rc frame with brick infilleSAT Journals
Abstract The RC multistoryedframe buildings are commonly built with brick masonry as infill walls.Window and entryway openings are unavoidable piece of the infill dividers. The vicinity of openings in infill dividers fundamentally lessens the parallel quality and solidness of RC casings. The fundamental natural period (FNP) of the building with infill panels depend on strength and stiffness of these infill. The strength and stiffness effect of the infill walls are not considered in any of the seismic codes across the world for calculating FNP. An attempt is made in the present paper to evaluate a new empirical formula by method of least squares (MLS), considering the stiffness of the infill walls and number of bays and storeys. The analysis is carried using SAP v14.2 for gravity and seismic loading. Gravity analysis is carried out as per IS 456: 2000 code provisions. Seismic analysis is carried out as per IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 procedures for multistoryed ordinary moment resisting frame (OMRF) buildings. All the models are constructed in seismic zone IV.The FNP results by MLS are compared with periods obtained from empirical formulae prescribed in seismic codes across the world.The authors conclude that, FNPs obtained by MLS are accurate than the FNPs calculated from the empirical formulae given in seismic codes considered in the paper. KeyWords: Fundamental Natural Period, Infill Frame, Method of Least Square, OMRF, Seismic Code
Effect of stiffeners on the lateral stiffness of infill frames with openingseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Study of lateral load resisting systems of variable heights in all soil types...eSAT Journals
Abstract From the ancient time we know earthquake is a disaster causing event. Recent days structures are becoming more and more slender and more susceptible to sway and hence dangerous in the earthquake. Researchers and engineers have worked out in the past to make the structures as earthquake resistant. After many practical studies it has shown that use of lateral load resisting systems in the building configuration has tremendously improved the performance of the structure in earthquake. In present research we have used square grid of 20m in each direction of 5m bay in each direction, software used is ETABS 9.7.0, the work has been carried out for the different cases using shear wall and bracings for the different heights, maximum height considered for the present study is 75m. The modeling is done to examine the effect of different cases along with different heights on seismic parameters like base shear, lateral displacements and lateral drifts. The study has been carried out for the Zone V and all types of soils as specified in IS 1893-2002. Keywords: Bare Frame, Bracings, Shear Walls, Lateral Load Resisting Systems, Response Spectrum Method, Lateral Displacements, Drifts, Time Period, Base Shear, Seismic Zone, Soft soil
Comparison of bracings and shear walls as seismic strengthening methods to bu...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimisation of earth quake response of tall building by using different fram...eSAT Journals
Abstract In India reinforced concrete structures are mostly used since this is the most convenient & economic system for low-rise buildings. However, for medium to high-rise buildings this type of structure is no longer economic because of increased dead load, less stiffness, span restriction and hazardous formwork. So the Structural engineers are facing the challenge of striving for the most efficient and economical design solution. Also Earthquake engineering should be extended to the design of earthquake sensitive tall buildings. Use of composite material is of particular interest, due to its significant potential in improving the overall performance through rather modest changes in manufacturing and constructional technologies. In India, many consulting engineers are reluctant to accept the use of composite steel-concrete structure because of its unfamiliarity and complexity in its analysis and design. But literature says that if properly configured, then composite steel-concrete system can provide extremely economical structural systems with high durability, rapid erection and superior seismic performance characteristics. This paper discusses Optimization of Earth quack response of tall building by using different types of framing system over the height of the building . So to optimize the earth quack response, a Ten story Combined model ( R.C.C, Composite and Steel frames) is developed and analyzed by using ETABS ; it proves that the combined model is better option. Key Words: Composite structure, Tall Building and Steel structures
Passive control of structures using sliding isolators at intermediate floor l...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance based seismic evaluation of G+3 RC buildings with openings in inf...AM Publications
The RC frame structures with infill walls are frequently used in multistoreyed buildings in recent past. Window and
door openings are inevitable part of the infill walls. The presence of openings in infill walls considerably reduces the lateral
strength and stiffness of RC frames. In the present study two-dimensional four storeyed reinforced concrete (RC) building
models are considered with different sizes of openings (15%, 25%, and 35%). Bare frame and soft storey buildings are modeled
