The document discusses coherent optical systems, focusing on modulation schemes, homodyne and heterodyne detection methods, and the noise characteristics associated with these systems. It highlights the advantages of coherent detection techniques, such as improved receiver sensitivity and increased transmission rates, while detailing the configurations of transmitters and receivers. Additionally, it covers receiver models and the importance of managing noise in coherent detection to enhance performance.

1. 1
Coherent Systems
MEC

2. 2
Contents
• Introduction.
• Coherent System Block Diagram.
• Coherent Receiver Model.
• Modulation Schemes.
• Intradyne and Homodyne Detection.
• Heterodyne Detection.
• Noise and SNR.

3. 3
IM-DD
• IM-DD (direct detection of intensity-
modulated optical carrier) a photon counting
process.
• Each detected photon converted into
electron–hole pair or a number of pairs in
APD due to avalanche gain.
• Optical signal converted directly to a
demodulated electrical output.
• Phase & polarization of electromagnetic
carrier ignored.

4. 4
IM-DD
• Uses currently available optical
components.
• Limited by noise generated in detector and
preamplifier except at very high SNRs.
• Reduced sensitivity of the square-law
detection systems below the fundamental
quantum noise limit by at least 10 to 20 dB.
• Improvements in receiver sensitivity with
wavelength selectivity obtained using well
known coherent detection techniques.

5. 5
Coherent Systems
• Nonlinear mixing between information-
carrying signal and a locally generated
signal.
• Homodyne and Heterodyne detection.
• New signal for heterodyne detection, the
intermediate frequency (IF) appears at a
microwave frequency range.
• IF as difference between frequencies of
incoming signal and local oscillator.

6. 6
Coherent Systems
• Adds to the incoming optical signal from a
locally generated optical wave prior to
detecting the sum.
• Resulting photocurrent is a replica of the
original signal, down translated in frequency
from optical domain (around 105 GHz) to
radio domain (up to several GHz).
• Conventional electronic techniques used for
further signal processing and demodulation.

7. 7
Coherent Systems
• Ideal coherent receiver operating at 1.3 to
1.6 μm wavelengths require a signal
energy of only 10 to 20 photons per bit for
a BER of 10−9.
• Benefits high-speed systems operating at
longer wavelengths.
• Improved receiver sensitivity (5 - 20 dB)
and SNR, increased repeater spacing.
• Permits WDM of huge channel numbers.

8. 8
Coherent System Advantages
• Increased repeater spacing for inland and
undersea transmission systems.
• Higher transmission rates over existing
routes without reducing repeater spacing.
• Increased power budgets to compensate
for losses at couplers & optical multiplexer
/ demultiplexer devices.
• Improved sensitivity to optical test
equipments.

9. 9
Coherent System Block Diagram

10. 10
Coherent System Blocks
• Transmitter:
- CW narrow-linewidth semiconductor
laser optical frequency oscillator.
- External modulators:
– waveguide devices fabricated from
lithium niobate/III–V compound
semiconductors.
- amplitude/frequency/phase shift keying
of optical carrier by information signal.

11. 11
Modulation Formats

12. 12
Polarization Shift Keying
(PolSK)
• Single-mode optical fiber can support two
polarizations, can be used alternately to
carry a zero or a one.
• Need for active polarization management at
the receiver due to random polarization
changes in standard single-mode fiber.
• Additional receiver complexity for
polarization control, no significant sensitivity
improvement over intensity modulation.

13. 13
Coherent System Blocks
• Receivers:
- Incoming signal combined (or mixed)
with optical output from semiconductor
laser local oscillator.
- Combined signal fed to a photodetector
for direct detection in the conventional
square law device.

14. 14
Homodyne Detection
• Homodyne mode:
- optical frequencies (or wavelengths) of
incoming signal and local oscillator laser
output are identical.
- synchronous demodulation scheme,
detected signal brought directly to the
baseband, then optical phase estimation is
required.

15. 15
Heterodyne Detection
• Heterodyne mode:
- local oscillator frequency offset from the
incoming signal frequency, electrical
spectrum from the output of the detector
centered on intermediate frequency (IF).
• IF to depend on information transmission
rate and modulation characteristics.

16. 16
Heterodyne Detection
• IF is a difference frequency, contains the
information signal, can be demodulated.
• Can utilize either synchronous or
asynchronous/nonsynchronous detection.
• Synchronous or coherent demodulation -
estimates phase of IF signal in transferring
it to baseband, phase-locking to follow
phase fluctuations in incoming and local
oscillator signals.

