1) A team of 17 professional engineers from various disciplines called the "Griha Seva" team volunteered after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake to provide technical assistance.
2) The team conducted site visits, assessments, testing and recommended retrofitting strategies for damaged structures in Bhuj and Ahmedabad. They were able to fully assess and retrofit 20 buildings in Ahmedabad.
3) Factors observed that exacerbated the earthquake's impacts included unplanned construction, non-engineered buildings, improper prior retrofitting, and defective materials and workmanship. The professional engineers' technical expertise was crucial for effective post-disaster management.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Intrusion detection in heterogeneous network by multipath routing based toler...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Intrusion detection in heterogeneous network by multipath routing based toler...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Characteristic orthogonal polynimial application to galerkin indirect variati...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Spatial correlation based clustering algorithm for random and uniform topolog...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Investigation of the mechanical, corrosion properties and wear behaviour of e...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of land use land cover in simulating the thunderstorm event using ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ensuring secure transfer, access and storage over the cloud storageeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental investigation of thermal performance of petrol engine using fuel...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of denial of service (dos) attacks in wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Voltage sag mitigation using supercapacitor based dynamic voltage restorereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation of practical life line rcc multistoried building structure & it...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic performance assessment of the torsional effect in asymmetric structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the recent time we come across many structures which are irregular in shape, this type of cannot be avoided due to the functional and architectural requirements. These type of structures have irregular distribution of centre of mass and centre of rigidity which causes the torsional effect on the structures which is one of the most important factor influencing the seismic damage of the structure. Structures with asymmetric distribution of mass and rigidity undergoes torsional motions during earthquake. To assess the torsional effect on the structures in the present study four types of structures are considered with varying eccentricity subjected to Pushover Analysis and Non-Linear Time History Analysis. The performance of the structures are assessed as per the procedure prescribe in ATC-40 and FEMA-356. The analysis of the structural models is done in ETABS. The results have shown that the structures with less eccentricity and in the direction of the columns orientation are performing well, also ductility, drift, and lateral displacement depends on the eccentricity of the structures. Key Words: Symmetric Structure, Asymmetric Structure, Pushover Analysis, Non-Linear Time History Analysis.
Characteristic orthogonal polynimial application to galerkin indirect variati...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Spatial correlation based clustering algorithm for random and uniform topolog...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Investigation of the mechanical, corrosion properties and wear behaviour of e...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Influence of land use land cover in simulating the thunderstorm event using ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Ensuring secure transfer, access and storage over the cloud storageeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Experimental investigation of thermal performance of petrol engine using fuel...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analysis of denial of service (dos) attacks in wireless sensor networkseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Voltage sag mitigation using supercapacitor based dynamic voltage restorereSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Investigation of practical life line rcc multistoried building structure & it...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Seismic performance assessment of the torsional effect in asymmetric structur...eSAT Journals
Abstract In the recent time we come across many structures which are irregular in shape, this type of cannot be avoided due to the functional and architectural requirements. These type of structures have irregular distribution of centre of mass and centre of rigidity which causes the torsional effect on the structures which is one of the most important factor influencing the seismic damage of the structure. Structures with asymmetric distribution of mass and rigidity undergoes torsional motions during earthquake. To assess the torsional effect on the structures in the present study four types of structures are considered with varying eccentricity subjected to Pushover Analysis and Non-Linear Time History Analysis. The performance of the structures are assessed as per the procedure prescribe in ATC-40 and FEMA-356. The analysis of the structural models is done in ETABS. The results have shown that the structures with less eccentricity and in the direction of the columns orientation are performing well, also ductility, drift, and lateral displacement depends on the eccentricity of the structures. Key Words: Symmetric Structure, Asymmetric Structure, Pushover Analysis, Non-Linear Time History Analysis.
