IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This study examined the kinetics of extracting β-carotene from dried carrots using ethanol solvent extraction over 5 hours. Various mathematical models were used to model the extraction kinetics, and the pseudo second-order model provided the best fit with an R2 value of 0.99. Extraction time had a significant effect on the extraction process. The maximum amount of β-carotene extracted was 10.442 mg/100ml after 5 hours of extraction.
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
Supercritical fluid (CO2) chromatography for quantitative determination of se...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study, two cancer therapeutic drugs (docetaxel and bortezomib) were separated from their
potential impurities on a chromatographic platform by utilizing CO2 gas (supercritical state) and quantified.
The chromatographic separations were achieved on two short columns BEH-2EP (100mm 3mm, 1.7 mm)
and CHIRALPAK AD-3 (100 mm 4.6 mm, 3 mm) for docetaxel and bortezomib, respectively. The present
work describes the role of organic modifiers in the separation of polar compounds by supercritical fluid
chromatography. The two new methods were fully validated in accordance with the current ICH
(International Council for Harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use)
guidelines. The stability indicating power of the methods was demonstrated from the stress studies
conducted on the injection formulations of the two compounds. The methods are precise with % RSD of
0.4, linear with the correlation coefficient of r2 $ 0.999 and accurate in the range of 50–150% of the
target assay concentration. The two methods can be equally employed for the assay determination of
docetaxel and bortezomib APIs as well.
Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Dasatinib an...YogeshIJTSRD
The document describes the development and validation of an isocratic reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of Dasatinib and Erlotinib in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was optimized using a response surface methodology with a central composite design to evaluate the effects of varying the methanol percentage, pH, and flow rate on the separation. The optimized conditions provided good resolution of Dasatinib, Erlotinib and the internal standard within 9 minutes. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablet and capsule formulations containing the two drugs.
Facial and Simple Synthesis of Some New (Pyrazole and Triazole) Coumarin Deri...IOSRJAC
2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carbohydrazide (2) which prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2Hcoumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine mixture consider a good and available starting intermediate for synthesis of series of functionalized coumarins. So, compound (2) was utilized as a key for the synthesis of some new (pyrazole, triazole)-2H- coumarin-2-one derivatives by the reaction with some selected reagents.
Studies on Aminobenzothiazole and Derivatives: Part-1. Synthesis of Intermedi...BRNSS Publication Hub
1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea is used as intermediate in different reactions because they play an important role in synthesizing the different heterocyclic compounds. These reactions involve the synthesis of an intermediate, substituted-phenylammonium chloride which is converted to 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea using ammonium thiocyanate. The final product formed, 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea has potential to use as an intermediate in the synthesis of a building block for the heterocyclic compound, 2-aminobenzothiazole.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
This study examined the kinetics of extracting β-carotene from dried carrots using ethanol solvent extraction over 5 hours. Various mathematical models were used to model the extraction kinetics, and the pseudo second-order model provided the best fit with an R2 value of 0.99. Extraction time had a significant effect on the extraction process. The maximum amount of β-carotene extracted was 10.442 mg/100ml after 5 hours of extraction.
An investigation on the potential of extracting natural dyes from beetroot an...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Today, owing to the environmental and health drawbacks associated with synthetics dyes, stringent standards are imposed by many countries including Mauritius. Following this issue, great enthusiasm is evoked in the rival of natural colourants which are nowadays gaining popularity due to their green approach. Two well-known, readily available and low cost natural dyes bearing plants in Mauritius namely beetroot (Beta Vulgaris) and turmeric (Curcuma Longa) were opted in this study. A comparative study between the extraction of betalains and curcuminoids from the two plants were systematically evaluated between conventional magnetic stirring (MS) and novel microwave assisted extraction techniques (MAE). The optimum operating conditions to yield maximum hues from the two plant species were 50 % aqueous ethanol, agitation speed of 160 rpm, microwave power of 320 W, particle sizes of 0.45 mm and a solid to solvent ratio (SSR) of 1/35. Under the optimised conditions, the results demonstrated that the extraction yields for MAE were higher and more efficient than the conventional one. Consequently, for MS extraction of beetroot and turmeric, the maximum yields recovered were 69.55 % and 48.00 %, whilst the yield for MAE extraction rose to 89.64 % and 79.73 % respectively. Using the experimental data, this research also explored Peleg’s and Elovich’s kinetic models of dyes extraction.
Keywords: Beetroot, Turmeric, Magnetic stirring, Microwave, Extraction
Extraction of Natural Dyes from Forest Trees and their Application in Textilesijsrd.com
The environment - friendly natural dyes are recently enjoying resurgence in popularity because of the concern with the carcinogenic, mutagenic and sensitizing characteristics of many synthetic dyes. Showing concern towards the nature and to avoid pollution of our environment two forest plants Bixa orellana and Caesalpinia sappan were selected as natural dye sources. In this study, from the bark of C. sappan, seeds of B. orellana and combination of B. orellana and C. sappan, the dyes were extracted. The phytochemical compounds present in the extracts were analyzed as carotenoids in B. orellana and anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonoids in C. sappan using TLC. The extracts were then applied to cotton fabric using various natural and chemical mordants which were then tested for their color fastness against rubbing and washing to know the efficiency of the dye. This study will help in improving the natural dye resources and replace them with synthetic dyes, consequently leading to a safe environment.
Supercritical fluid (CO2) chromatography for quantitative determination of se...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
In the present study, two cancer therapeutic drugs (docetaxel and bortezomib) were separated from their
potential impurities on a chromatographic platform by utilizing CO2 gas (supercritical state) and quantified.
The chromatographic separations were achieved on two short columns BEH-2EP (100mm 3mm, 1.7 mm)
and CHIRALPAK AD-3 (100 mm 4.6 mm, 3 mm) for docetaxel and bortezomib, respectively. The present
work describes the role of organic modifiers in the separation of polar compounds by supercritical fluid
chromatography. The two new methods were fully validated in accordance with the current ICH
(International Council for Harmonization of technical requirements for pharmaceuticals for human use)
guidelines. The stability indicating power of the methods was demonstrated from the stress studies
conducted on the injection formulations of the two compounds. The methods are precise with % RSD of
0.4, linear with the correlation coefficient of r2 $ 0.999 and accurate in the range of 50–150% of the
target assay concentration. The two methods can be equally employed for the assay determination of
docetaxel and bortezomib APIs as well.
Method Development and Validation for Simultaneous Estimation of Dasatinib an...YogeshIJTSRD
The document describes the development and validation of an isocratic reverse phase HPLC method for the simultaneous quantification of Dasatinib and Erlotinib in pharmaceutical formulations. The method was optimized using a response surface methodology with a central composite design to evaluate the effects of varying the methanol percentage, pH, and flow rate on the separation. The optimized conditions provided good resolution of Dasatinib, Erlotinib and the internal standard within 9 minutes. The method was validated as per ICH guidelines and successfully applied to the analysis of commercial tablet and capsule formulations containing the two drugs.
Facial and Simple Synthesis of Some New (Pyrazole and Triazole) Coumarin Deri...IOSRJAC
2-oxo-2H-coumarin-3-carbohydrazide (2) which prepared from the reaction of ethyl-2-oxo-2Hcoumarin-3-carboxylate (1) with hydrazine hydrate in ethanol containing a catalytic amount of piperidine mixture consider a good and available starting intermediate for synthesis of series of functionalized coumarins. So, compound (2) was utilized as a key for the synthesis of some new (pyrazole, triazole)-2H- coumarin-2-one derivatives by the reaction with some selected reagents.
