LTE is used in 4G Technology. Different physical layer techniques used in LTE are described in this presentation. Majorly OFDM, MIMO and Carrier Aggregation are mentioned in this presentation. It was presented at IIT Patna.
This document summarizes some key features of the LTE radio interface that enable unprecedented performance in mobile broadband. It discusses features like spectrum flexibility that allow LTE to operate in different frequency bands and bandwidths with both FDD and TDD duplexing. It also describes multi-antenna transmission techniques in LTE including transmit diversity to improve coverage and capacity, and multi-stream transmission to significantly increase peak data rates through multiple parallel data streams. Scheduling, link adaptation, and hybrid ARQ are explained as ways to efficiently utilize radio resources based on varying channel conditions.
Multiplexing combines information streams from multiple sources for transmission over a shared medium. It allows for the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link when the bandwidth of the medium is greater than the bandwidth needs of the individual devices. Multiplexing techniques include frequency-division multiplexing, wavelength-division multiplexing, time-division multiplexing, and space-division multiplexing. The main purpose of multiplexing in networks is efficient sharing of the available bandwidth between multiple users.
Multiplexing and Frequency Division MultiplexingKath Mataac
Multiplexing is a technique that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is a type of multiplexing where each signal is modulated onto a separate carrier frequency, with each signal occupying its own specific frequency band at all times. FDM involves modulating signals onto different carrier frequencies, combining them into a composite signal, and then demodulating the signals by filtering them into separate frequency bands at the receiving end. Examples are provided to illustrate how FDM can be used to combine multiple voice channels or data channels into a single transmission medium by allocating unique frequency bands to each signal.
Multiplexing techniques such as frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allow multiple transmission sources to share a common circuit. FDM involves modulating each signal to a different carrier frequency with guard bands between frequencies. TDM involves interleaving digital signals in time slots, which may be allocated even if no data is being sent. WDM transmits multiple beams of light at different wavelengths over an optical fiber, functioning as a form of FDM for optical networks.
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique that combines data by allocating time slots to each data signal in a frame. FDM is an analog technique that combines signals by modulating them onto separate carrier frequencies. Asynchronous TDM improves efficiency over synchronous TDM by allowing any time slot to transmit any signal, reducing empty slots.
This document discusses space division multiplexing (SDM), a new technique for fiber optic communication that increases transmission capacity. SDM utilizes unused space within the core or additional fiber cores to establish independent transmission channels. There are two main SDM strategies: multi-core fiber which has multiple cores embedded in the cladding, and multi-mode fiber which supports propagation of multiple independent modes within a single core. SDM provides significant advantages like high scalability and the ability to achieve terabit per second throughput. When combined with software defined networking, SDM networks also enable efficient infrastructure utilization and flexible bandwidth provisioning. However, SDM also faces challenges like crosstalk between cores and high insertion losses.
This document summarizes some key features of the LTE radio interface that enable unprecedented performance in mobile broadband. It discusses features like spectrum flexibility that allow LTE to operate in different frequency bands and bandwidths with both FDD and TDD duplexing. It also describes multi-antenna transmission techniques in LTE including transmit diversity to improve coverage and capacity, and multi-stream transmission to significantly increase peak data rates through multiple parallel data streams. Scheduling, link adaptation, and hybrid ARQ are explained as ways to efficiently utilize radio resources based on varying channel conditions.
Multiplexing combines information streams from multiple sources for transmission over a shared medium. It allows for the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link when the bandwidth of the medium is greater than the bandwidth needs of the individual devices. Multiplexing techniques include frequency-division multiplexing, wavelength-division multiplexing, time-division multiplexing, and space-division multiplexing. The main purpose of multiplexing in networks is efficient sharing of the available bandwidth between multiple users.
Multiplexing and Frequency Division MultiplexingKath Mataac
Multiplexing is a technique that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) is a type of multiplexing where each signal is modulated onto a separate carrier frequency, with each signal occupying its own specific frequency band at all times. FDM involves modulating signals onto different carrier frequencies, combining them into a composite signal, and then demodulating the signals by filtering them into separate frequency bands at the receiving end. Examples are provided to illustrate how FDM can be used to combine multiple voice channels or data channels into a single transmission medium by allocating unique frequency bands to each signal.
Multiplexing techniques such as frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) allow multiple transmission sources to share a common circuit. FDM involves modulating each signal to a different carrier frequency with guard bands between frequencies. TDM involves interleaving digital signals in time slots, which may be allocated even if no data is being sent. WDM transmits multiple beams of light at different wavelengths over an optical fiber, functioning as a form of FDM for optical networks.
TDM is a digital multiplexing technique that combines data by allocating time slots to each data signal in a frame. FDM is an analog technique that combines signals by modulating them onto separate carrier frequencies. Asynchronous TDM improves efficiency over synchronous TDM by allowing any time slot to transmit any signal, reducing empty slots.
This document discusses space division multiplexing (SDM), a new technique for fiber optic communication that increases transmission capacity. SDM utilizes unused space within the core or additional fiber cores to establish independent transmission channels. There are two main SDM strategies: multi-core fiber which has multiple cores embedded in the cladding, and multi-mode fiber which supports propagation of multiple independent modes within a single core. SDM provides significant advantages like high scalability and the ability to achieve terabit per second throughput. When combined with software defined networking, SDM networks also enable efficient infrastructure utilization and flexible bandwidth provisioning. However, SDM also faces challenges like crosstalk between cores and high insertion losses.