Pushover analysis of rc frame structure with floating column and soft story i...eSAT Journals
Abstract Open first story and Floating column are typical features in the modern multi-storey constructions in urban India. Such features are highly undesirable in buildings built in seismically active areas; this has been verified in numerous experiences of strong shaking during the past earthquakes like Bhuj 2001. In this study an attempt is made to reveal the effects of floating column & soft story in different earthquake zones by seismic analysis. For this purpose Push over analysis is adopted because this analysis will yield performance level of building for design capacity (displacement) carried out up to failure, it helps determination of collapse load and ductility capacity of the structure. To achieve this objective, three RC bare frame structures with G+4, G+9, G+15 stories respectively will be analysed and compared the base force and displacement of RC bare frame structure with G+4, G+9, G+15 stories in different earthquake zones like Rajkot, Jamnagar and Bhuj using SAP 2000 14 analysis package. Keywords: - floating column, soft story, pushover analysis, earthquake resistant structure
Occupational health and safety (ohs) management vis à-vis different phases of...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Accidents at construction sites are identified as a major problem throughout the world. Apart from the accidents at construction
sites, people working in the construction industry suffer from several occupational health disorders. In this backdrop,
implementation of an effective occupational health and safety measures are gaining importance these days across the world. In
line with this discussion, the present paper aims at assessment of occupational health and safety management w.r.t. different
phases of construction activates i.e. pre-construction, construction and post-construction phases. It is observed that, the concept
of occupational health and safety is not only applicable construction phase but also equally applicable to both pre-construction
and post-construction.
Key Words: Occupational health, safety, accidents, construction phase, pre-construction phase, post- construction
phase, safety culture, safety assessment
Seismic behavior of intake tower of dameSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Keywords: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance of an rcc frame building subjected to hydrodynamic force at each ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Buildings are essential in all populated cities. To increase value in certain buildings there are associated risks that we take like providing swimming pool at each floor level. Water carrying structures are more important that must remain functional following disasters such as earthquake. Most of the failures of structures after earthquakes are suspected to have resulted from the dynamic buckling caused by overturning moments of seismically induced liquid inertia and surface slosh waves. This paper investigates the hydrostatic and the hydrodynamic behavior of water in the swimming pool when subjected to earthquake forces. The main object of this paper is 1). To compare the static and dynamic analysis of the building. 2) The study of hydrodynamic effects. Keywords: hydrostatic force, hydrodynamic, time history analysis,response spectrum method, displacement
Parametric study on an industrial structure for various dynamic loadseSAT Journals
Abstract
Industrial machinery produce vibrations during its operation. Vibrations are transmitted to structure. However, an industrial structure is designed for these dynamic effects. But there are some dynamic effects which still to be considered. Those are, wind, earth quake and accidental blast loads. Though these loads are not frequent, but its occasional appearance will destroy the structure. An industry with thousands of labours, if gets these occasional dynamic effect, then it might result in much fatal. Therefore an industrial structure must be designed in such a way, that it resists the force created by these dynamic effects and dissipates in a better manner. This study is a numerical analysis of an industrial structure, subjected to wind, earthquake and blast load. The results are compared for severity, and the remedial measures shall be discussed. By adopting the remedial measures, the analysis shall be performed again and the effects will be compared with the earlier results of a normal structure. Drafting software Auto CAD is used for modelling the structure and SAP 2000 analysis software will be used for dynamic analysis. The purpose of this research project work is to study and understand the behavior of structure for dynamic loadings.
Keywords: Industrial structure, dynamic analysis, and blast load
Design and comparison of a residential building (g+10) for seismic forces usi...eSAT Journals
Abstract Earthquakes take a huge toll on life and property. Since the effect of seismic forces on structures is quite significant, it is important that the design of the structures must be done in the best possible way to take into account these effects and thereby aiming for an adequate structural response. Different international seismic codes differ significantly in parameters specified. With the variations in parameters the performance of the building varies. Hence, it is necessary to do a comparative study so as to conclude which building will perform better. This paper presents with the analysis and design of a G+10 for seismic forces using four international building standards- IS1893, Euro code 8, ASCE7-10 and the British Codes. The analysis of the building was done using STAAD.Pro.V8i. The building was then designed as per the specified codes. Once the design was completed a pushover analysis was done in SAP2000 to check the seismic performance of the building. A comparative study between the design and the seismic performance of the building was done. Keywords: Seismic forces, Seismic Standard, Seismic performance, Comparative Analysis.