Studies on Aminobenzothiazole and Derivatives: Part-1. Synthesis of Intermedi...BRNSS Publication Hub
1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea is used as intermediate in different reactions because they play an important role in synthesizing the different heterocyclic compounds. These reactions involve the synthesis of an intermediate, substituted-phenylammonium chloride which is converted to 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea using ammonium thiocyanate. The final product formed, 1,3-Di(substituted-phenyl)-thiourea has potential to use as an intermediate in the synthesis of a building block for the heterocyclic compound, 2-aminobenzothiazole.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of cultural conditions for lactic acid production by lactobacill...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects on the lactic acid (LA) production by thermophile Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATTC 11842 on whey as a basal medium of seven factors namely, temperature °C, pH, Lactose g/l, Yeast extract g/l, corn steep liquor (CSL) g/l, K2HPO4 g/l, and salts g/l (MnSO4, MgSO4 and FeSO4) were investigated, through the statistical analysis of the results by Plackett and Burmann experimental design. pH was found to have the high significant effect on lactic acid production. By response surface methodology (RSM) design the optimal value of pH and concentrations in the medium of yeast extract, K2HPO4 and salts were then investigated, it should be 5.5 of pH, 2.73 g/l of K2HPO4, 1.59 g/l of yeast extract and 0.0326 g/l, 0.1304 g/l, 0.01304 g/l of MgSO4, MnSO4 and FeSO4 respectively. The results obtained with the optimal results were 20.9592 g/l. of lactic acid and the corresponding yields was 0.5665% (ratio between the amount of lactic acid produced and the initial concentration of lactose). Index Terms: Lactic acid, experimental design, Plackett and Burmann, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, whey
Extraction and Quantification of Anthocyanin from Banana Bracts Using Differe...Premier Publishers
Banana (Musa balbisiana) bracts were investigated as a potential source of natural colorant. In this study, the total anthocyanin from selected banana bracts was extracted with ethanol solutions and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry and their content was found 224.41 ± 1.91 mg/kg, which was highest at 40% solvent concentration with pH 4. Moreover, the color characteristics were varied with the variation of solvent concentration and pH. Similarly, the values of chroma and hue angle were also investigated and the value of chroma was higher at pH 4 in all different concentrations. The results revealed that the color of anthocyanin was decreased due to increase of pH. The value of hue angle was in the range of (73.69±0.33) to (-71.14±1.39), which indicated the color from yellow to magenta, and this is the natural color of anthocyanin. Therefore, banana bracts can be used as a potential source of extracting natural colorant instead of synthetic dyes in different food industries.
Establishing Optimal Dehydration Process Parameters for Papaya By EmployingA ...IJERA Editor
This study employs a Firefly Algorithm (FA) to determine the optimal osmotic dehydration parameters for papaya. The functional form of the osmotic dehydration model is established via a standard response surface technique. The format of the resulting optimization model to be solved is a non-linear goal programming problem. While various alternate solution approaches are possible, an FA-driven procedure is employed. For optimization purposes, it has been demonstrated that the FA is more computationally efficient than other such commonly-used metaheuristics as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, and enhanced particle swarm optimization. Hence, the FA approach is a very computationally efficient procedure. It can be shown that the resulting solution determined for the osmotic process parameters is superior to those from all previous approaches.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santal...IJERA Editor
Pterocarpus species has been admired for centuries for its dye, beautiful color, hardness and durability. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus wood materials. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of dye. Factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio were identified to be significantly affecting natural dye extraction efficiency. By using three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design, the optimized conditions for dye extraction by different techniques such as Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave extraction method. Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent.
Comparative effect of gamma irradiation, uv c and hot water on antioxidantDr Asif Ahmad
This study compared the effects of gamma irradiation, UV-C light, and hot water treatment on retaining antioxidants in mango fruit during storage. Gamma irradiation at 0.5 kGy was the most effective at retaining total polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in both the peel and pulp of two mango varieties, white and black Chaunsa, over 28 days of storage. UV-C light treatment was also better than hot water treatment. The white Chaunsa variety generally had better retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity compared to black Chaunsa. Overall, gamma irradiation showed potential for commercial use to extend mango shelf life while minimizing antioxidant losses during storage.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride by us...ijtsrd
A simple and reproducible method was developed for Metformin MET by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography RP HPLC . Metformin was separated on C18 column 4.6x250mm, particle size 5µm , using combination of phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol at the UV detection of 238nm. Isocratic elution of phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol was used as a mobile phase with various ratios and flow rates, eventually 30 70 v v phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol was being set with the flow rate of 1mL min. The statistical validation parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, inter day and intra day variation were checked, assay studies of Metformin were within 98 to 102 indicating that the proposed method can be adoptable for quality control analysis of Metformin. Mr. Nilesh Nikam | Dr. Avish Maru | Dr. Anil Jadhav | Dr. Prashant Malpure ""Analytical Method Development and Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride by using RP-HPLC with ICH Guidelines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22812.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/22812/analytical-method-development-and-validation-of-metformin-hydrochloride-by-using-rp-hplc-with-ich-guidelines/mr-nilesh-nikam
Arbutin Analysis In Leaves, Fruit And Branches Of Pyrus Amygdaliformis Vill. ...IJERA Editor
Arbutin is a derivative of hydroquinone that develops naturally. It is produced in numerous plant species
belonging to various families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It is a tyrosinase
inhibitor and one of its uses is as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var.
amygdaliformis, also known as the almond-leaved pear, is a species of plant in the Rosaceae family. It is native
to southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and west Asia. In this study, Arbutin was analyzed in leaves, fruits and
branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var. amygdaliformis and analytical method was optimized. A modeling
of the ultrasound assisted extraction of arbutin from leaves, fruits and branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.
var. amygdaliformis was achieved using response surface methodology. A three-level-three-factor Box–
Behnken design was implemented with the aim of optimizing three extraction variables, including extraction
temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and methanol concentration (X3), for the achievement of high extraction
yield of the arbutin. The optimized conditions are extraction temperature of 43.76 ˚C, methanol concentration of
48.50 %, extraction time of 39.44 min. Under this optimized conditions, the experimental yield of arbutin is 8.13
%, which aligns well with the predicted yield of 8.05 %.
Foam fractionation as a means to recover and fractionate bioactiveseSAT Journals
Abstract In this research, the optimum conditions for the separation of polyphenols from apple juice (AJ) and the separation of BSA from a BSA/water solution were found by looking at the enrichment ratio (ER) and recovery. A mixture of the AJ and BSA was also studied to see how the different conditions affect separation of either compound. For AJ only, maximum ER was achieved at a feed concentration of 0.00184mg/mL of polyphenols (10.9˚Brix), air flowrate of 10mL/min, pH of 6.03 and temperature of 4.1˚C. For the BSA only solution, maximum ER was achieved at a feed concentration of 2.5g/L, air flowrate of 7mL/min, pH of 5-6 and temperature either above or below 20˚C. For the mixture, maximum polyphenol ER was at a feed polyphenol concentration of 0.0018mg/mL, feed BSA concentration of 5g/L and a pH of 3.7. Whereas maximum BSA ER was achieved when the feed polyphenol concentration was again 0.00184mg/mL, but a minimum was seen at 5g/L BSA feed concentration and pH of 3.7. These results show that there are interactions between the polyphenol and proteins that affects the separation of compounds. The bubble size distribution and gas hold-up of the AJ and BSA solutions were then compared and the BSA solution had larger bubbles present and a greater gas hold-up, which is attributed to the greater surface activity of BSA protein. Finally basic modelling – linear regression, was performed to link the ER to the different conditions tested. The models were judged by comparing R2 values, the F-statistic and the p-value and all showed weak relationships between the ER and the independent variables. Further data is required to improve the model as from previous literatures these variables have been seen to contribute to adsorption, which in turn affects the ER.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto sugarcane bagasse using a two-level factorial design. The researchers investigated the effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, shaking rate, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse. Their results showed the optimal conditions were 58 minutes contact time, 150 mg/L initial dye concentration, 250 rpm shaking rate, and 0.1 g adsorbent dosage. Under these conditions, the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity closely matched the experimental value. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of these factors and optimal conditions in maximizing dye removal by sugarcane bagasse.
Quantitative determination of 20-hydroxyecdysone in methanolic extract of twi...Margareth Gallo
20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is effective in stimulating protein synthesis, therefore, it has been largely used as anabolic agent in several commercial
formulas. Phytochemical study of methanolic extract of twigs from Vitex polygama, used in traditional Brazilian medicine as emenagogue, yielded
a large quantity of 20E. This finding led us to developing and validating a simple and reliable method to determine 20E in the surveyed extract.
Chromatographic separation of 20E was achieved on a phenyl-hexyl-based column using reversed elution mode. Extract was cleaned-up by solid
phase extraction employing C18 cartridge, and an absolute recovery of 97% was acquired. External standard and standard addition calibration
graphs were obtained and good linearity was accomplished (r > 0.999 for both curves). The limit of quantification and detection were determined.