Optical space division multiplexing uses multiple cores or modes in optical fibers to increase transmission capacity. A history of the technology was provided, noting the progression from single mode fibers to coherent detection and polarization multiplexing. Limits with single mode fibers were discussed, along with ways that multi-core and multi-mode fibers can overcome capacity constraints through spatial multiplexing across fiber cores and modes. Recent demonstrations showed record capacities of 57.6 Tb/s over multi-mode fiber and 24 Tb/s over hollow-core fiber. Integration challenges with spatial division multiplexing were also outlined.
Filters are required in wireless communication systems for multiple reasons:
1) At the transmitting end, filters are needed to limit the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and prevent interference with other frequency bands. Without filters, a wide range of frequencies would be transmitted.
2) At the receiving end, filters are required to select the desired incoming signal and reject signals from other transmitters using nearby frequencies. Without filters, the receiver would not be able to distinguish different signals.
3) If no filters are used at all, the system would be unable to isolate different frequency bands and signals would interfere with each other, degrading performance and preventing reliable communication from taking place. Filters are necessary to allow multiple access techniques like FDMA
FDM involves modulating different carrier frequencies with signals, combining the modulated signals into a composite signal, and transmitting that signal over a shared medium. At the receiving end, filters separate the composite signal back into its original component signals by extracting each signal's carrier frequency band. FDM allows for analog or digital signals to be multiplexed by first converting digital signals to analog before modulation. It is commonly used in broadcasting applications where stations can transmit different frequency bands without needing dedicated physical infrastructure for combining/separating the signals.
1. Multiplexing techniques allow multiple communication links to share a single physical transmission line to make more efficient use of bandwidth. Common multiplexing methods include frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and statistical TDM.
2. FDM divides the bandwidth of a communication channel into different frequency bands, with each band carrying a separate signal. TDM allows multiple signals to share the same frequency channel by taking turns, with each signal assigned unique time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand.
3. Modern digital communication systems use complex hierarchies and standards like SONET/SDH to combine multiplexing techniques and transport multiple low-level signals over high-capacity
This document discusses digital T-carriers and multiplexing. It describes various multiplexing techniques including time division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, and wavelength division multiplexing. It also discusses T1 digital carriers which carry 24 channels of digital data at 1.544 Mbps using time division multiplexing. Channel banks are used to convert analog signals to digital signals to be carried on T-carrier lines. Fractional T-carriers allow customers to purchase less than the full 24 channels of a T1. The document also covers digital signal hierarchy and uses of digital terminals for voice, data, pictures and video.
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used in telecommunications to transmit multiple signals over a shared medium. It involves dividing a signal into multiple time slots and assigning each slot to a different signal. TDM was initially developed for telegraphy in 1870 and is now widely used. It is used in digital networks like TDM telephone networks and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks to efficiently allocate bandwidth to multiple signals or data streams. Common examples of TDM include digitally transmitting multiple telephone calls over the same cable or interleaving left and right stereo signals in an audio file.
One of the main challenges faced by the developing (3GPP-LTE-Advanced) standard is providing high throughput at the cell edge.
One solution to improve coverage is the use of fixed relays.
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a channel access method where the available bandwidth is divided into multiple non-overlapping frequency bands and each user is assigned a specific frequency band. Each user can transmit or receive independently in its assigned frequency band without interference from other users. FDMA requires expensive bandpass filters for each frequency band and has strict linearity requirements for the transmission medium. The number of channels in an FDMA system is calculated by dividing the total available bandwidth minus the guard bands by the bandwidth of each individual channel.
Multiplexing allows multiple transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity through techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM allocates different carrier frequencies to different signals so they do not overlap. TDM interleaves multiple digital signals in time by assigning fixed time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand to make more efficient use of bandwidth compared to synchronous TDM which allocates slots even if they are empty.
LTE Advanced is the next major milestone in the evolution of LTE and is a crucial solution for addressing the anticipated 1000x increase in mobile data. It incorporates multiple dimensions of enhancements including the aggregation of carriers, advanced antenna techniques. But most of the gain comes from optimizing HetNets, resulting in better performance from small cells. Qualcomm Technologies has prototyped and demonstrated the benefits of LTE Advanced HetNets at many global events. The first step of LTE Advanced—Carrier Aggregation, was commercially launched in June 2013. It was powered by Qualcomm Technologies' third generation Gobi LTE modems, integrated into Snapdragon 800 solutions.
For more information please visit www.qualcomm.com/lte-advanced
Download the presentation here: http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/lte-advanced-global-4g-solution
Carrier Aggregation - (one) key enabler for LTE-AdvancedAndreas Roessler
Carrier aggregation is the most demanded feature out of the LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) feature set. This feature allows the aggregation of component carrier that for instance reside in different frequency bands. Especially U.S.-based network operator show a strong interest in carrier aggregation, as it is the way out of the very fragmented spectrum allocation here in the U.S. Carrier aggregation is adding some complexity to LTE and of course our customers have an interest to understand the feature in greater detail as well as how our solutions, especially the CMW500, could be utilized to test carrier aggregation. The attached TechPaper is our response to this demand. On 12 pages carrier aggregation is described with all of its aspects, different types and modes, impact on signaling procedures and how to test using Rohde&Schwarz turnkey solutions, including CMW500.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
The document discusses multiplexing techniques for transmitting multiple signals across a single data link. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM) which is an analog technique that separates channels by assigning different frequency bands. It also describes time division multiplexing (TDM) which is a digital technique that divides the transmission path into sequential time slots to allocate to different signals in a round-robin fashion. Both multiplexing and demultiplexing processes are discussed.
Effect of Transmission Parameters on PAPR of Universal Filter Multicarrier Mo...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Effect of Transmission Parameters on PAPR of Universal Filter Multicarrier Modulation Systems by Himanshu Monga* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Multiplexing is a method of combining multiple analog or digital signals into one signal over a shared medium. The main types of multiplexing are space-division, frequency-division, time-division, polarization-division, and orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Each type has advantages such as efficient use of bandwidth but also disadvantages such as added complexity, cost, or signal degradation.