An overview of stress analysis of high energy pipeline systems used in therma...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study on laminated rubber bearing base isolators for seismic protection of st...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Base isolation or seismic base isolation is an effective means for protection of structures, its contents and its occupants during the event of an earthquake. The principle of base isolation is vibration isolation. It decouples the building from damaging action of the earthquake. The isolator partially reflects and partially absorbs input seismic energy before it gets transmitted to the superstructure. Laminated Rubber Bearing Isolators are placed between the superstructure and foundation, which reduces the horizontal stiffness of the system. It thereby increases the time period of the structure and decreases the spectral acceleration of the structure. The superstructure acts like a rigid body, thus inter storey drift is reduced. Such type of isolators are used in practice in India, yet a proper design procedure based on IS code is unavailable. The paper presents design procedure for LRB adopting the procedure of IS 1893:2002 (Part-1) for earthquake resistant design of buildings. Design charts have been developed and presented in this paper which gives isolator diameter and rubber thickness as design outputs. The design procedure requires different input parameters like fundamental period and damping of the fixed base structure, axial load on the column, seismic zone, type of soil and shore hardness of rubber. These design charts enable the designer to easily arrive at the isolator parameters to achieve seismic isolation. Using the charts, case study has been done using SAP2000. Building displacement and acceleration are compared for model with and without base isolator. Comparative study of linear and non-linear base isolators has also been carried out. Linear and non-linear time history analysis has been done using El Centro earthquake.
Keywords: base isolation, laminated rubber bearing, IS Code, seismic protection, design charts, time history analysis, SAP2000
Comparision of local retrofitting of r.c.frames by linear static method for m...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper presents on the comparison of Retrofitting/Rehabilitation of R.C.Frames for moderate and severe zone on soft soil, by using one of the standard finite element software ETABS 9.6.0by LINEAR STATIC METOD. In this case retrofitting is done for columns, where the additional load is added to the existing structure. It means the existing structure has constructed for (G+4), and the additional floors to (G+6), according by using IS1893(PART-I)-2002for the earthquake design, when the over load is applied on the existing structure then the column get weakened and for this column retrofitting is done by R.C.JACKETTING method.it is also called as LOCAL RETROFITTING. ADDITIONAL LOAD concept is taken because, now a days generation population is more, and in the developing countries the purchasing the land is very difficult, because the land value cost very high, and even the land available also is very less in fully developed urban areas, Additional floors concept is more useful for residential as well as commercial purpose without any investment on land. Finally comparing it with moderate zone and severezone on soft soil with storey displacement,storey drift,base shear and percentage pf reinforcement. Keywords: Linear static Analysis, base shear, storey displacement, storey drift, percentage of reinforcement, Retrofitting, confinement.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Abstract As more and more emphasis is being laid on non-linear analysis of RC framed structures subjected to earthquake excitation, the research and development on both non-linear static (pushover) analysis as well as nonlinear dynamic (time history)analysis is in the forefront. Due to prohibitive computational time and efforts required to perform a complete nonlinear dynamic analysis, researchers and designers all over the world are showing keen interest in non-linear static pushover analysis. The paper considers two statistical random variables namely characteristic strength of concrete (fck) and yield strength of steel (fy) as uncertainties in strength. Using Monte Carlo simulation 100 samples of each of random variable were generated to quantify effect of uncertainties on prediction of capacity of structure. Based on these generated samples different models were created and static pushover analysis was performed on RC (Reinforced Concrete) Building using SAP2000. Lastly, the main objective of this article is to propose a simplified methodology to assess the expected seismic damage in reinforced concrete buildings from a probabilistic point of view by using Monte Carlo simulation and probability of various damage states were evaluated. Index Terms: Seismic Vulnerability, Probabilistic Seismic Risk Evaluation, Fragility Analysis and Pushover Analysis
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Role of voluntary teams of professional engineers in dissater management – experiences from gujarat earthquake
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 16 | ICPECDM-2014 | Dec-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 110
ROLE OF VOLUNTARY TEAMS OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS IN
DISSATER MANAGEMENT – EXPERIENCES FROM GUJARAT
EARTHQUAKE
Sreenivas Sarma Paraitham1
, Narayan Rao Devarashetty2
1
Professor and Head, Civil Engineering Department, CBIT, Hyderabad, India – 500 075
2
Practicing Engineer and Chartered Valuer, Kodad, Khammam district, Telangana, India
Abstract
Post disaster works are of great significance and need, in any part of the globe. While these works are attempted with lot of
strategic planning in the developed countries, emotion, excitement coupled with lack of a professional approach to the problem ,
are often seen in the developing countries , resulting in furthering the ill effects of the disaster . Earthquake hit areas are known to
witness this kind of situation, attracting unprecedented rush of unrelated persons, only to add to the chaos . Professional
engineers have a role to play in this context and must volunteer themselves in order to contribute for the disaster management and
execute appropriate post-disaster work.