The results for accuracy fell within the −5 to +7% range.
The Calculation of Optimal Osmotic Dehydration Process Parameters for Mushroo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Firefly Algorithm (FA) is employed to determine the optimal parameter settings in a case study of the osmotic dehydration process of mushrooms. In the case, the functional form of the dehydration model is established through a response surface technique and the resulting mathematical programming is formulated as a non-linear goal programming model. For optimization purposes, a computationally efficient, FA-driven method is used and the resulting optimal process parameters are shown to be superior to those from previous approaches.
This document summarizes research on developing a sustained release microencapsulated delivery system for the drug famotidine using a combination of mucoadhesive polymers. Famotidine microcapsules were prepared using an orifice ionic gelation technique with various polymer combinations, including carbopol-934 with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, or guar gum. The microcapsules were evaluated for properties like particle size, yield, drug entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, swelling properties, in vitro drug release, and mucoadhesion. The results showed that microcapsules prepared with sustained release polymers in combination exhibited slow release of famotidine over 9 hours with zero
This document describes the isolation and identification of compounds from the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the methanol extract were subjected to column chromatography which resulted in the isolation of two flavonoids, one triterpenoid, and a mixture of sterols. Spectroscopic analysis identified the compounds as oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, isoquercitrin, and kaempferol. This is the first report of the isolation of oleanolic acid, kaempferol, and isoquercitrin from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. These compounds may be responsible for the traditional medicinal uses
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueo...IOSRJAC
:In the present study, Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Frutis and Seeds (PSCFS) was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of methyleneblue (MB) from aqueous solution at various temperatures and concentrations. Six kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, Bangham and Avrami equations were used to predict the adsorption rate constants. It was found that the kinetics of the adsorption of MB onto PSCFS at different operating conditions was the best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The rate parameters of the other kinetic models for adsorption were also evaluated and compared to identify the adsorption mechanisms. The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters, such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption was favourable and spontaneous, endothermic physical adsorption and increased disorder and randomness at the solid-solution interface of MB onto PSCFS
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of spiral grooves in piston bowl on exhaust emissions of direct inject...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the effects of spiral grooves in the piston bowl on exhaust emissions from a direct injection diesel engine. Three spiral grooves were cut into the inner surface of the piston bowl, slightly increasing the bowl diameter. Testing found this modified piston reduced NOx emissions by 8.82% and fuel consumption by 0.1 kg/hour compared to the standard piston at full engine load. Carbon monoxide was also reduced by 7.7%, while exhaust gas temperature decreased by 4.8 degrees Celsius. The spiral grooves enhanced swirling flow in the combustion chamber for better air-fuel mixing, lowering emissions while maintaining brake thermal efficiency.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Accuracy enhancement of srtm and aster dems using weight estimation regressio...eSAT Publishing House
This document assesses the accuracy of SRTM and ASTER DEMs in Egypt by comparing DEM elevations to GPS ground control points (GCPs) in two study areas with different topography: a flat delta region and a hilly desert region. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) for SRTM ranged from 15.6m in the delta to 7.9m in the desert, and for ASTER ranged from 13.2m in the delta to 12.4m in the desert. A new approach using weight estimation regression models with topographic indices and aspects as predictors improved accuracy, reducing standard errors of estimates.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Optimization of cultural conditions for lactic acid production by lactobacill...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effects on the lactic acid (LA) production by thermophile Lactobacillus bulgaricus ATTC 11842 on whey as a basal medium of seven factors namely, temperature °C, pH, Lactose g/l, Yeast extract g/l, corn steep liquor (CSL) g/l, K2HPO4 g/l, and salts g/l (MnSO4, MgSO4 and FeSO4) were investigated, through the statistical analysis of the results by Plackett and Burmann experimental design. pH was found to have the high significant effect on lactic acid production. By response surface methodology (RSM) design the optimal value of pH and concentrations in the medium of yeast extract, K2HPO4 and salts were then investigated, it should be 5.5 of pH, 2.73 g/l of K2HPO4, 1.59 g/l of yeast extract and 0.0326 g/l, 0.1304 g/l, 0.01304 g/l of MgSO4, MnSO4 and FeSO4 respectively. The results obtained with the optimal results were 20.9592 g/l. of lactic acid and the corresponding yields was 0.5665% (ratio between the amount of lactic acid produced and the initial concentration of lactose). Index Terms: Lactic acid, experimental design, Plackett and Burmann, Lactobacillus bulgaricus, whey
Extraction and Quantification of Anthocyanin from Banana Bracts Using Differe...Premier Publishers
Banana (Musa balbisiana) bracts were investigated as a potential source of natural colorant. In this study, the total anthocyanin from selected banana bracts was extracted with ethanol solutions and characterized by UV-visible spectrophotometry and their content was found 224.41 ± 1.91 mg/kg, which was highest at 40% solvent concentration with pH 4. Moreover, the color characteristics were varied with the variation of solvent concentration and pH. Similarly, the values of chroma and hue angle were also investigated and the value of chroma was higher at pH 4 in all different concentrations. The results revealed that the color of anthocyanin was decreased due to increase of pH. The value of hue angle was in the range of (73.69±0.33) to (-71.14±1.39), which indicated the color from yellow to magenta, and this is the natural color of anthocyanin. Therefore, banana bracts can be used as a potential source of extracting natural colorant instead of synthetic dyes in different food industries.
Establishing Optimal Dehydration Process Parameters for Papaya By EmployingA ...IJERA Editor
This study employs a Firefly Algorithm (FA) to determine the optimal osmotic dehydration parameters for papaya. The functional form of the osmotic dehydration model is established via a standard response surface technique. The format of the resulting optimization model to be solved is a non-linear goal programming problem. While various alternate solution approaches are possible, an FA-driven procedure is employed. For optimization purposes, it has been demonstrated that the FA is more computationally efficient than other such commonly-used metaheuristics as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing, and enhanced particle swarm optimization. Hence, the FA approach is a very computationally efficient procedure. It can be shown that the resulting solution determined for the osmotic process parameters is superior to those from all previous approaches.
Optimization of Extraction Parameters for Natural Dye from Pterocarpus santal...IJERA Editor
Pterocarpus species has been admired for centuries for its dye, beautiful color, hardness and durability. The present study deals with the extraction of natural dye from Pterocarpus wood materials. Response surface methodology was used to study the optimal conditions for the extraction of dye. Factors such as extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid to liquid ratio were identified to be significantly affecting natural dye extraction efficiency. By using three-level three-factor Box-Behnken design, the optimized conditions for dye extraction by different techniques such as Solvent, Ultrasonic and Microwave extraction method. Microwave assisted extraction method showed the highest natural dye yield percentage which is 50.0 for ethyl acetate solvent and 50.2 for methanol solvent.
Comparative effect of gamma irradiation, uv c and hot water on antioxidantDr Asif Ahmad
This study compared the effects of gamma irradiation, UV-C light, and hot water treatment on retaining antioxidants in mango fruit during storage. Gamma irradiation at 0.5 kGy was the most effective at retaining total polyphenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in both the peel and pulp of two mango varieties, white and black Chaunsa, over 28 days of storage. UV-C light treatment was also better than hot water treatment. The white Chaunsa variety generally had better retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity compared to black Chaunsa. Overall, gamma irradiation showed potential for commercial use to extend mango shelf life while minimizing antioxidant losses during storage.