The document discusses various multiplexing techniques including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). It provides examples of how each technique works, such as using different carrier frequencies for FDM, assigning time slots to each channel for TDM, and multiplying data values by unique code sequences for CDM. The techniques allow multiple signals to be combined and transmitted over a shared medium then separated again at the receiving end.
This document discusses multiplexing techniques for sharing bandwidth between multiple users. It describes how multiplexing allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. The key multiplexing techniques covered are frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and statistical time-division multiplexing. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like FDM configuration, guard bands, bandwidth calculation, data rate matching through multilevel, multislot and pulse stuffing techniques, and frame synchronization.
Multiplexing allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link using techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM combines signals by allocating each a different frequency band. WDM is similar but uses light signals transmitted through fiber optic channels. TDM is a digital process that combines data by allocating time slots, with synchronous TDM assigning fixed slots and asynchronous TDM allowing flexible slot allocation.
LTE is a common standard covering both FDD and TDD flavors, enableing the industry to build common FDD/TDD infrastructure, common devices, and a large common ecosystem. LTE and its evolution LTE Advanced play a critical role in addressing the 1000x increase in mobile data.
Qualcomm has been leading LTE proliferation from the very beginning— from the industry-first Gobi LTE/3G multimode, common FDD/TDD modems to the current third-generation solutions that powered the world’s first LTE Advanced carrier-aggregation launch in June 2013.
For more information please visit www.qualcomm.com/lte
Download the presentation here: http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/lte-qualcomm-leading-global-success
Optical space division multiplexing uses multiple cores or modes in optical fibers to increase transmission capacity. A history of the technology was provided, noting the progression from single mode fibers to coherent detection and polarization multiplexing. Limits with single mode fibers were discussed, along with ways that multi-core and multi-mode fibers can overcome capacity constraints through spatial multiplexing across fiber cores and modes. Recent demonstrations showed record capacities of 57.6 Tb/s over multi-mode fiber and 24 Tb/s over hollow-core fiber. Integration challenges with spatial division multiplexing were also outlined.
Filters are required in wireless communication systems for multiple reasons:
1) At the transmitting end, filters are needed to limit the bandwidth of the transmitted signal and prevent interference with other frequency bands. Without filters, a wide range of frequencies would be transmitted.
2) At the receiving end, filters are required to select the desired incoming signal and reject signals from other transmitters using nearby frequencies. Without filters, the receiver would not be able to distinguish different signals.
3) If no filters are used at all, the system would be unable to isolate different frequency bands and signals would interfere with each other, degrading performance and preventing reliable communication from taking place. Filters are necessary to allow multiple access techniques like FDMA
FDM involves modulating different carrier frequencies with signals, combining the modulated signals into a composite signal, and transmitting that signal over a shared medium. At the receiving end, filters separate the composite signal back into its original component signals by extracting each signal's carrier frequency band. FDM allows for analog or digital signals to be multiplexed by first converting digital signals to analog before modulation. It is commonly used in broadcasting applications where stations can transmit different frequency bands without needing dedicated physical infrastructure for combining/separating the signals.
1. Multiplexing techniques allow multiple communication links to share a single physical transmission line to make more efficient use of bandwidth. Common multiplexing methods include frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and statistical TDM.
2. FDM divides the bandwidth of a communication channel into different frequency bands, with each band carrying a separate signal. TDM allows multiple signals to share the same frequency channel by taking turns, with each signal assigned unique time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand.
3. Modern digital communication systems use complex hierarchies and standards like SONET/SDH to combine multiplexing techniques and transport multiple low-level signals over high-capacity
This document discusses digital T-carriers and multiplexing. It describes various multiplexing techniques including time division multiplexing, frequency division multiplexing, and wavelength division multiplexing. It also discusses T1 digital carriers which carry 24 channels of digital data at 1.544 Mbps using time division multiplexing. Channel banks are used to convert analog signals to digital signals to be carried on T-carrier lines. Fractional T-carriers allow customers to purchase less than the full 24 channels of a T1. The document also covers digital signal hierarchy and uses of digital terminals for voice, data, pictures and video.
Time division multiplexing (TDM) is a technique used in telecommunications to transmit multiple signals over a shared medium. It involves dividing a signal into multiple time slots and assigning each slot to a different signal. TDM was initially developed for telegraphy in 1870 and is now widely used. It is used in digital networks like TDM telephone networks and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) networks to efficiently allocate bandwidth to multiple signals or data streams. Common examples of TDM include digitally transmitting multiple telephone calls over the same cable or interleaving left and right stereo signals in an audio file.
One of the main challenges faced by the developing (3GPP-LTE-Advanced) standard is providing high throughput at the cell edge.
One solution to improve coverage is the use of fixed relays.
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) is a channel access method where the available bandwidth is divided into multiple non-overlapping frequency bands and each user is assigned a specific frequency band. Each user can transmit or receive independently in its assigned frequency band without interference from other users. FDMA requires expensive bandpass filters for each frequency band and has strict linearity requirements for the transmission medium. The number of channels in an FDMA system is calculated by dividing the total available bandwidth minus the guard bands by the bandwidth of each individual channel.
Multiplexing allows multiple transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity through techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM allocates different carrier frequencies to different signals so they do not overlap. TDM interleaves multiple digital signals in time by assigning fixed time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand to make more efficient use of bandwidth compared to synchronous TDM which allocates slots even if they are empty.