This paper presents the experiences of the authors as members of a voluntary professional team that visited Gujarat after the
devastating earthquake of 26th
January, 2001.The various challenges faced by the professional engineers, both technical and non-
technical , are highlighted and the efforts made to overcome them are narrated . The technical challenges include the seismic
retrofitting measures to be adopted for non-engineered constructions and reversal and replacement of inadequate and
inappropriate retrofitting measures by adequate and appropriate ones. The non-technical challenges include accessing the
authorities, convincing them about the need for suitable retrofitting strategies and making them evolve policies for emergency re-
construction and rehabilitation .An overview of the various reasons for the very occurrence of the disaster , is also presented . In
all, it is emphasized that the professional engineers have a key role to play in the disaster management and must volunteer to act
to meet the need of the hour .
Keywords: Post disaster works, Earthquake hit areas, Role of professional engineers, Disaster management
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
A devastating earthquake has hit Gujarat, India , at about
08.46 AM on the 52nd
Republic day of the country ,killing at
least 20,000 people, injuring about 1,67,000 and destroying
about 400,000 homes . The epicenter was about 9 kM SW of
the village of Chobari in Bachau taluka of Kutch district.
The earthquake lasted for over two minutes , reached 7.7 M
on the moment magnitude scale and had a maximum felt
intensity of X on the Mercalli scale .
Bhuj, situated only 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the epicenter,
was devastated. Considerable damage also occurred in
Bachau and Anjar with hundreds of villages flattened in
Taluka of Anjar, Bhuj & Bhachau. Over a million structures
were damaged or destroyed, including many historic
buildings and tourist attractions. The quake destroyed
around 40% of homes, eight schools, two hospitals and 4 km
of road in Bhuj and partly destroyed the city's historic
Swaminarayan Temple and historic fort as well Prag Mahal
and Aina Mahal. In Ahmedabad, Gujarat's commercial
capital with a population of 56 lakhs, as many as 50 multi-
storied buildings collapsed and several hundred people were
killed. Total property damage was estimated at $5.5 billion.
In Kutch, the quake destroyed about 60% of food and water
supplies and around 2,58,000 houses - 90% of the district's
housing stock. The biggest setback was the total demolition
of the Bhuj Civil hospital. The Indian military provided
emergency support which was later augmented by the
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent
Society. A temporary Red Cross hospital remained in Bhuj
to provide care while a replacement hospital was built.
2. GRIHA SEVA TEAM
An appeal was made through news papers and other sources
of information dissemination , nationally and internationally
, by a leading geo-technical consultant from Chennai
inviting to join him for a voluntary participation in the ‘
professional post-disaster activity ‘ in the areas of Bhuj and
Ahmedabad . A team of Seventeen members (photo-1) was
formed and named ‘Griha Seva’, which consisted of
professionals from various disciplines including two
material scientists from outside the country . The authors
were the only two picked up from the then combined state of
Andhra Pradesh.
It was interesting to note that a retired military major was
appointed as the ‘Team Manager’ to activate the team
members and to maintain discipline among the team
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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members and in the activities of the team. A leading local
architect of Ahmedabad city was picked up to help the team
in accessing the authorities and the quake-hit sites . This
really worked well and the architect besides taking care of
these aspects , has done a commendable job in providing
hospitality and accommodation .
3. SITE VISITS AND ACTIVITY OF THE TEAM
The team which consisted of varied professionals such as
Structural engineers , Geotechnical engineers , Architects ,
surveyors , material scientists , Geologists , Testing experts
and field assistants , was led by a geotechnical expert from
Chennai and was ably supported by one local architect , in
accessing the authorities and the sites . In a total of about
two weeks program during the last part of February , 2001 ,
the first few days were spent in Bhuj and then the activity
was shifted to Ahmedabad .