considering special moment resisting frame (SMRF) for medium soil profile under zone III. Concrete block infill walls are
modelled as pin-jointed single equivalent diagonal strut. Pushover analysis is carried out for both default and user defined
hinge properties as per FEMA 440 guidelines using SAP2000 software. Results of default and user defined hinge properties
are studied by pushover analysis. The results of ductility ratio, safety ratio, global stiffness, and hinge status at performance
point are compared with the models. Authors conclude that as the percentage of openings increases, vulnerability increases in
the infill walls. Earthquake code procedure should be considered during the design of the structure. User defined hinge models
are more successful in capturing the hinging mechanism compared to the default hinge models.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Behavior of plan irregularites using composite members by varying column spac...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Several studies proofs that the weaker columns has low seismic resistance, for this it is need to make the column stronger. The stronger columns can be obtained by many ways, here in this paper steel-concrete composite columns are considered. Use of composite columns in construction reduces the cross-section of the columns throughout the building and also increases the lateral-load resisting capacity to columns. The models consists of G+10, G+15, G+20 stories of Rectangular, L, T and plus shaped structures in which column spacing are varied as 3m, 4m, 5m and 6m along both directions in all structures. For all models the composite-column of size 450x450mm (ISMB 250) is kept constant, only the beam size has been varied accordingly while modeling a structure. The Response Spectrum analysis is done for all the buildings using ETABS version 15. Study is based on the performance of a multi-story building with plan irregularity under major earthquake forces by considering parameters like displacement, storey shear and drifts. Even though the cross section of the column considered is very small for tall buildings, the structure behaves stiff for severe seismic zone-V and also for different conditions; this is done by introducing steel-concrete composite column in a given building. Hence it is concluded that the use of composite columns in construction resists the lateral forces for many vulnerable conditions.
Keywords: Composite Column, Irregular Structure, Seismic Zone, Varying Height, Column Spacing.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
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Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced concrete masonry in filled frames
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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EFFECT OF LINTEL AND LINTEL BAND ON THE GLOBAL
PERFORMANCE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE MASONRY IN-
FILLED FRAMES
S Bhargavi1
, Ramancharla Pradeep Kumar2
1
MS by Research Scholar, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information
Technology, Hyderabad
2
Professor, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, International Institute of Information Technology, Hyderabad
Abstract
Door and window openings are unavoidable components in RC masonry in-filled frames because of functional and ventilation
requirements. The presence of openings in RC masonry in-filled frames reduces the lateral stiffness and strength of the wall,
which modifies the actual behavior of structure. If these openings are located in the restricted zones like areas within middle two
thirds of a wall panel, then the wall needs to be strengthened by providing necessary structural elements such as lintel or lintel
bands (i.e., horizontal/vertical bands) around them. Lack of such strengthening techniques may cause the structure to undergo
severe damage during the seismic excitations. In this paper, the change in response of RC masonry infilled frames due to the
presence of lintels and lintel bands above the openings is studied. For studying the behavior of the frames, static non-linear
pushover analysis using Applied Element Method (AEM) based analysis tool has been used.
Keywords: Unreinforced brick masonry infill walls, Lintel, Horizontal bands, Vertical bands, Static non-linear
pushover analysis, and Applied Element Method and Finite Element method.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Reinforced concrete buildings have gained huge popularity
due to various reasons like increase in demand to aesthetic
appearance of a building, partition wall requirements, easy
applicability in RC frames and low cost. Out of all the kinds
of masonry units used for construction, brick masonry is one
of the most commonly used materials till date in many parts
of the world. Though these infill walls are inevitable, they
are considered as non structural elements according to the
existing standard codes of practice in many countries.
During strong ground motions, the infill brick wall may lose
its stability, leading to change in seismic behavior of a
building as a whole.
Various studies have been carried out to understand the
behavior of infilled frames but the effect of openings (i.e.,
Door(s) and window(s)) and presence of lintel or lintel
bands above the openings are not much studied and are
rather neglected in the analysis and design procedures.