LTE Advanced is the next major milestone in the evolution of LTE and is a crucial solution for addressing the anticipated 1000x increase in mobile data. It incorporates multiple dimensions of enhancements including the aggregation of carriers, advanced antenna techniques. But most of the gain comes from optimizing HetNets, resulting in better performance from small cells. Qualcomm Technologies has prototyped and demonstrated the benefits of LTE Advanced HetNets at many global events. The first step of LTE Advanced—Carrier Aggregation, was commercially launched in June 2013. It was powered by Qualcomm Technologies' third generation Gobi LTE modems, integrated into Snapdragon 800 solutions.
For more information please visit www.qualcomm.com/lte-advanced
Download the presentation here: http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/lte-advanced-global-4g-solution
Carrier Aggregation - (one) key enabler for LTE-AdvancedAndreas Roessler
Carrier aggregation is the most demanded feature out of the LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10) feature set. This feature allows the aggregation of component carrier that for instance reside in different frequency bands. Especially U.S.-based network operator show a strong interest in carrier aggregation, as it is the way out of the very fragmented spectrum allocation here in the U.S. Carrier aggregation is adding some complexity to LTE and of course our customers have an interest to understand the feature in greater detail as well as how our solutions, especially the CMW500, could be utilized to test carrier aggregation. The attached TechPaper is our response to this demand. On 12 pages carrier aggregation is described with all of its aspects, different types and modes, impact on signaling procedures and how to test using Rohde&Schwarz turnkey solutions, including CMW500.
An approach to control inter cellular interference using load matrix in multi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper deals with reduction of inter cellular interference in Multi-carrier communication systems. In the past, Load Matrix(LM) is proposed to allocate power to different users in a network based upon Signal to noise plus interference ratio (SNIR) so as to reduce inter cellular interference and is observed for single carrier systems. In Multi carrier systems the SNIR is affected distinctly in each carrier thus a single SNIR for power allocation is not optimal. In this paper, to obtain the optimization of power allocation in Multi-Carrier system, Load Matrix coding with bifurcated SNIR (LM-BFSNIR) is proposed. Using this approach it is observed that inter cellular interference is reduced better when compared to a single carrier system evaluated over a 3GPP-LTE standard.
Keywords−Power allocation, Inter cellular interference, Multi-Carrier mobile Communication system.
The document discusses multiplexing techniques for transmitting multiple signals across a single data link. It describes frequency division multiplexing (FDM) which is an analog technique that separates channels by assigning different frequency bands. It also describes time division multiplexing (TDM) which is a digital technique that divides the transmission path into sequential time slots to allocate to different signals in a round-robin fashion. Both multiplexing and demultiplexing processes are discussed.
Effect of Transmission Parameters on PAPR of Universal Filter Multicarrier Mo...CrimsonPublishersRDMS
Effect of Transmission Parameters on PAPR of Universal Filter Multicarrier Modulation Systems by Himanshu Monga* in Crimson Publishers: Peer Reviewed Material Science Journals
Multiplexing is a method of combining multiple analog or digital signals into one signal over a shared medium. The main types of multiplexing are space-division, frequency-division, time-division, polarization-division, and orbital angular momentum multiplexing. Each type has advantages such as efficient use of bandwidth but also disadvantages such as added complexity, cost, or signal degradation.
The document discusses various multiplexing techniques including frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), and code division multiplexing (CDM). It provides examples of how each technique works, such as using different carrier frequencies for FDM, assigning time slots to each channel for TDM, and multiplying data values by unique code sequences for CDM. The techniques allow multiple signals to be combined and transmitted over a shared medium then separated again at the receiving end.
This document discusses multiplexing techniques for sharing bandwidth between multiple users. It describes how multiplexing allows simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link. The key multiplexing techniques covered are frequency-division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM), time-division multiplexing (TDM), and statistical time-division multiplexing. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like FDM configuration, guard bands, bandwidth calculation, data rate matching through multilevel, multislot and pulse stuffing techniques, and frame synchronization.
Multiplexing allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals across a single data link using techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM combines signals by allocating each a different frequency band. WDM is similar but uses light signals transmitted through fiber optic channels. TDM is a digital process that combines data by allocating time slots, with synchronous TDM assigning fixed slots and asynchronous TDM allowing flexible slot allocation.
LTE is a common standard covering both FDD and TDD flavors, enableing the industry to build common FDD/TDD infrastructure, common devices, and a large common ecosystem. LTE and its evolution LTE Advanced play a critical role in addressing the 1000x increase in mobile data.
Qualcomm has been leading LTE proliferation from the very beginning— from the industry-first Gobi LTE/3G multimode, common FDD/TDD modems to the current third-generation solutions that powered the world’s first LTE Advanced carrier-aggregation launch in June 2013.
For more information please visit www.qualcomm.com/lte
Download the presentation here: http://www.qualcomm.com/media/documents/lte-qualcomm-leading-global-success
Qualcomm: Making the best use of unlicensed spectrumQualcomm Research
In solving the 1000x challenge, licensed spectrum is the foundation. Equally important is utilizing available unlicensed spectrum. The best way to achieve this is to combine both of them through aggregation. Aggregation brings seamless user experience, better coverage and capacity, as well as the efficiencies of a common unified network. Operators have a choice on how to aggregate, and the decision depends on their current assets and future network plans.
Explore our this presentation and other resources to find out when, and how to choose? How can LTE-U coexist fairly with Wi-Fi in 5GHz unlicensed spectrum? What roles existing/new Wi-Fi, and LTE-U play? And whether it really is a "either or" decision.