In both the places , the activity consisted of visiting the
already identified critical sites/structures , making visual
inspections , gathering the details by enquiry, by
measurements , by observation etc., conducting suitable in-
situ tests (photo-2) wherever necessary ,making a
preliminary assessment of the damage to the building/
structure and suggesting emergency measures wherever
needed . consolidation of the data , detailed analysis,
discussion and finalization of retrofitting/ rehabilitation
strategy was usually happening in the evenings , back home.
Photo-1: Griha seva team
Photo-2: In-situ tests
The proposed action plans were submitted to the team
leader who in turn used to meet the authorities (mainly the
Collector of the district ) with the help of the local architect
, take the guidance , approval and then reaching those
identified sites again in the morning next day to get the
proposed rehabilitation measures executed . At least
twenty sites in Bhuj and Fifty sites in Ahmedabad were
visited . However , due to various reasons , it was possible
to conduct a detailed inspection , make a comprehensive
analysis , provide recommendations for emergency
rehabilitation measures , get the approval and implement the
same on the field – only for twenty buildings , in
Ahmedabad city .
4. DAMAGE PATTERNS OBSERVED
Bhuj was more severely effected than the city of
Ahmedabad . Many villages in the proximity of Bhuj such
as Bachau, Anjar , Rapar were totally brought down and
remained as rumbles , when the team visited . The buildings
in all these villages were of mud or stone masonry. The city
of Bhuj was having both - masonry structures ( mostly in the
old city ) and framed RC structures ( mostly in the new city
) as well . Severe cracking was seen in almost all parts of all
the buildings in Bhuj. Scenes of any building surviving the
quake without cracks were very rare! The crack patterns
ranged from characteristic ‘X’ cracking in walls (photo-3) to
intensive wide spread cracking (photo-4) in the entire
building structure. The damage ranged from distress in
structural elements of the buildings to total collapse of the
structures. Several buildings were seen sunken in to the
ground ; some of them which were multi-storied were
brought down by one to two stories .Buildings hitting the
adjacent buildings by pounding action , crushed beam
column junctions , buckled columns with crushed concrete
and bent reinforcing bars (in to 2nd
and even 3rd
modes )were
commonly seen.
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Photo-3: ‘X’ cracking in walls
Photo-4: Wide spread cracking in building
In Ahmedabad city, relatively less percentage of buildings
suffered damage when compared to Bhuj. However, some of
the buildings suffered very severe damage and even
collapsed. A few multi-storied buildings with floating
columns (photo-5) were also seen to be damaged .Wide
spread cracking in walls and structural elements ,buckled
and distorted columns (photo-6) , cracked and excessively
deflected beams , poorly concreted beam column junctions
(photo-7) and critically damaged lift cores and staircases
marked the scenes in the damaged building sites . Photos
(8) and (9) present the typical failure patterns of structural
elements in the buildings of Ahmedabad city .
Photo-5: Floating columns
Photo-6: Buckled Columns
Photo-7: Poor concreting
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 16 | ICPECDM-2014 | Dec-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 113
Photo-8: Fractured Columns
Photo-9: Spiral cracking in beams
5. FACTORS OBSERVED TO HAVE
ENHANCED THE IMPACT OF DISASTER
In Bhuj town : Even when the ‘Griha Seva’ team arrived in
Bhuj , after about three weeks of the very occurrence of the
event also , no major clearing operation or restoration
operation could be taken up either by the Government or
private organizations .That was because the number of
buildings collapsed was large and the debris was so huge
that the disposal was a problem . Added to this, the narrow
lanes of Bhuj town (photo-10) , which were further
narrowed down by the very presence of debris on either side
and the unprecedented rush of unrelated persons in the form
of visitors to the town . There was no control, whatsoever,
on this issue due to many reasons . It was really difficult to
segregate the crowd in to professionals, visitors and the
relatives of the affected who came in search of them. It was
in fact the disciplined attitude of the visitors that was
required at that juncture, which would make their
appropriate help reach the effected area rather than
themselves. Rescuing the bodies, clearing the debris and
taking up emergency rehabilitation activity was almost
impossible at that stage. Disposal of the debris was another
serious problem that needed attention. Important structures
like hospitals were severely hit and the number of casualties
and injured were too high to be attended .The team of ‘Griha
Seva’ under these conditions felt appropriate to stay in
Ahmedabad and continue it’s operations.