Lintel is a horizontal beam made up either of stone, wood,
steel or reinforced concrete (usually) or pre-tensioned
concrete to support the masonry material present above the
opening. These are responsible to transfer the load vertically
to the supporting walls (Figure 1(a)). Horizontal bands (at
sill and lintel) are provided in the masonry structure to hold
the walls in place at the time of seismic events (Figure 1(b)).
The presence of openings, lintels and lintel bands at the
different positions in the wall changes the lateral load
transfer mechanism in the structure and may lead to weak
infill behavior. The presence of lintels and lintel bands may
lead to various effects especially the short column effect and
change in the design forces on different structural elements.
(a)
(b)
Fig 1: (a) Lintel (b) Lintel Band
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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From the review of past research work, it has been observed
that the presence of infill may avoid the collapse of building
by reducing storey drift and increasing lateral load carrying
capacity of frame [2]. Experimental study carried out by
[12] on RC frame with brick masonry infill has shown that
the damage pattern of the structure depends on interaction
between the frame and brick infill, and also on the relative
strengths of RC frame and the infill panels. The combination
of RC frame and brick infill should be in such a way that the
energy given by the earthquake is dissipated in the form of
brick infill failure, as it can be easily repaired. Presence of
strong brick infill may lead to severe damage in RC
members, which are the main components of the structure
and hence need greater attention in retrofitting them. In the
case of RC frames with unreinforced brick masonry in-fills,
strengthening of bare frame with brick infill can lead to
undesirable huge damage, as the performance of brick infill
depends on the relative capacities of beams and columns.
On the other hand, in the case of RC frames with reinforced
brick masonry in-fills, the plaster thickness and
reinforcement meshing in infill can also increase the lateral
strength of frame provided that the frame members are
designed for the additional forces due to the presence of
brick infill [11]. The Indian Standards [9] and [10] provides
sizes and details of the bands.
This paper aims in understanding the seismic behavior of
RC masonry infilled frames with lintel and lintel band above
the central opening. A Case study is carried out by
considering a single bay single storey RC structure with
infill wall and a central opening. Pushover analysis is
performed on the frame considering four types of infilled
frames viz., (a) frame with masonry infill without opening
(Figure 2(a)) (b) frame with opening but without lintel and
lintel band (Figure 2(b)) (c) frame with lintel above the
central opening (Figure 2(c)) and (d) frame with lintel band
above opening (Figure 2(d)) and interpretations are derived.
2. MODELING
In this study, a single bay single storey non-ductile RC
infilled frame is considered and four different types of infill
frames were considered (i) RC in-filled frame with no
openings (Figure 2(a)) (ii) RC infilled frame with central
opening but without lintel or lintel band (Figure 2(b)) (iii)
RC infilled frame with lintel above the opening (Figure 2(c))
and (iv) RC infilled with lintel band above the opening
(Figure 2(d)). The material properties and the structural
details are given in Table 1 and Table 2 respectively.
Fig 2: (a) Frame with masonry infill without opening (b) Frame with opening but without lintel and lintel band (c) Frame with
lintel above the central opening and (d) Frame with lintel band above the central opening
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Table 1: Material Properties
Compressive strength of concrete (fck) in RC frame 40 MPa
Compressive strength of concrete (fck) in Lintel and Band 20MPa
Yield stress in steel (fy) 415 MPa
Poisson’s ratio of concrete (γ) 0.2
Compressive strength of brick masonry (fb) 5 MPa
Tensile strength of brick masonry (ft) 0.5 MPa
Compressive strength of mortar (fm) 3.5 MPa
Friction angle in mortar (radians) 0.75
Cohesion (c) 0.250 MPa
Table 2: Structural Details
Bay width 3.8 m
Height 3.15 m
No of bays 1
Opening Size 1.1m x 0.9 m
Column size 0.25 m x 0.25 m
Lintel 0.25 m x 0.1 m
Lintel Length 1.5 m
Lintel Band 0.25 m x 0.1 m
Beam size 0.15 m x 0.25 m
Brick size 0.2 m x 0.1m x 0.1 m
According to code provision only those walls with an opening area of less than 10% of the gross panel area are considered as
resisting seismic loads. In this study opening area of 8% of the gross panel area is considered. The frame is designed in all four
models according to IS: 456-2000. 100mm thick R.C.C. lintels and lintel bands are considered over the 2m high brick walls. Two
bars of 16mm diameter are provided, tied across with steel links of 8mm diameter at a spacing of 118mm centers as shown in Fig
3.