Webpage: https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/1000x/spectrum/unlicensed
Download presentation: https://www.qualcomm.com/documents/making-best-use-unlicensed-spectrum-presentation
Sign up for our Technology Newsletter: https://www.qualcomm.com/invention/technologies/wireless/signup
The document discusses LTE-Advanced conformance and standards. It provides an overview of the LTE conformance ecosystem including 3GPP specifications, validation of test platforms and cases, and certification by bodies like GCF and PTCRB. It then gives a status update on LTE-Advanced, describing features like carrier aggregation and their role in achieving IMT-Advanced requirements. Key aspects covered are 3GPP status, certification, and the use of carrier aggregation to deliver higher data rates up to 3 Gbps.
1. LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum
Supported Spectrum for Global Solution
Requirements Across the Regions in 5GHz Spectrum
2. Licensed-Assisted Access using LTE
Carrier Aggregation or Dual Connectivity
Releases 13 Draft Timeline
3. Summary of Licensed-Assisted Access
Potential deployment scenarios
4. Proximity-based Services - LTE Direct
Use cases for Proximity-based Services
LTE Direct in Unlicensed Spectrum
5. Conclusion
Following the phenomenal global success of LTE, the stage is set for the foray of LTE Advanced. Industry leaders have already gotten a head start with its first step: carrier aggregation. Join us to explore the success factors behind LTE proliferation and an impressive lineup of enhancements that LTE Advanced is bringing.
For more information please visit:
www.qualcomm.com/lte-advanced
Mobdiea lte overview_2nd_marketing_2014_0423_최종Kevin Kang
The document discusses LTE carrier aggregation technology. It describes Qualcomm's LTE carrier aggregation test projects in South Korea with various mobile device manufacturers. It also outlines Ericsson's LTE optimization projects with telecom operators in Saudi Arabia and South Korea. Finally, it provides background information on 3GPP LTE release 10 and release 11 specifications related to carrier aggregation configurations and bandwidth classifications.
LTE-U/LAA, MuLTEfire™ and Wi-Fi; making best use of unlicensed spectrumQualcomm Research
LTE-U and LAA technologies allow LTE networks to opportunistically use unlicensed 5 GHz spectrum for small cell deployments to provide additional capacity. Aggregating LTE in both licensed and unlicensed spectrum provides the best performance. Multiple technologies, including LTE-U, LAA, MuLTEfire and Wi-Fi will coexist in the unlicensed spectrum to support all use cases and deployment scenarios.
This seminar will provide the basics of this fascinating technology. After attending this seminar you will understand OFDM-principles,
including SC-FDMA as the transmission scheme of choice for the LTE uplink. Multiple antenna technology (MIMO) is a fundamental
part of LTE and its impact on the design of device and network architecture will be explained. Further LTE-related physical layer
aspects such as channel structure and cell search will be presented with an overview of the LTE protocol structure.
The second part of the seminar provides an overview of the evolution in LTE towards 3GPP specification Release 9 and 10. This
includes features and methods for location based services like GNSS support or time delay measurements and the concept of
multimedia broadcast. Finally, we’ll introduce the main features of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release-10) including carrier aggregation for
a larger bandwidth and backbone network aspects like self-organizing networks and relaying concepts.
Progress on LAA and its relationship to LTE-U and MulteFireQualcomm Research
Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) is introduced in 3GPP release 13 as part of LTE Advanced Pro. It uses carrier aggregation in the downlink to combine LTE in unlicensed spectrum (5 GHz) with LTE in the licensed band.
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Una zona virgen se refiere a un entorno natural de la Tierra que no ha sido modificado directamente por el hombre. Los ecologistas consideran que estas áreas vírgenes son parte importante del ecosistema planetario ya que representan entornos con naturaleza salvaje donde los humanos no han ejercido control. El término "zona virgen" evoca la idea de lugares sin contaminación donde predomina el estado natural.
Simon Atkins' top 5 themes from a strengths assessment are Achiever, Competition, Learner, Individualization, and Activator. As an Achiever, he works hard and takes satisfaction from being busy and productive. He is driven to stay informed and take on responsibilities. As someone with a strength in Competition, he strives to be the best and compares his performance to others. As a Learner, he enjoys the learning process and wants to continuously improve. He regards education as ongoing. With Individualization, he understands each person's unique qualities and helps people work together productively. As an Activator, he can energize people and turn thoughts into action to make things happen.
Dell-EMC Remote Acess Controller "DRAC" 10 Features For "Power" UsersMark Maclean
Technical deck aimed at showcasing a number of the advanced features & benefits of Dell-EMC's embedded iDRAC (Dell Remote access controller) . The iDRAC 8 is the out-of-band controller solution for Dell-EMC's PowerEdge range of servers & blades.
Duplexing mode, ARB and modulation approaches parameters affection on LTE upl...IJECEIAES
The next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. LTE is the first technology designed explicitly for the Next Generation Network NGN and is set to become the de-facto NGN mobile access network standard. It takes advantage of the NGN's capabilities to provide an always-on mobile data experience comparable to wired networks. In this paper LTE uplink waveforms displayed with various duplexing mode, Allocated Resources Blocks ARB, Modulation types and total information per frame, QPSK and 16 QAM used as modulation techniques and tested under AWGN and Rayleigh channels, similarity and interference of the generated waveforms tested using auto-correlation and cross-correlation respectively.