From among the technical observations made which
contributed for the enhancement of the impact of disaster ,
the following were note worthy .
Improper planning and injudicious approval and
construction of buildings, without leaving the
required space and even set backs on the road side as
well as al round the buildings. The closer
proximities of the buildings with one another not
only caused debris clearing difficult but also caused
pounding (photo-11) and collapse of adjacent
buildings in quite a number of cases.
Non-engineered way of constructing structures with
defective materials and faulty execution procedures
.Serious violations of design and detailing rules that
should have otherwise been followed strictly in such
very severe seismic zones (zone-v).
Photo-10: Narrow lanes
Photo-11: Pounding of buildings
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In Ahmedabad City : This city , the capital of Gujarat ,a
state which was just recovering from drought that occurred
in the previous year , was relatively safe though
experiencing the problems of accommodating refugees,
visitors etc., and increased prices of commodities . Despite
these issues, the city became the focal point of all disaster
management activities, with several government nominated
organizations, NGOs and Voluntary organizations coming
forward for the cause. The primary challenge for the
administrative authorities was to categorize and prioritize
the various quake hit sites in terms of the extent of damage
and in order of the urgency required to rehabilitate the
structures. Partially damaged structures were raising greater
concern as the inhabitants were growing panicky with the
after shocks still continuing and the status of structural
safety not known. The issues being so technical, there was a
great demand for teams of professional engineers to
volunteer and act . It was due to this reason that the collector
of Ahmedabad appreciated the members of the ‘Griha Seva’
team , saying that they did a commendable job in the hour of
the need .
From among the technical observations made which
worsened the effects of disaster , the following were
noteworthy .
Inappropriate retrofitting measures adopted that
were lacking any engineering judgment ( refer to
photo-12).
Failure to adhere to the important detailing rules of
reinforcement(photo-13), which otherwise are ‘must
to follow’ in such severe seismic zones .
Injudicious use of floating columns in multi-storied
structures .
Defective materials and faulty workmanship (photo-
14).
Photo-12: Improper retrofitting
Photo-13: Poor detailing
Photo-14: defective wrokmanship
6. ROLE OF VOLUNTARY TEAMS OF
PROFESSIONALS
In the event of any disaster such as the Bhuj earthquake , it
is very common for normal public to be emotional , excited
and enthusiastic to visit the place and / or donate money
,clothes , food etc. However , such disasters require a
professional approach in mitigating and managing them.
Civil engineering professionals have a very crucial role to
play in this context and must therefore volunteer to serve the
structures and the people . A disaster could turn out to be a
catastrophe , if unrelated people rush to the effected site and
try to act without the knowledge of the subject .Site visits ,
compilation of data , Analysis , Reanalysis , Designs ,
Decisions on debris clearance/retrofitting are all technical
issues that require professional expertise . Hence , this
aspect should be borne in mind and true professionals must
come forward to volunteer and serve , during the disasters .
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7. CONCLUSION
Post disaster works must be attempted with lot of
strategic planning in the developing countries like
India.
Civil engineering professionals must team up and
volunteer to come forward and serve during the
disasters such as earthquakes.
Unnecessary rushing of unrelated persons to the
disaster affected places and their injudicious
intervention will only enhance the impact of the
disaster and may even turn it in to a catastrophe ;
hence should be avoided.
ACKNOWLEDGEMNTS
The authors would like to profusely thank Mr.Mohan
G.Ramanathan , for leading the ‘Griha Seva’ team from the
front and Mr.Viral Jassubhai for extending local support at
Bhuj and Ahmedabad besides giving hospitality and
accommodation . Further , they wholeheartedly thank
Mr.Srinivas , the then collector of Ahmedabad , for his
encouragement and appreciation given to the ‘Griha Seva’
team . Author-1 thanks the management of his institution for
permitting him to participate in this service oriented activity.
REFERENCES
[1] Sreenivas Sarma . P, Expert lecture on “ Lessons
learnt from Gujarat Earthquake of 26th
January,2001” , A state level meet conducted on
22nd
April , 2001at Kodad, Andhra Pradesh , India.