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride by us...ijtsrd
A simple and reproducible method was developed for Metformin MET by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography RP HPLC . Metformin was separated on C18 column 4.6x250mm, particle size 5µm , using combination of phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol at the UV detection of 238nm. Isocratic elution of phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol was used as a mobile phase with various ratios and flow rates, eventually 30 70 v v phosphate buffer with pH of 3.0 and Methanol was being set with the flow rate of 1mL min. The statistical validation parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, inter day and intra day variation were checked, assay studies of Metformin were within 98 to 102 indicating that the proposed method can be adoptable for quality control analysis of Metformin. Mr. Nilesh Nikam | Dr. Avish Maru | Dr. Anil Jadhav | Dr. Prashant Malpure ""Analytical Method Development and Validation of Metformin Hydrochloride by using RP-HPLC with ICH Guidelines"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd22812.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/22812/analytical-method-development-and-validation-of-metformin-hydrochloride-by-using-rp-hplc-with-ich-guidelines/mr-nilesh-nikam
Arbutin Analysis In Leaves, Fruit And Branches Of Pyrus Amygdaliformis Vill. ...IJERA Editor
Arbutin is a derivative of hydroquinone that develops naturally. It is produced in numerous plant species
belonging to various families, such as Lamiaceae, Ericaceae, Saxifragaceae and Rosaceae. It is a tyrosinase
inhibitor and one of its uses is as a cosmetic skin whitening agent. Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var.
amygdaliformis, also known as the almond-leaved pear, is a species of plant in the Rosaceae family. It is native
to southern Europe, the Mediterranean, and west Asia. In this study, Arbutin was analyzed in leaves, fruits and
branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill. var. amygdaliformis and analytical method was optimized. A modeling
of the ultrasound assisted extraction of arbutin from leaves, fruits and branches of Pyrus amygdaliformis Vill.
var. amygdaliformis was achieved using response surface methodology. A three-level-three-factor Box–
Behnken design was implemented with the aim of optimizing three extraction variables, including extraction
temperature (X1), extraction time (X2), and methanol concentration (X3), for the achievement of high extraction
yield of the arbutin. The optimized conditions are extraction temperature of 43.76 ˚C, methanol concentration of
48.50 %, extraction time of 39.44 min. Under this optimized conditions, the experimental yield of arbutin is 8.13
%, which aligns well with the predicted yield of 8.05 %.
Foam fractionation as a means to recover and fractionate bioactiveseSAT Journals
Abstract In this research, the optimum conditions for the separation of polyphenols from apple juice (AJ) and the separation of BSA from a BSA/water solution were found by looking at the enrichment ratio (ER) and recovery. A mixture of the AJ and BSA was also studied to see how the different conditions affect separation of either compound. For AJ only, maximum ER was achieved at a feed concentration of 0.00184mg/mL of polyphenols (10.9˚Brix), air flowrate of 10mL/min, pH of 6.03 and temperature of 4.1˚C. For the BSA only solution, maximum ER was achieved at a feed concentration of 2.5g/L, air flowrate of 7mL/min, pH of 5-6 and temperature either above or below 20˚C. For the mixture, maximum polyphenol ER was at a feed polyphenol concentration of 0.0018mg/mL, feed BSA concentration of 5g/L and a pH of 3.7. Whereas maximum BSA ER was achieved when the feed polyphenol concentration was again 0.00184mg/mL, but a minimum was seen at 5g/L BSA feed concentration and pH of 3.7. These results show that there are interactions between the polyphenol and proteins that affects the separation of compounds. The bubble size distribution and gas hold-up of the AJ and BSA solutions were then compared and the BSA solution had larger bubbles present and a greater gas hold-up, which is attributed to the greater surface activity of BSA protein. Finally basic modelling – linear regression, was performed to link the ER to the different conditions tested. The models were judged by comparing R2 values, the F-statistic and the p-value and all showed weak relationships between the ER and the independent variables. Further data is required to improve the model as from previous literatures these variables have been seen to contribute to adsorption, which in turn affects the ER.
This document summarizes a study on optimizing the adsorption of methylene blue dye onto sugarcane bagasse using a two-level factorial design. The researchers investigated the effects of contact time, initial dye concentration, shaking rate, and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacity of sugarcane bagasse. Their results showed the optimal conditions were 58 minutes contact time, 150 mg/L initial dye concentration, 250 rpm shaking rate, and 0.1 g adsorbent dosage. Under these conditions, the theoretical maximum adsorption capacity closely matched the experimental value. Statistical analysis confirmed the significance of these factors and optimal conditions in maximizing dye removal by sugarcane bagasse.
Quantitative determination of 20-hydroxyecdysone in methanolic extract of twi...Margareth Gallo
20-Hydroxyecdysone (20E) is effective in stimulating protein synthesis, therefore, it has been largely used as anabolic agent in several commercial
formulas. Phytochemical study of methanolic extract of twigs from Vitex polygama, used in traditional Brazilian medicine as emenagogue, yielded
a large quantity of 20E. This finding led us to developing and validating a simple and reliable method to determine 20E in the surveyed extract.
Chromatographic separation of 20E was achieved on a phenyl-hexyl-based column using reversed elution mode. Extract was cleaned-up by solid
phase extraction employing C18 cartridge, and an absolute recovery of 97% was acquired. External standard and standard addition calibration
graphs were obtained and good linearity was accomplished (r > 0.999 for both curves). The limit of quantification and detection were determined.
The results for accuracy fell within the −5 to +7% range.
The Calculation of Optimal Osmotic Dehydration Process Parameters for Mushroo...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The Firefly Algorithm (FA) is employed to determine the optimal parameter settings in a case study of the osmotic dehydration process of mushrooms. In the case, the functional form of the dehydration model is established through a response surface technique and the resulting mathematical programming is formulated as a non-linear goal programming model. For optimization purposes, a computationally efficient, FA-driven method is used and the resulting optimal process parameters are shown to be superior to those from previous approaches.
This document summarizes research on developing a sustained release microencapsulated delivery system for the drug famotidine using a combination of mucoadhesive polymers. Famotidine microcapsules were prepared using an orifice ionic gelation technique with various polymer combinations, including carbopol-934 with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose, or guar gum. The microcapsules were evaluated for properties like particle size, yield, drug entrapment efficiency, surface morphology, swelling properties, in vitro drug release, and mucoadhesion. The results showed that microcapsules prepared with sustained release polymers in combination exhibited slow release of famotidine over 9 hours with zero
This document describes the isolation and identification of compounds from the fruits of Lagenaria siceraria. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the methanol extract were subjected to column chromatography which resulted in the isolation of two flavonoids, one triterpenoid, and a mixture of sterols. Spectroscopic analysis identified the compounds as oleanolic acid, β-sitosterol, campesterol, isoquercitrin, and kaempferol. This is the first report of the isolation of oleanolic acid, kaempferol, and isoquercitrin from Lagenaria siceraria fruits. These compounds may be responsible for the traditional medicinal uses
Kinetics and Thermodynamic Studies of Adsorption of Methylene Blue from Aqueo...IOSRJAC
:In the present study, Paliurus spina-christi Mill. Frutis and Seeds (PSCFS) was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of methyleneblue (MB) from aqueous solution at various temperatures and concentrations. Six kinetic models, the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intra-particle diffusion, Elovich, Bangham and Avrami equations were used to predict the adsorption rate constants. It was found that the kinetics of the adsorption of MB onto PSCFS at different operating conditions was the best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The rate parameters of the other kinetic models for adsorption were also evaluated and compared to identify the adsorption mechanisms. The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters, such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption was favourable and spontaneous, endothermic physical adsorption and increased disorder and randomness at the solid-solution interface of MB onto PSCFS
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Effect of spiral grooves in piston bowl on exhaust emissions of direct inject...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a study on the effects of spiral grooves in the piston bowl on exhaust emissions from a direct injection diesel engine. Three spiral grooves were cut into the inner surface of the piston bowl, slightly increasing the bowl diameter. Testing found this modified piston reduced NOx emissions by 8.82% and fuel consumption by 0.1 kg/hour compared to the standard piston at full engine load. Carbon monoxide was also reduced by 7.7%, while exhaust gas temperature decreased by 4.8 degrees Celsius. The spiral grooves enhanced swirling flow in the combustion chamber for better air-fuel mixing, lowering emissions while maintaining brake thermal efficiency.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Accuracy enhancement of srtm and aster dems using weight estimation regressio...eSAT Publishing House
This document assesses the accuracy of SRTM and ASTER DEMs in Egypt by comparing DEM elevations to GPS ground control points (GCPs) in two study areas with different topography: a flat delta region and a hilly desert region. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) for SRTM ranged from 15.6m in the delta to 7.9m in the desert, and for ASTER ranged from 13.2m in the delta to 12.4m in the desert. A new approach using weight estimation regression models with topographic indices and aspects as predictors improved accuracy, reducing standard errors of estimates.