LTE Advanced brings carrier aggregation which aggregates fragmented spectrum to provide higher peak data rates, it enables small cell range expansion through advanced interference management techniques like eICIC to allow more users to benefit from small cells, and it continues to evolve through additions like multi-flow carrier aggregation, enhanced heterogeneous networks, and expanding into new areas like device-to-device communications.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
This document analyzes the performance gains of carrier aggregation (CA) for 3 component carriers (3CC) compared to 2CC using a Vienna LTE system level simulator. The results show that 3CC aggregation provides considerably higher average cell throughput than 2CC aggregation, but reduces fairness index. The reduction in fairness index implies the scheduler has a more difficult task allocating resources across the added component carrier. Compensating for the decreased fairness could increase scheduler complexity. In conclusion, aggregating more component carriers through CA can increase bandwidth and data rates but also impacts fairness and scheduling.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF CARRIER AGGREGATION FOR VARIOUS MOBILE NETWORK IMPLEM...ijwmn
Carrier Aggregation (CA) is one of the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) features that allow mobile
network operators (MNO) to combine multiple component carriers (CCs) across the available spectrum to
create a wider bandwidth channel for increasing the network data throughput and overall capacity. CA has
a potential to enhance data rates and network performance in the downlink, uplink, or both, and it can
support aggregation of frequency division duplexing (FDD) as well as time division duplexing (TDD). The
technique enables the MNO to exploit fragmented spectrum allocations and can be utilized to aggregate
licensed and unlicensed carrier spectrum as well.
This paper analyzes the performance gains and complexity level that arises from the aggregation of three
inter-band component carriers (3CC) as compared to the aggregation of 2CC using a Vienna LTE System
Level simulator. The results show a considerable growth in the average cell throughput when 3CC
aggregations are implemented over the 2CC aggregation, at the expense of reduction in the fairness index.
The reduction in the fairness index implies that, the scheduler has an increased task in resource allocations
due to the added component carrier. Compensating for such decrease in the fairness index could result into
scheduler design complexity. The proposed scheme can be adopted in combining various component
carriers, to increase the bandwidth and hence the data rates.
This document summarizes the physical layer frame structure used in 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced downlink transmissions. It describes how the LTE system toolbox in MATLAB can be used to generate physical signals and channels, and map them to resource elements in the time-frequency grid. Key aspects covered include the use of OFDM, resource block structure, and how synchronization signals, broadcast channels, control channels, and shared data channels are allocated in the frame. The document provides technical details on frame configurations and illustrates example resource grids for a subframe and radio frame.
LTE Advanced is an enhancement of the LTE mobile communication standard that aims to improve spectrum efficiency, flexibility, and throughput. Key features of LTE Advanced include support for wider bandwidths up to 100MHz, advanced MIMO technologies with up to 8 antenna ports, improved cell edge performance using Coordinated Multi-Point transmission, and integration of relay nodes to enhance coverage. LTE Advanced is designed to meet the ITU requirements for 4G networks by providing peak data rates of at least 1 Gbps for high mobility communication.
The document discusses coverage issues in LTE/LTE-Advanced networks and potential solutions. It identifies that key uplink channels like the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for medium data rates and uplink voice over IP (VoIP) have significantly worse coverage compared to other channels. The document then outlines several potential solutions to enhance coverage of LTE networks, including improving transmission power efficiency, using low power nodes for coverage extension, and enhancing interference coordination.
This document discusses the performance evaluation of 4G LTE-SCFDMA schemes under different channel models. It provides an overview of LTE fundamentals and specifications, including bandwidths, data rates, frame structure and resource blocks. It also explains SCFDMA, describing its advantages over OFDMA in terms of lower peak-to-average power ratio and improved power efficiency. The document evaluates SCFDMA system performance using two equalization methods (zero forcing and MMSE) and two subcarrier mapping techniques (localized and distributed) under ITU and SUI channel models. The results show better performance with localized mapping and MMSE equalization.
The document provides an overview of 4G LTE and LTE-Advanced mobile communication technologies. It discusses key 4G enabling technologies like OFDM, OFDMA, SC-FDMA and MIMO that improve spectral efficiency and throughput. LTE aims to achieve peak rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink within 20 MHz bandwidth. LTE-Advanced further enhances LTE by introducing carrier aggregation to support bandwidths up to 100 MHz, advanced MIMO techniques, and coordinated multipoint transmission. The evolution to 4G using these technologies has significantly improved wireless communication capabilities.
This document compares LTE networks using frequency division duplexing (FDD) versus time division duplexing (TDD). FDD uses separate frequencies for downlink and uplink, while TDD uses timesharing of a single frequency between downlink and uplink. TDD can operate with unpaired spectrum and dynamically allocate bandwidth between downlink and uplink. FDD generally provides better support for symmetric traffic like voice calls but requires paired spectrum. The document presents simulation results showing the coverage area and throughput of FDD and TDD LTE networks. It concludes that the preferred duplexing method depends on the intended use and characteristics of the network and traffic.
This document provides an overview of the LTE uplink transmission scheme, specifically the use of Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA). SC-FDMA is used instead of OFDMA in the uplink to reduce the high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) of OFDMA. The document describes the SC-FDMA transmission process, including discrete Fourier transforms, subcarrier mapping, and frame structure. It also discusses localized and distributed subcarrier mapping schemes and presents results from a PAPR analysis comparing the schemes. Finally, an adaptive hybrid mapping scheme is proposed to achieve good transmission performance with low PAPR.
What is the purpose of 5G flexible duplexing?
The purpose of 5G flexible duplexing is to allow the most flexible use of an operator's spectrum for time-frequency resources in a single framework. 5G Flexible duplexing should inherently support both paired and unpaired spectrum and be forward compatible with full-duplex 5G.
1 improvement of tcp congestion window over ltetanawan44
This document discusses improving the performance of TCP congestion control over LTE-Advanced networks. It proposes a new congestion avoidance mechanism that uses the available bandwidth of the connection to better detect the network path capacity and improve congestion avoidance. The mechanism is tested using the NS-2 network simulator to model LTE-Advanced traffic. The document provides background on LTE-Advanced network architecture and existing TCP congestion control mechanisms. It aims to develop an enhanced TCP variant that can efficiently transfer high data rates over the large bandwidth, low latency links of LTE-Advanced networks.