Fig 3: Reinforcement detailing of (a) Column (b) Beam (c) Lintel and Lintel band
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3. METHODOLOGY
Applied Element Method (AEM) was first developed by
[14] on RC frames and later continued by [13] for its
applicability to brick masonry units. In this methodology,
the brick masonry is considered as combination of brick
units and mortar units. The interaction between the brick
units and the masonry units is established with the help of
assumed virtual pair of springs in two directions; one normal
and the other shear (Figure 4(a)). Each spring is defined
with a failure criteria specified on principal stresses (Figure
4(b)). The forces/stresses in the elements are calculated
using the forces/stresses in springs connected between them.
The global stiffness matrix generated using connectivity
matrix is used to calculate the deformation in three degrees
of freedom defined at the centre of each element for a 2D
problem.
Non linear static pushover analysis is used to know the
performance and collapse pattern of infill frame. It is an
incremental static analysis used to determine the force
displacement relationship, or the capacity curve for a
structure. The analysis involves applying horizontal loads, in
a prescribed pattern, onto the structure incrementally;
pushing the structure and plotting the total applied lateral
force and associated lateral displacement at each interval,
until the structure achieves collapse condition. A plot of the
total base shear vs. roof displacement in a structure is
obtained by this analysis that would indicate any premature
failure or weakness.
Displacement controlled pushover analysis is performed on
all the four RC infilled frames which are modeled using
AEM. A target displacement of 1.5% drift is applied on to
the structure in positive x direction and distributed as
standard recommendations [3] (Figure 5 to 8).
Displacement controlled pushover analysis is performed on
all the four RC infilled frames which are modeled using
AEM. A target displacement of 1.5% drift is applied on to
the structure in positive x direction and distributed as
standard recommendations [3] (Figure 5 to 8).
Fig 4: (a) Discretization of brick masonry using unit springs and joint/mortar springs (b) Failure criteria for joint/mortar springs
5. RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
The capacity curve characteristics for all the models are presented and are compared mainly in terms of strength degradation and
stiffness degradation. The status of the structure at different stages of pushover analysis is shown on the curve indicated with
numbers for sequence. The location of the crack is indicated by white colored lines in the brick masonry wall.
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Fig 5: Pushover curve for frame with masonry infill without openings
Fig 6: Pushover curve for frame with opening but without lintel and lintel band
0
100
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300
400
500
600
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
BaseShear(kN)
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Full-Wall
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5
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Fig 7: Pushover curve for frame with lintel above the central opening
Fig 8: Pushover curve for and frame with lintel band above the central opening
0
50
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400
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
BaseShear(kN)
Drift %
Lintel
1
1
2
2
3
3 4
4
5
5
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
BaseShear(kN)
Drift %
Lintel Band
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
5
5
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 16 | ICPECDM-2014 | Dec-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 126
The initial stiffness and strength of the four frames are quantitatively shown in Table 3. From the table it is observed that the in-
filled frame with no openings have about 27% higher Stiffness and 32% higher strength when compared to the frame with
opening, which focus the reduction of stiffness and strength due to the presence of openings. Similarly an increase of 5.5%, 13%
strength and 2.3%, 8% stiffness is observed for in-filled frame with lintel and lintel band above opening compared to without
lintel and lintel band in-filled frame with opening.
Table 4: Comparison of parameters
S.No Frame Type Initial Stiffness(kN/m) Max Base Shear (kN) Displacement @
Max Base Shear (m) (Drift)
1. Full Wall 4.05 x105
496.60 0.0020 (0.06%)
2. Opening 2.97 x105
339.00 0.0078 (0.25%)
3. Lintel 3.04 x105
358.40 0.0102 (0.32%)
4. Lintel Band 3.22 x105
387.90 0.0065 (0.21%)
From the
Table 5, it is observed that the in-filled frame without openings have about 24.5%,12% increase in base shear at 0.2, 0.6 drift and
5.9% decrease at 0.4 drift compared to in-filled frame with openings. Similarly an increase of 1.6%, 13.5% at 0.2 drift, 0.2%,
3.9% at0.4 drift and 12.4%, 17.2% at 0.6 drift of in-filled frame with lintel and lintel band above opening is observed compared to
in-filled frame with opening. In the case of in-filled frame with lintel band above opening an increase in base shear of 12% at 0.2
drift, 3.7% at 0.4 drift and 5.5% at 0.6 drift is observed compared to in-filled frame with lintel above opening.