Misconduct disclosure of the intermediates using the trusted authorityeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Moderate quality of voice transmission using 8 bit micro-controller through z...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Procurement principle towards effective management of construction projectseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document describes a system to monitor and control liquid flow in pipelines using a Raspberry Pi, Arduino, and other hardware components. A Hall effect sensor measures the liquid flow rate, which is read by an Arduino and sent to a Raspberry Pi. The Raspberry Pi controls an electro-valve connected to the pipeline and hosts a web server to monitor and control the flow remotely over the Internet. The system was tested successfully with a water pipeline setup and allows remote monitoring and control of liquid flows in industrial processes.
Eye sight determination on tablet based hand held device with image processin...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Key frame extraction for video summarization using motion activity descriptorseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Study and implementation of dc drive using pic16 f877a microcontrollereSAT Publishing House
1) The document describes the study and implementation of a DC drive system using a PIC16F877A microcontroller.
2) An H-bridge configuration is used to control the speed and direction of a DC motor through pulse width modulation (PWM) signals generated by the microcontroller.
3) Simulation results show the motor's speed curve increases step-wise with duty cycle, demonstrating closed-loop control of the DC motor's speed.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Near equatorial orbit small sar constellation for developing nationseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document summarizes a study on the effects of vibration on the health of two-wheeler riders. It models the human body and vehicle as a coupled dynamic system using lumped masses and springs. Equations of motion are developed and solved using matrix inversion. Results show maximum vibration responses at different frequencies for body segments. The ideal operating speed to limit vibration effects is found to be 49.66 km/hr at a frequency of 8 Hz. In conclusion, exposure to vehicle vibrations beyond permissible limits can affect rider health, comfort and body functioning depending on vibration frequency, magnitude and duration.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Load balancing in public cloud combining the concepts of data mining and netw...eSAT Publishing House
1) The document discusses load balancing techniques in public clouds by combining concepts from data mining, networking, and cloud computing.
2) It proposes using a VDBSCAN clustering algorithm to partition the public cloud into sub-areas called cloud partitions for simpler load balancing.
3) A job assignment strategy is presented that uses round robin or game theory techniques to allocate jobs to partitions and nodes based on their load status.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Arm based human machine interface of plastic extrusion blow molding systemeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses using low-cost walnut shells to remove two common pesticides, carbofuran and chloropyriphos, from aqueous solutions. Walnut shells were treated chemically and thermally to increase their surface area and porosity for effective adsorption. Batch and column adsorption methods were used to study the adsorption of pesticides under different conditions. Adsorption parameters like pH, contact time, concentration, and kinetics were analyzed. The treated walnut shells showed high adsorption capacity of 97-99% within 30 minutes. The adsorption process was found to be dependent on pH. The document also characterized the adsorbent material using SEM, FT-IR, and surface area analysis
Carotenoids are one of the most essential groups of natural pigments, with wide distribution in food crops, structural diversity and numerous functions in the biological systems. They are a class of over 750 pigment synthesized by plants, algae and photosynthetic bacterial. Carotenoids are the precursor of vitamin A & are powerful antioxidants that help in preventing some form of cancer and other degenerative diseases. Carotenoids cannot be produced by human and therefore needs to be obtained from the diet.
Induced mutational studies on saccharomyces cerevisiae for bioethanol product...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Anthocyanins Pigment from Purple Sweet Potatoes...IJERA Editor
Herein, anthocyanins pigment was extracted from purple sweet potatoes (PrunusnepalensisL.) with the assistant of the enzymes alpha-amylase in order to gather the natural colorants used in the food industry. To optimize the extraction conditions, the effect of extraction temperature and time was also investigated. The results showed that extraction temperature and time play a significant role in theextraction process. The optimum conditions are extraction temperature: 65 oC and time: 60 min, exhibited thehighest yield
Potential of corn husk leaves for the co removal of phenol and cyanide from w...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document describes a study that used the seed powder of Strychnos potatorum (clearing nut) to harvest the microalga Chlorella vulgaris through a process called bioflocculation. The researchers optimized bioflocculation parameters like bioflocculant concentration, temperature, agitation speed, and incubation time using Response Surface Methodology. They found that 100 mg/L bioflocculant concentration, 35°C temperature, 150 rpm agitation, and 30 minutes incubation time resulted in maximum bioflocculation efficiency of 99.68%. A cell viability test showed cells remained intact after bioflocculation but were destroyed using a chemical flocculant, indicating bioflocculation's advantages. The
Multivariate regression methods with infrared spectroscopy to detect the fals...IJRTEMJOURNAL
Recently, food safety and guaranteed of food marks have become more important subjects of
foodstuff production and the marketing of processed foods. This paper demonstrates the ability of Mid Infrared
spectroscopy coupled with multivariate regression tools to detect vegetable butter (as adulterant) in a binary
mixture with traditional cow’s butter. Blends of traditional cow’s butter with different percentages of vegetable
butter were measured using Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Mid Infrared Spectroscopy (ATRFTMIR). Spectral and reference data were firstly analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) to check
outliers samples; and improve the robustness of the prediction models to be established. Multivariate regression
methods as Principal component regression (PCR) and Partial least square regression (PLSR) were used to
establish calibration model. Excellent correlation between ATR-FTMIR analysis and studied butter blends was
obtained R2 = 0.99; with Root Mean Square Errors of Prediction < 3.04, Limit of Detection 9.12% (By PCR)
and 6.06% (by PLSR), and Relative Prediction Errors as low as 3.13.
An Analysis of Tourism Competitiveness Index of Europe and Caucasus: A Study ...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This study aims to find the association-ship between the Regional Rank of the Travel and
Tourism Competitiveness Index and its Indicators in 37 European countries. The cross-sectional data of the 37
European countries are collected from the World Economic Forum report- 2015. The statistical software
package, SPSS v. 20.0 is used to analyze the data. ANOVA (Analysis of Variance), Multi-co-linearity, Multiple
Regression, and Residual Analysis are the tools used to analyze to achieve out the objective of the study. RR:
Regional Rank of the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index is used as the dependent variable and TI:
Tourism Services Infrastructure, GP: Ground & Port Infrastructure, BE: Business Environment, PT:
Prioritization of Travel and Tourism, and CR: Cultural resources & business travel are used as the independent
variables. It is found that there is an inverse relationship between the dependent variable and all the
independent variables along with the statistical significance. It is recommended that the governments of the
European countries and the respective agents of these countries should be made aware of learning the findings
of this study to promote their countries which can be victorious in lowering their Regional Rank of the Travel
and Tourism Competitiveness Index
IRJET- Removal of Acetaminophen from Waste Water using Low Cost AdsorbentIRJET Journal
The document summarizes a study on removing the pharmaceutical acetaminophen from wastewater using low-cost adsorbents developed from agricultural waste. Activated carbons were prepared from banana leaves, garlic stems, and babool seeds. The maximum removal efficiency of 84.9% was achieved using activated banana leaves adsorbent. Kinetic studies showed activated banana leaves adsorbent achieved removal equivalent to commercial activated carbon. Therefore, activated banana leaves have potential to be a good low-cost adsorbent for removing acetaminophen from wastewater.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE USING ALGAEIRJET Journal
The document discusses using algae to treat landfill leachate. Specifically, it examines using the algae Chlorella vulgaris to remove contaminants like COD, ammonia, and nitrates from leachate collected from a landfill site. Experiments were conducted with varying contact times between the leachate and algae. The optimum contact time found was 20 minutes, achieving 46.73% removal of COD, 40.86% removal of ammonia, and 22.51% removal of nitrates when using an algae dosage of 1000mg/L. The study demonstrates that algae is a promising method for effectively treating landfill leachate.
TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE USING ALGAEIRJET Journal
The document discusses using algae, specifically chlorella vulgaris, to treat landfill leachate. It describes collecting leachate samples from a landfill site and culturing the algae, then treating the leachate by mixing it with the algae over varying contact times. The results showed that treating the leachate with a dosage of 1000mg/L of algae for 20 minutes contact time achieved the highest removal efficiencies of 46.73% for COD, 40.86% for ammonia, and 22.51% for nitrate.