1) LTE was developed by 3GPP to provide higher performance cellular technology compared to UMTS. It uses OFDMA for downlink and SC-FDMA for uplink to improve spectral efficiency and handle multipath interference.
2) LTE-Advanced, defined in 3GPP Release 10, further enhances LTE through techniques like carrier aggregation, advanced MIMO, and higher bandwidth support to achieve speeds up to 1 Gbps.
3) The key goals of LTE and LTE-Advanced are to provide higher capacity, performance, and backward compatibility to meet growing user demands for mobile broadband.
INVESTIGATION OF UTRA FDD DATA AND CONTROL CHANNELS IN THE PRESENCE OF NOISE ...ijngnjournal
In this paper, the main aim is to design and simulate UTRA FDD control channel in the presence of noise and wireless channel by using FDD library/Matlab box set that can be used to design and implement some
systems. Moreover, a test and verification of the library is achieved with different channel models such as Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), fading and moving channel models. FDD library are employed to design whole transmitter and receiver. Then we had tested AWGN channel and some other channel models.
Also we illustrated what are control channels DCCH and the other one as understanding the whole system. Moreover, the standards have been covered as well as implemented the whole transmit and receive chain plus the generation of DPCH, DPCCH channel. we had tested the performance against the AWGN noise.
Then we have studied different channel models that are defined in the standard, used the few of them like the fading channel and moving channel. We have tried to compare the performance in terms of Monte Carlo simulation by producing the BER curves. We have also change some channel parameters like phase, number of multipaths and we have tried to see the performance of the model in the presence of actual channel model.
This document analyzes the performance of radio parameters for efficient LTE radio planning through simulations in different transmission modes and environments. It summarizes the results of simulations analyzing throughput and block error rate (BLER) with respect to signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) on the physical layer. The simulations were conducted using a link level simulator in different transmission modes including SISO, transmit diversity, and open-loop spatial multiplexing over pedestrian B and flat Rayleigh channels. The analysis found that open-loop spatial multiplexing achieved the highest throughput while transmit diversity achieved the lowest throughput at a fixed SNR of 15dB. BLER was also analyzed with respect to SNR using different numbers of subframes.
The document discusses techniques to mitigate inter-cell interference in LTE systems. Inter-cell interference occurs when neighboring cells use the same frequency and can reduce cell throughput and spectral efficiency. The document reviews several interference mitigation techniques including fractional frequency reuse, where the bandwidth is divided into subsets and allocated differently to cell center and edge users to reduce interference. It also discusses inter-cell interference coordination, where resource allocation is coordinated between neighboring base stations to improve throughput. Overall, the techniques aim to improve signal quality and efficiency in LTE networks facing increasing traffic density and interference issues.
This document summarizes a research paper that implemented SC-FDMA and OFDMA in MATLAB to evaluate the performance of the LTE physical layer. It provided background on LTE standards and an overview of the key aspects of LTE systems, including frame structure, bandwidth allocation, modulation schemes, and multiple access techniques. The document also reviewed literature on the LTE physical layer design and described how time and frequency resources are divided in LTE.
Long-Term Evolution (LTE), an emerging and promising fourth generation mobile technology, is expected
to offer ubiquitous broadband access to the mobile subscribers. In this paper, the performance of Frame
Level Scheduler (FLS), Exponential (EXP) rule, Logarithmic (LOG) rule and Maximum-Largest Weighted
Delay First (M-LWDF) packet scheduling algorithms has been studied in the downlink 3GPP LTE cellular
network. To this aim, a single cell with interference scenario has been considered. The performance
evaluation is made by varying the number of UEs ranging from 10 to 50 (Case 1) and user speed in the
range of [3, 120] km/h (Case 2). Results show that while the number of UEs and user speed increases, the
performance of the considered scheduling schemes degrades and in both case FLS outperforms other three
schemes in terms of several performance indexes such as average throughput, packet loss ratio (PLR),
packet delay and fairness index.
This document discusses enhancements to future radio access technologies beyond LTE Release 11. It notes that mobile data traffic is growing rapidly due to factors like increased video usage and high-speed mobile access. To meet projected 1000x capacity growth needs by 2020, the document proposes utilizing wider bandwidths up to 1 GHz, higher frequency bands, and more efficient spectrum utilization through hybrid radio access across multiple bands. It also discusses technologies for enhancing spectrum efficiency and supporting denser small cell networks, such as dynamic TDD, flexible duplexing schemes, and hybrid radio access adaptations. The document advocates both backward compatible evolutions and complementary evolutions in future 3GPP releases to achieve sufficient capacity gains while maintaining backward compatibility.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Dandelion Hashtable: beyond billion requests per second on a commodity serverAntonios Katsarakis
This slide deck presents DLHT, a concurrent in-memory hashtable. Despite efforts to optimize hashtables, that go as far as sacrificing core functionality, state-of-the-art designs still incur multiple memory accesses per request and block request processing in three cases. First, most hashtables block while waiting for data to be retrieved from memory. Second, open-addressing designs, which represent the current state-of-the-art, either cannot free index slots on deletes or must block all requests to do so. Third, index resizes block every request until all objects are copied to the new index. Defying folklore wisdom, DLHT forgoes open-addressing and adopts a fully-featured and memory-aware closed-addressing design based on bounded cache-line-chaining. This design offers lock-free index operations and deletes that free slots instantly, (2) completes most requests with a single memory access, (3) utilizes software prefetching to hide memory latencies, and (4) employs a novel non-blocking and parallel resizing. In a commodity server and a memory-resident workload, DLHT surpasses 1.6B requests per second and provides 3.5x (12x) the throughput of the state-of-the-art closed-addressing (open-addressing) resizable hashtable on Gets (Deletes).