Table 5: Comparison of Base Shear at different Drift values
S.No Frame Type Base Shear
@ 0.2% Drift
Base Shear
@ 0.4 % Drift
Base Shear
@ 0.6% Drift
1. Full Wall 431.33 321.20 350.44
2. Opening 326.00 341.20 308.50
3. Lintel 331.25 341.90 353.20
4. Lintel Band 376.75 354.90 372.30
Under lateral in-plane loading of an infill frame with
opening, high compressive stresses formed across the
diagonal of an infill. Transverse to these principal
compressive stresses and strains are tensile strains. When
the tensile strain exceed the cracking strain of the infill
panel material lead to diagonal cracking, as shown in Fig 6
in stage1. These cracks commence at the corners of opening
of the infill and run parallel to the compression diagonal as
shown in Fig 6 in stage 2. As inter-story drifts increase, the
diagonal cracks tend to propagate until they extend from one
corner to the diagonally opposite corner in Fig 6 in stage3.
This common form of cracking is evident in infill panels
with lintel and lintel band above opening as shown in Fig 7
and Fig 8 from stage1 to stage3 that have been subjected to
lateral loads and occur with bed-joint sliding as shown in
Fig 6 to Fig 8 in stage 3 and stage 4. Bed-joint sliding is
likely to occur when the bounding frame is strong and
flexible. The mortar beds are relatively weak compared to
the adjacent brick masonry units, a plane of weakness forms,
near the mid-height level of the infill panel. Damage is in
the form of minor crushing. Corner compression occurs
because of the high stress concentrations at each corner of
the compression diagonal. As concrete frames are resistance
to applied force is less, corner crushing is more extensive
and the damage extended into the concrete frame itself. As
inter-story drifts increase, corner crushing becomes more
pronounced as shown in Fig 6 to Fig 8 stage5. When this
happens, crushing propagates towards the center of the
column as shown in figures. Therefore, energy is
continuously dissipated via Coulomb friction. The ductility
of in-filled frame with lintel band is more compared to the
in-filled frame with lintel as shown in figures.
Load vs. displacement curve of RC masonry in-filled frame
is shown in Fig 9. From this plot it is clear that the initial
response of full wall i.e., infill without opening is higher
than the infill with opening. As the drift increases the post
peak response of full wall reduces. Due to the brittle
behaviour of unreinforced brick masonry compared to
reinforced brick masonry among four models response up to
peak of in-filled frame with lintel band above opening is
better compared to opening in-filled frame and in-filled
frame with lintel above opening. As drift increases post peak
response of in-filled frame with lintel band is better
compared to other three models due to its ductile behaviour.
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 16 | ICPECDM-2014 | Dec-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 127
Fig 9: Comparison of pushover curves for the four types of infilled frames
6. CONCLUSION
In this paper four brick infilled masonry frames (Full wall,
with opening without lintel and lintel band, opening with
lintel and opening with lintel band) have been considered.
Displacement based pushover is conducted on these frame
to understand the effect of lintel and lintel band on overall
capacity of the frame. Stiffness, strength and deformation
capacities have been studied. It was observed that the in-
filled frame with no openings have higher stiffness and
strength compared to in-filled frame with opening. In-filled
frame with opening and without lintel and lintel band losses
greater initial stiffness and maximum strength when
compared to the in-filled frame with opening and with lintel
and lintel band above opening. The performance and
strength of in-filled frame with lintel band above opening is
higher compared to in-filled frame with lintel. Hence lintel
bands increases seismic performance of structure compared
to lintels. Therefore, in higher seismic zone areas, providing
lintel bands is suggested rather than providing lintels. The
conclusions should not be generalized because the numerical
experiments were conducted on only one frame.
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