Adsorption studies of colourremoval byactivated carbon derived from mangifera...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the adsorption of color from silk filature composite wastewater using activated carbon derived from mango seed shell. The effects of contact time, adsorbent dosage, and pH on color removal efficiency were examined. It was found that maximum removal occurred at 45 minutes of contact time, a dosage of 100mg, and a pH of 5.5 for carbon with an impregnation ratio of 0.75 during chemical activation with magnesium chloride. The color removal efficiency under these optimum conditions was 81.11% for contact time, 96.66% for dosage, and 96.66% for pH.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Adsorption studies of colourremoval byactivated carbon derived from mangifera...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The removal of colour from silk filature composite wastewater by adsorption on activated carbon prepared from MangiferaIndica
(mango) seed shell have been carried out at room temperature 32 ± 1° C. The removal of colour from silk filature composite
wastewater sample by adsorption on chemical activation (Magnesium chloride) with Impregnation ratio’s (I.R) 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 for
optimum time, optimum dosages and variation of pH was studied. It is observed that as dosage increases the adsorption increased
along with the increase in Impregnation ratio. It was also noted that as I.R. increases the surface area of MangiferaIndica shell
carbon increased. Hence the maximum removal efficiency is obtained at I.R ratio of 0.75. The optimum contact time, dosage and pH
for carbon with I.R-0.75 was 45min, 100mg and 5.5 with removal efficiency of 81.11%, 96.66% and 96.66% respectively.
Keywords: Colour, Contact time, Dosage, Kinetics, pH, MangiferaIndica.
EXTRACTION OF ANTIOXIDANTS FROM ONION PEELIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the extraction of antioxidants from onion peel. Onion peel is considered a waste product from the food industry but contains antioxidants like phenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins. The study investigated the extraction of these compounds from red onion peel using different solvents. Polar solvents like ethanol were used to extract the compounds via Soxhlet extraction. Total phenol, flavonoid, and anthocyanin content of the extracts were determined along with their antioxidant activity using DPPH radical scavenging assays. The results showed that onion peel extract had high levels of antioxidants and could potentially be used as a source of natural antioxidants in food processing instead of being discarded as waste.
Taguchi optimization for efficient extraction of a natural dye from bougainvi...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Performance evaluation of Effluent Treatment Plant of Dairy IndustryIJERA Editor
Dairy industry is among the most polluting of the food industries in regard to its large water consumption. Dairy
is one of the major industries causing water pollution. Considering the increased milk demand, the dairy
industry in India is expected to grow rapidly and have the waste generation and related environmental problems
are also assumed increased importance. Poorly treated wastewater with high level of pollutants caused by poor
design, operation or treatment systems creates major environmental problems when discharged to the surface
land or water. Various operations in a dairy industry may include pasteurization, cream, cheese, milk powder
etc. Considering the above stated implications an attempt has been made in the present project to evaluate one of
the Effluent Treatment Plant for dairy waste. Samples are collected from three points; Collection tank (CT),
primary clarifier (PC) and Secondary clarifier (SC) to evaluate the performance of Effluent Treatment Plant.
Parameters analyzed for evaluation of performance of Effluent Treatment Plant are pH, TDS, TSS, COD, and
BOD at 200C The pH, TDS, TSS, COD and BOD removal efficiency of Effluent Treatment Plant were 26.14 %,
33.30 %, 93.85 %, 94.19 % and 98.19 % respectively.
This document summarizes a study evaluating the performance of an effluent treatment plant (ETP) for a dairy industry in India. Samples were collected from three points in the ETP - the collection tank, primary clarifier, and secondary clarifier. The ETP achieved removal efficiencies of 26.14% for pH, 33.30% for TDS, 93.85% for TSS, 94.19% for COD, and 98.19% for BOD. The treated effluent met standards for discharge set by the Gujarat Pollution Control Board. The ETP was effective at removing pollutants and bringing wastewater characteristics in line with regulatory requirements for reuse or discharge.
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1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 343
MATHEMATICAL MODEL STUDY ON SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF
CAROTENE FROM CARROT
Sudipta Das1
, Debabrata Bera2
1
M.Tech Student, 2
Assistant Professor, Food Technology, Techno India, West Bengal, India,
beradebabrata@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Carotenoids are known as provitamin A, while there is an increasing interest in their role as an antioxidants. Anti-cancer activity and
other health benefits provided by β-carotene include the protection against cardiovascular disease and cataract prevention, Carrots
are one of the best sources of β-carotene. In this paper we have studied the influence of particle size, temperature, solvents, solid is to
solvent ratio and extraction time on the extraction yield of β-carotene, and verification of different models and rate kinetics to
establish the extraction mechanism.
Ethanol, pet ether, ethyl acetate & n-hexane are used as solvent and carrot of cubes of equivalent diameter of 1.077±0.134 cm,
0.801±0.1078 cm & 0.508±.0456cm are used for solvent ratios from 1:5 to 1:60. Temperature was varied from 30 to 500
C.
Experimental results better fitted in power law model than Peleg model also it obey Pseudo second order kinetic & Intraparticle
diffusion model. Extent of color extraction is established by Hunter Lab colorimeter.
Index terms- carrot, carotene, solvent extraction, kinetic study, model study
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients are known to
improve health [1, 2]. Carotenoids are well known for their
antioxidant activity and therefore have a neuroprotective
effect. They are known to have effect against singlet oxygen,
inhibit LDL cholesterol oxidation, control the risk of a range
of different cancers and improve cognitive development [1].
Carrot is one rich source of carotenoids; the reported values
are in the range of 16–38 mg/100 g [3, 4, 5].
Fresh carrots sold in the market are subjected to strict market
polices ,i.e., carrots should meet set standards of size and
shape, and as a result of this, some25% of the carrots produced
never make it to the market. The uncontrollable nature of
carrot production results in a quarter of the harvest to be
regarded as by-product [6].
The aim of this study was to make beneficial pharmaceutical
use of carrot by-product by extracting high-valued carotenoids
from them. Established methods for the extraction of
carotenoids require the use of different organic solvents in
which carrotinoids are soluble [7, 8, 9].
Liquid-liquid extraction of carotenoids using organic solvents
has been reviewed by Quiros & Costa, 2006 [10]. These
organic solvents are regarded as costly, environmentally
hazardous, and require expensive disposal procedures. There
are however several studies pointing at the use of supercritical
carbon dioxide as extraction solvent for carotenoids from
carrots [5, 10, 11]. Ethanol has a relatively low environmental
impact and has a positive net energy balance (NEB) [12, 13]
and is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) solvent.
Nevertheless, the sustainability of ethanol depends majorly on
the source from which it was produced. Most of them are toxic
and expensive [14]. So another purpose of this study was to
find the appropriate conditions for the extraction of β-carotene
from carrot. The main goals were to study the influence of
temperature, samples treatment, and solvents on the extraction
yield of β-carotene, and to utilize the knowledge for the
establishment of the technology for obtaining biologically
active concentrates of carotenoids made from the rich natural
source-carrot, as well as determination of different kinetic
parameters to justify the extraction mechanism.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Material
Raw Material Preparation
The carrot sample was collected from local market of Kolkata
and was used for laboratory experiments. These were washed
with distilled water to removed sands and dust particles from
outer surface. Then adherent water was removed by dry cloth.
After peeling the carrot samples were cut into small pieces
with the help of a sharp knife into cubical shapes with
equivalent diameter of 1.077±0.134 cm, 0.801±0.1078 cm &
0.508±.0456cm. These slices were used for carotene
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 344
extraction under different environmental conditions, kinetics
study and physicochemical parameters of raw material except
bulk density in which case raw carrots were used. The solvents
used in these study, were obtained from the Merck India Ltd.
2.2 Methods
2.2.1 Determination of Physical Parameters of Carrot
Sample
The moisture content of carrot was determined
gravimetrically, at 1050
C for 4.5 hr upto constant weight and
Bulk density was measured by sand displacement method. The
color quality of carrot, before and after extraction was
determined by Hunter Lab colorimeter. (Color flex 45/0 spec
photometer).The color of carrot was assessed using a
colorimeter with a CIE standard illuminant C to determine
CIE color space co-ordinates, L*a*b* values. Lightness value
L* indicates how dark /light the sample is (varying from 0-
black to 100-white), a* is a measure of greenness/redness,
(varying from -60 to +60) and b* is the grade of blueness /
yellowness (also varying from -60 to +60). The polar co-
ordinate chroma or saturation, c* is an indication of how dull /
vivid the product is (ranging from 0-60), which can be
calculated from the L*a* and b* cartesian co-ordinate by the
expression
C* = (a*2
+b*2
)0.5
………………………… (1)
The total color difference (TCD) or ∆E [15] was the
parameter considered for the overall color difference
evaluation between raw carrot and carrot after solvent
extraction.