17. 17
Coherent Detection
• Low-level incoming signal field eS
combined with a larger local oscillator
laser signal field eL.
ES - peak incoming signal field, ωS - its angular
frequency, EL- peak local oscillator field, ωL - its
angular frequency, øS - incoming signal phase, øL -
local oscillator signal phase.
ø = øS − øL

18. 18
Coherent Detection
• Information contained in the variation of ES
for ASK.
• Heterodyne detection - local oscillator
frequency ωLoffset from incoming signal
frequency ωS by intermediate frequency ωIF.
• Homodyne detection - no offset b/w ωS and
ωL, ωIF = 0, combined signal recovered in
baseband.

19. 19
Coherent Receiver Model
Incoming signal and local oscillator laser
wavefronts to be perfectly matched at the
photodetector surface for ideal coherent
detection.

20. 20
Coherent Detection
• Optical detector produces a signal
photocurrent Ip proportional to optical
intensity (i.e. square of the total field for
square-law photodetection process)
=( )

21. 21
Coherent Detection
• Frequency terms 2ωS and 2ωL are beyond
the response of the detector, do not
appear at the output.
• Optical power contained in a signal is
proportional to square of its electrical field
strength.

22. 22
Coherent Detection
• Output photocurrent from optical detector
(Po - incident optical power, η - quantum
efficiency):
PS, PL -optical powers in the incoming
signal and local oscillator signal.

23. 23
Coherent Detection
• Approximating,
• For heterodyne detection ωS ≠ ωL
• For homodyne detection ωS = ωL
R - responsivity of optical detector

24. 24
Coherent Detection
• Signal photocurrent proportional to √PS
than PS.
• Signal photocurrent effectively amplified
by a factor √PL proportional to the local
oscillator field.
• Increase in optical signal level without
affecting the receiver preamplifier thermal
noise or photodetector dark current noise -
improved receiver sensitivities.

25. 25
Coherent Detection
• Two separate laser sources employed for
signal & local oscillator beams - correlation
to exist between the two signals.
• Single laser source may be used with an
appropriate path length difference as, for
example, when taking measurements by
interferometric techniques.

26. 26
Noise in Coherent Detection
• Analysis applicable for ASK, not for FSK and
PSK.
• When PL >> PS, dominant noise source is the
local oscillator quantum noise.
• Quantum noise may be expressed as shot
noise, mean square shot noise current from
local oscillator,
• Substitute for IpL,

27. 27
Noise in Coherent Detection
• Detected signal power S is the square of
average signal photocurrent,
• When local oscillator power is large,
• Provides shot noise limit for optical
heterodyne detection.
BIF = 2B

28. 28
Homodyne Detection
• Homodyne detection - photodetector
output appears in baseband.
• SNR limit for optical homodyne detection:
• Increased sensitivity, reduced receiver
bandwidth requirements, higher maximum
transmission rate.

29. 29
Receiver Configurations

30. 30
Heterodyne Detection
• Heterodyne detection - a beat-note signal
between incoming optical signal and local
oscillator signal produce IF signal obtained
using square-law optical detector.
• IF signal has a frequency of between three
and four times the transmission rate.
• IF demodulated to baseband using
synchronous or asynchronous detection.

31. 31
Heterodyne Detection
• Optical receiver bandwidth several times
greater than that of a direct detection
receiver required for specific transmission
rate.
• IF frequency fluctuation degrades
heterodyne receiver performance,
frequency stabilization through feed back
from demodulator through automatic
frequency control (AFC) to the local
oscillator drive circuit.

32. 32
Homodyne Detection
• Phase of local oscillator signal locked to
the incoming signal.
• Synchronous detection scheme to be
employed.
• Mixing in the optical detector produces
baseband information signal, requires no
further demodulation.
• AFC loop to provide necessary frequency
stabilization.

33. 33
Intradyne Detection
• Incoming signal not precisely shifted to
baseband as in homodyne detection.
• Shifted to a frequency much lower than
the data transmission rate.
• Slightly wider electronic filtering using a
baseband filter.
• Use of automatic frequency control.
• Use of PLL can be avoided with intradyne
detection, low IF generated, IF not zero as
in homodyne receivers.

34. 34
Spectral Comparison

35. 35
Thank You