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdfssuserfac0301
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
zkStudyClub - LatticeFold: A Lattice-based Folding Scheme and its Application...Alex Pruden
Folding is a recent technique for building efficient recursive SNARKs. Several elegant folding protocols have been proposed, such as Nova, Supernova, Hypernova, Protostar, and others. However, all of them rely on an additively homomorphic commitment scheme based on discrete log, and are therefore not post-quantum secure. In this work we present LatticeFold, the first lattice-based folding protocol based on the Module SIS problem. This folding protocol naturally leads to an efficient recursive lattice-based SNARK and an efficient PCD scheme. LatticeFold supports folding low-degree relations, such as R1CS, as well as high-degree relations, such as CCS. The key challenge is to construct a secure folding protocol that works with the Ajtai commitment scheme. The difficulty, is ensuring that extracted witnesses are low norm through many rounds of folding. We present a novel technique using the sumcheck protocol to ensure that extracted witnesses are always low norm no matter how many rounds of folding are used. Our evaluation of the final proof system suggests that it is as performant as Hypernova, while providing post-quantum security.
Paper Link: https://eprint.iacr.org/2024/257
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/temporal-event-neural-networks-a-more-efficient-alternative-to-the-transformer-a-presentation-from-brainchip/
Chris Jones, Director of Product Management at BrainChip , presents the “Temporal Event Neural Networks: A More Efficient Alternative to the Transformer” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
The expansion of AI services necessitates enhanced computational capabilities on edge devices. Temporal Event Neural Networks (TENNs), developed by BrainChip, represent a novel and highly efficient state-space network. TENNs demonstrate exceptional proficiency in handling multi-dimensional streaming data, facilitating advancements in object detection, action recognition, speech enhancement and language model/sequence generation. Through the utilization of polynomial-based continuous convolutions, TENNs streamline models, expedite training processes and significantly diminish memory requirements, achieving notable reductions of up to 50x in parameters and 5,000x in energy consumption compared to prevailing methodologies like transformers.
Integration with BrainChip’s Akida neuromorphic hardware IP further enhances TENNs’ capabilities, enabling the realization of highly capable, portable and passively cooled edge devices. This presentation delves into the technical innovations underlying TENNs, presents real-world benchmarks, and elucidates how this cutting-edge approach is positioned to revolutionize edge AI across diverse applications.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
2. Motivation for LTE
Need to ensure the continuity of
competitiveness of the 3G system for the
future.
User demand for higher data rates and quality
of service.
Packet switch optimized system.
Continued demand for cost reduction(CAPEX
and OPEX)
Low complexity.
6. Channel Dependent Scheduling
Channel-dependent scheduling in a mobile-
communication system deals with the question of how
to share, between different users (different terminals),
the radio resource(s) available in the system to achieve
as efficient resource utilization as possible.
Fig5: Downlink
channel-dependent
scheduling in the
time and frequency
domains
7. ICIC-InterCell Interference
Coordination
LTE is designed for frequency reuse 1 (To
maximize spectrum efficiency), which means
that all the neighbor cells are using same
frequency channels and therefore there is no
cell-planning to deal with the interference
issues.
There is a high probability that a resource
block scheduled to cell edge user, is also
being transmitted by neighbor cell, resulting in
high interference, eventually low throughput or
call drops. Fig6: ICIC
8. ICIC- Cont.
The LTE specification includes several
messages that can be communicated between
eNodeBs using the X2 interface.
Fig7: X2 and s1 interface
9. Hybrid ARQ
Hybrid automatic repeat request (hybrid ARQ
or HARQ) is a combination of high-rate
forward error-correcting coding and ARQ error-
control.
In practice, incorrectly received coded data
blocks are often stored at the receiver rather
than discarded, and when the retransmitted
block is received, the two blocks are
combined. This is called Hybrid ARQ with soft
combining
10. Multi Antenna Support
MIMO is used to increase the overall bitrate.
Fig8: Multiple antennas
11. Spectrum Flexibility
LTE supports both FDD and TDD within a single
radio-access technology, leading to a minimum
of deviation between FDD and TDD for LTE-
based radio access.
Half-duplex FDD reduces terminal complexity as
no duplex filter is needed in the terminal.
Fig9:
Frequency-
and time-
division
duplex
12. Increased peak data rate, DL 3 Gbps, UL 1.5
Gbps
Higher spectral efficiency, from a maximum of
16bps/Hz in R8 to 30 bps/Hz in R10
Increased number of simultaneously active
subscribers
Improved performance at cell edges, e.g. for
DL 2x2 MIMO at least 2.40 bps/Hz/cell.
14. Carrier Aggregation
To increase the capacity-increase the bandwidth
Bandwidth can be extended by carrier aggregation
Multiple component carriers are aggregated and jointly
used for transmission to/from a single terminal
Fig10: Carrier
aggregation
15. Cont..
Using contiguous component carriers within
the same operating frequency band called
intra-band contiguous.
Fig11: Carrier aggregation-intra and inter bands
16. Relaying
Relaying implies that the terminal
communicates with the network via a relay
node that is wirelessly connected to a donor
cell using the LTE radio-interface technology.
Fig12: Example of
Relaying
17.
18. References
4G LTE/LTE ADVANCED FOR MOBILE
BROADBAND by Erik Dahlman, Stefan Parkvall,
and Johan Sköld, Elsevier press,2011
http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-
acronyms/100-the-evolved-packet-core
http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-
acronyms/98-lte
http://www.3gpp.org/technologies/keywords-
acronyms/97-lte-advanced
http://3gppltee.blogspot.in/2012/09/what-is-icic-
inter-cell-interference.html