TCD = (∆L2
+∆a2
+∆b2
)0.5
………………. (2)
The colorimeter was calibrated against standard white
reference tiles. Samples were placed in a glass Petri dish and
color measurements were done in triplicate. Changes in the
individual color parameters of carrot before and after
extraction were calculated as
∆L= (L-L0); ∆a= (a-a0); ∆b= (b-b0)
Where, +a is redness, -a is greenness, +b is yellowness, and -b
is blueness (Minolta, 1999). L0, a0 and b0 are the color values
for fresh carrots, while L, a and b are the color values in carrot
after extraction.
2.2.2 Extraction Conditions.
The extraction yield of carotenes was observed at different
temperatures (30°C, 40°C, and 50°C) using ethanol , 2-
propanol, pet ether and n-hexane. Initially, 18 gm of carrot
slices were added to different solvents at different solid to
liquid ratio, (1:5), (1:10), (1:15), (1:20), (1:30), (1:40),(1:50)
and(1:60). Carrot slices were extracted in water bath (30°C,
40°C, 50°C), shaking every 10 min, and 5 ml sample was
taken after a certain time interval for carotene concentration
measurement by spectrophotometer.
2.2.3 Assay Method of Carotenes.
The β-carotene content in the organic solvents after extraction
was determined spectrophotometrically at the wavelength of
450 nm .The concentration of carotenes expressed as β-
carotene content (g/100 ml) was calculated using the response
factors as follows [9]:
β-carotene = (A × d × V) / (E1%
1cm× w)… …….(3)
Where:
A – Absorbency
d – Dilution.
E1%
1cm– Coefficient of absorbency of organic solvent
w – Weight of sample (g)
V – Volume (ml)
2.2.5 Kinetic Models Study
Power law model is used for the diffusion of an active agent
through non-swelling devices and is described by equation:
q = B . tn
……………4)
Where B is a constant incorporating the characteristics of the
carrier–active agent system and n is the diffusion exponent.
For the extraction from vegetable material, the diffusion
exponent is less than 1 (n<1) [16].
The hyperbolic model is known also as Peleg model, 1988
[17] was proposed for the description of moisture sorption
curves. The mathematical expression of this model is given by
equation:
q=K1t / (1+K2t) ……….(5)
Where K1 and K2 are parameters of the hyperbolic model The
equation 5 was used to model the experimental data obtained
for resinoid extraction from aerial parts of St. John’swort and
for total polyphenols extraction from soybeans [18, 19].
Weibull’s equation can be also applied for plant extraction in
the following form:
q = 1-exp(-( ………… (6)
Where δ is the scale parameter, which is related to the
reciprocal of the extraction rate constant and m is the shape
parameter. If m<1, as in the case of extraction, the curve is
parabolic with a high initial slope followed by an exponential
shape [16].
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 345
The pseudo second-order equation is also based on the
desorption capacity of the solid phase [20]. The integrated
form of the equation is
1/(qe-qt) = 1/qe+ k2t
Here, k2 is the second–order rate constant. The linear form of
the Equation is
t / qt= 1/h + (1 / qe)t ……… (7)
Where h = k2.qe2 can be regarded as the initial sorption rate.
If the pseudo second–order kinetics is applicable, the plot of
t/qt versus t gives a linear relationship, which allows
computation of qe, k2 values.
The Intraparticle diffusion model was considered in order to
determine the participation of this process in the desorption of
carotene from carrot. According to this model, the plot of
desorped amount (qt), versus the square root of time (t0.5
)
should be linear if intraparticle diffusion is involved in the
overall desorption mechanism. Further-more, if this line
passes through the origin then the intra particle diffusion is the
rate-controlling step of the process. The initial rate of intra
particle diffusion, Kd, can be calculated in the following way
(Slovak Technical standard 1986) [21].
qt=Kdt0.5
………………….. (8)
Where qt is the amount of carotene on the surface of the carrot
at time t (mgg−1
), Kd is the intra-particle rate constant
(mg(gmin0.5)−1
) and t is the time (min).
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1 Effect of Particle Size and Solvent
Four different solvents were used to evaluate their extraction
efficiency. All these solvents were used for three different
particle sizes of equivalent diameter 1.077±0.134 cm,
0.801±0.1078 cm & 0.508±.0456cm. The β-carotene
extraction capacity of n-hexane, ethyl acetate and petroleum
ether and ethanol is presented in Table: 1.
Where we can see that the highest extraction yield is obtained
when ethanol is used as solvent and when particle size is
0.508±0.0456cm. So, farther experiments were carried out
using particle size with equivalent diameter 0.508±0.0456cm
and ethanol as solvent.
Extraction of beta-carotene is a mass transfer phenomenon
from carrot to organic solvent. Mass transfer rate and amount
of extraction depends on the surface area. Particles of same
mass with smaller particle size have higher surface area. So,
carrot pieces with smaller equivalent diameter are more
efficient for beta-carotene extraction.
In general, carotenoids are hydrophobic molecules and thus
are soluble only in organic solvents, having only limited
solubility in water. Presence of hydroxyl groups at the end
groups causes the carotenoid to become more polar, affecting
its solubility in various organic solvents. Raw carrot contains
about 87% moisture. N-hexane is most non polar among four
solvents used in this experiment. Due to antagonistic nature
with water it is not properly distributed into the carrot cubes.
So extraction efficiency of n-hexane is minimum. On the other
hand ethanol is polar and it is properly distributed inside the
carrot cubes. Beta carotene thus extracted more in ethanol
form the inner matrix of carrot.
Carotenoids are soluble in polar solvents, including edible fats
and oils. Because carotenoids are liposoluble, they are usually
extracted from the plant sources with organic solvents [22].
The samples can contain large amounts of water; water-
miscible organic solvents such as ethanol are also used. One of
the problems is the elimination of the residual solvents to
obtain a safe extract; this can be avoided by using food grade
solvents such as ethanol. Calvo et al., 2007 found that the
yield of each (α & β) carotene from peel powder of tomatoes
was noticeably higher with extraction performed with ethanol
than with that using ethyl acetate [23].
3.2 Effect of Solid / Solvent Ratio
For this experiment solid-solvent ratio was varied from 1:5 to
1:60 at 300
C. Figure 1 shows that, the amount of β-carotene
extracted increases with solid to solvent ratio up to 1:40 and
then it varies little. So, next experiments were carried out
using solid-solvent ratio of 1:40.Extraction rate and amount of
extraction depend on concentration gradient between carrot
particles and organic solvents. Concentration gradients of
carotene increased with increase in solid-solvent ratio and
hence extraction amount increased up to 1:40.
Fig- 1: Amount of beta-carotene extracted from carrot in
ethanol at different solid/liquid ratios (30°C)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
-100 0 100 200 300 400
q(mg/100gm)
t(min)
carotene content at different (solid:solvent)
1:5
1:10
1:15
1:20
1:30
1:40
1:50
0.083333333
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 346
From figure: 1 we can conclude that when the solid to solvent
ratio is increased, the amount of carotene extracted increases
also& the highest extraction yield is obtained when solid and
solvent ratio is (1:40).
3.3 Effect of Temperature
The effect of temperature on the β-carotene extraction is
presented in figure: 2. β-carotene extraction was increased
from 300
C to 400
C and then it decreased at 500
C. At 40°C, the
yield of β-carotene was 16.625 mg/100 g.
Fig-2: Amount of beta-carotene extracted from carrot in
ethanol at 30o
C, 40o
C, and 50o
C (solid/liquid ratio: 1/40)
At 40°C, the extraction yield of carotenes was found to be
high after 10 min of extraction, which can be explained by a
good release of carotenes from the disturbed texture of the
carrot at 40°C.At 40°C, the extraction maximum was found
after the fourth hour of extraction. After this time, the
extraction yield of β-carotene decreased. The extraction was
almost the same as the result of the degradation and loss of
carotenes. Naturally, β-carotene exists in the all-trans form.
After processing, some part of all-trans form is converted into
its different cis-isomers [24]. Calvo et al. (2007) state, that in
the extractions performed with ethanol at 50°C, the yield of
lycopene and its isomers was lower than 50°C, that could
indicate an extensive isomerisation at the high temperature
with ethanol, but the oxidative degradation being the
predominant reaction [23].
Optimal time for the best extraction of carotenes seems to be 4
to 5 h, depending on the treatment of the sample; at lower
temperatures (40°C) and with fresh samples, a longer time
(minimum 5 h) is needed for the extraction Calvo et al. (2007)
[23]. Rafajlovska et al. (2007) showed that the increase of
temperature positively influences the mass transfer processes
[25]. The increased color yields also result from the changes in
the cellular structure of the biological matrix. On the other
hand, the increase of the extraction temperature may cause
raw material browning. Due to this circumstance, it is required
to establish the optimal extraction temperature.
The processing of foods involves changes in the structural
integrity of the matrix which produces both negative (loss of
carotenoids due to oxidation) and positive (increased
bioavailability) effects [26]. Light, heat etc. promote
isomerisation of carotenoids. Oxidative degradation, the
principal cause of extensive losses of carotenoids, depends on
the availability of oxygen and is stimulated by factors such as
light.
3.4 Kinetic Models Study
The calculated parameters for the empirical model with two
exponential equations are presented in table: 2.The correlation
coefficient is high in all experiments (0.91-0.99)(except Peleg
model) yield for β-carotene extraction versus calculated
extraction yield using the Power law, Pseudo second order and
Intraparticle diffusion model at different extraction
temperatures. It can be observed that a good agreement exit
between experimental and calculated data.
The calculated parameters for the power law model (eq. 4) are
presented in table: 2. The correlation coefficient is also high in
all the experiments (0.97-0.99), which implies that this model
also fit also well with the experimental data. The figure: 3
corroborate also this conclusion. The calculated parameters for
the Peleg model (eq. 5) are presented in table 2. For the Peleg
model, the correlation coefficient is not high in all
experiments (0.668-896) which that there is not good
agreement between experimental and calculated data. The
calculated parameters for the Weibull’s equation (eq. 6) are
presented in table: 2. For the Weibull’s equation, the
correlation coefficient is not so high in all experiments (0.91-
0.95).
Fig- 3: Correlation between experimental values of extraction
yield for beta-carotene extraction versus calculated extraction
yield using power low model at 40o
C .
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 100 200 300 400
q(mg/100gm)
t(min)
carotene content at 30oC,40oC&50oC
3
0
y = 0.9828x
R2
= 0.9608
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 5 10 15 20
q-experimental value
q-calculatedvalue
Pow er law model
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 347
Fig- 4: Correlation between experimental values of extraction
yield for ß- carotene extraction versus calculated extraction
yield using intra particle diffusion model at 400
C.
Table- 1 The amount of β-carotene extracted from carrot in
different solvents (temperature: 30o
C, solid/liquid ratio: 1/5
and extraction time: 5 hrs)
Table- 2 Different model equation, model parameter for different empirical model at 30O
C, 40o
C and 50o
C
Power law model
Temperature
(0
C)
Model equation Model parameter R²
B(min-n
) n
30 q=3.025t0.214
3.025 0.214 0.97
40 q=4.982t0.194
4.982 0.194 0.98
50 q=1.944t0.289
1.944 0.289 0.99
Peleg model
Temperature(0
C) Model equation Model parameter R²
K1(min-1
) K2(min-1
)
30 q=(1.64t)/(1+0.197t) 1.64 0.197 0.668
40 q=(2.597t)/(1+0.21t) 2.597 0.21 0.756
50 q=(0.82t)/(1+0.102t) 0.82 0.102 0.896
Weinbull,
s model
Temperature(0
C) Model parameter R²
m δ[min-1
]
30 0.436 38.27 0.91
40 0.35 41.93 0.95
50 0.521 50.70 0.94
Intraparticle diffusion model
Temperature(0
C) Model equation Model parameter
Kd(mg(gmin0.5)−1
)
30 qt=2.09t0.5
2.099
40 qt=3.09t0.5
3.09
50 qt=1.31t0.5
1.31
Psuedo second order model
y = 0.998x
R² = 0.920
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 5 10 15 20
q-calculatedvalue
q-experimental value
Intra particle
diffussion model
qeq values of particle with equivalent diameter (cm)
(mg/100g)
Solvent 1.077±0.134 0.801±0.1078 0.508±.0456
Ethanol 1.229 2.256 2.473
Pet ether 0.522 0.854 1.192
n-hexane 0.279 0.958 1.148
Ethyl
acetate
0.886 1.129 1.153
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 348
Temperature(0
C) Model equation qe K2 R²
30 1/(10.64-qt)=0.094+(4.29x10-³
t) 10.64 4.29x10-3
0.99
40 1/(15.38-qt)=0.065+(3.49x10-³
t) 15.38 3.49x10-3
0.99
50 1/(9.8-qt)=0.102+(4.24x10-³
t) 9.8 4.24x10-3
0.99
Table- 3: The color difference between original sample and sample extracted at 30o
C.40o
C&50o
C
Raw/Extracted L a b ∆E C
Original 55.18 23.9 23.04 33.44
30o
C 34.08 9.91 12.49 ±24.34 15.94
40o
C 47.49 6.4 10.5 ±28.58 12.30
50o
C 50.12 10.91 14.49 ±22.04 18.14
Fig- 5 Correlation between experimental values versus
calculated values of pseudo second order model at 40o
C
(solid/liquid ratio: 1/40)
Figure: 3-5 shows the correlation between experimental values
of extraction yield of β-carotene versus calculated extraction
yield of different models. A good agreement between
experimental and calculated data can be observed. The
calculated parameters for the Intra particle diffusion and
Pseudo second order are presented in table: 2.
3.5 Hunter Lab Colorimeter Studies
The colour was measured by Hunter Lab colorimeter. The
colour difference (ΔE) between raw carrot and carrot after
solvent extraction indicates the extent of β–carotene
extraction. Table 3 indicates that the ∆E value is maximum at
400
C and lowest extraction occurred at50o
C.
CONCLUSIONS
An experimental study of β-carotene batch extraction from
carrot under different experimental conditions was performed.
The influence of different extraction conditions was also
studied. The best solvent for β-carotene extraction was
ethanol. The extraction yield increases with the increase of the
solvent/solid ratio and with temperature. The empirical models
tested showed a good agreement between experimental and
calculated data, for all the models with high linear correlation
coefficient (R2
> 0.91) except Peleg.
We can conclude that the temperature, increased up to 40°C,
positively influences the extraction yield of carotenes from
carrot, however, for the technology of carrot processing we
recommend to use lower temperatures of approximately 30–
40°C. Ethanol is a more suitable solvent in terms of the
carotenes yield as compared to other solvents. The described
model technology for obtaining carotenoids can be modified
(temperature of extraction, more-stages extraction). Besides
carotenoids concentrate, another interesting by-product gained
is dietary fiber, with excellent water binding capacity, which
can be therefore used for functional foods production (as bread
or pastry supplement).
ABBREVIATIONS
B - Parameter of power low model [min-n
]
K1 - parameter of the hyperbolic model; extraction rate at the
very beginning [min-1
];
K2 - parameter of the hyperbolic model; constant related to
the maximum extraction yield [min-1
];
n - Diffusional exponent of the power law model;
m - Shape parameter of the Weinbull’s equation
q - Extraction yield (qt / qe)
t - Time [min]
qt- Amount of extracted carotene at any time.
y = 1.025x
R² = 0.991
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 5 10 15 20
q-calculatedvalue
q-experimental value
psuedo second order model
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Sep-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 349
qe- Amount of carotene when equilibrium reached.
δ- Scale parameter of the Weinbull’s equation [min-1
]
R² -Coefficient of determination
qeq- Equivalent diameter of carrot cubes.
Kd -The intra-particle rate constant (mg(gmin0.5
)−1
)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors gratefully acknowledge TIFAC-CORE for financial
support & Techno India for infrastructural facilities.
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