The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1977. This method used fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the Maxam and Gilbert method. Because of its comparative ease, the Sanger method was soon automated and was the method used in the first generation of DNA sequencers.
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
DNA Sequencing : Maxam Gilbert and Sanger SequencingVeerendra Nagoria
DNA sequencing is a technique to find out the exact arrangement of Nucleotides to make one strand of DNA. DNA sequencing helps in numerous ways from sequence information to paternity testing, mutation detection etc. Traditionally two approaches were used to solve the problem. First is based of enzymes and Second is based on ddNTPs to sequence the DNA using gel electrophoresis technique.
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
The chain-termination method developed by Frederick Sanger and coworkers in 1977. This method used fewer toxic chemicals and lower amounts of radioactivity than the Maxam and Gilbert method. Because of its comparative ease, the Sanger method was soon automated and was the method used in the first generation of DNA sequencers.
Sanger sequencing is one of the DNA sequencing methods used to identify and determine the sequence (Nucleotide) of DNA .This is an enzymatic method of sequencing developed by Fred Sanger.
DNA Sequencing : Maxam Gilbert and Sanger SequencingVeerendra Nagoria
DNA sequencing is a technique to find out the exact arrangement of Nucleotides to make one strand of DNA. DNA sequencing helps in numerous ways from sequence information to paternity testing, mutation detection etc. Traditionally two approaches were used to solve the problem. First is based of enzymes and Second is based on ddNTPs to sequence the DNA using gel electrophoresis technique.
Sanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing based on the selective incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication.
DNA consists of a linear string of nucleotides, or bases, for simplicity, referred to by the first letters of their chemical names--A, T, C and G. The process of deducing the order of nucleotides in DNA is called DNA sequencing. Since the DNA sequence confers information that the cell uses to make RNA molecules and proteins, establishing the sequence of DNA is key for understanding how genomes work. The technology for DNA sequencing was made faster and less expensive as a part of the Human Genome Project. And recent developments have profoundly increased the efficiency of DNA sequencing even further.
DNA Sequencing by sanger's method. Uses dideoxy method of sequencing. Human genome project's data is completely basedon this method, look in the ppt for more information of how Frederick Sanger discovered this process of DNA sequencing and which was one of the biggest breakthrough in the field of biology and life sciences. This discovery won nobel prize in the year 1980.
Pyrosequencing of the DNA : Genomics and ProteomicsAbhay jha
Pyrosequencing of the DNA is sequencing technique which was one of the suitable method for DNA sequencing. It is very useful for the part of genomics and proteomics which will results into the knowledge of the DNA sequencing.
In this method we are describing the Maxam Gilbert method for the DNA Sequencing. Also, Describing the different reagents and stages of This Method and how can we read the Result of the Electrophoresis.
Diagnosis technique of Different types Cancer Abhay jha
In this presentation we are talking about the different type of diagnosis method of different type of cancer like MRI, CT scan . Blood test and other laboratory test which are available for the detection of the different types of the cancer like lung cancer . cervical cancer, brain cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, oral cancer, stomach cancer, and esophageal cancer etc..,
Biomass to bioenergy by thr thermochemical and biochemical pricessesAbhay jha
Pyrolysis,carbonization, gasification and biomass conversion into the bioenergy are described in these slides. There all types of pyrolysis and carbonization and gasification which are usable into the bioenergy processing.
Gene cloning and polymerase chain reaction Abhay jha
In these you are able to know about the gene cloning basic steps and Polymerase chain reaction process also there is an brief description about the ideal property shown by vectors which are lambda and M13 phases and there are lots of things in these slides
This slide share deals with the elaborate knowledge about the primary lymphatic system which are bone marrow and thymus and we are going to study about maturation strategy of B cells and T cells at their different environments.
Lymphocytic cells involved in human immune systemAbhay jha
This slide share was basically based on the immune system of human regarding the cellular activity involve to save human body against any pathogenic attack and we are talking about the lymphatic cells wich are T cells B cells natural kills T cell (NKT) innate lymphatic cells and their functions in our body.
Nanoparticles definitions their classification and biomedical approach to nan...Abhay jha
It contains nanoparticles definition their classification and some features of nanoparticles aspects of nanotechnology and application of nanoparticles in biomedical worlds some nanoparticles like titanium oxide ,silicon oxide and carbon nanotubes and other nanobiomaterials their biological uses and some toxicity of these materials.
Economic importance of virus in different fields like ecology, human disease,...Abhay jha
Economic importance of virus in different fields these are agriculture, medicine, medical,space, research,genetics,disease and ecology. Different types of viruses impact on human and animal life and also uses in space.
Algae and there classification based on different features, structure, biolog...Abhay jha
Algae and there classification, nomenclature there uses characteristics features of different categories algae.
Products formed by the algal species. There basic biological aspects. Different scientists involved in development of phycology.
Different books made on the categorisation of algae and phycology. Algal species and seaweeds also categorie.
Structure and structural components of virus their different types on the basis of rna and DNA present in there nucleus. Their role in human and plant disease. Classification of virus by baltimore's and ICVT. Their disease devlopment stages.
Economic importance of bacteria or application of bacteriaAbhay jha
Economic importance of bacteria their uses and application in everyday lif. Harms by bacteria different disease and profit of bacteria to be available in our environment and fora and funa. Different types of disease which are caused by bacteria to animals,humans and plants.
Roles in agriculture , Decay and Decomposition,
Role in medicine ,
Role in biofuels.
Biotechnology
Genetic engineering
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. How are the Genome Sequenced ?
• The most popular method is dideoxy method also termed as sanger’s method.
• Method developed by :- Fred Sanger and awarded Nobel prize in 1980.
Fred Sanger’s Method
Step1:- To denature the double stranded DNA into the Single Stranded DNA.
Step2:- In this method denatured DNA is mixed with the DNA polymerase and all four type of Bases and one of the
dNTP atom is radioactive.
DNA Sample
All four Types of dNTPs in which
one of the dNTP is radioactive
atom.
DNA polymerase
RNA polymerase as initiator
Types of dNTPs:-
1. dATPs
2. dCTPs
3. dGTPs
4. dTTPs
One of them is radioactive
+
+
+
3. Step3:- In this step the last mixture (DNA + dNTPs + DNA polymerase + RNA polymerase) is divided into the four aliquoted tubes.
This mixture is divided into the 4 aliquoted tubes
Tube 1
Tube 2
Tube 3
Tube 4
4. Step4:- Each tube is added a small dose of one of the four dideoxyribonucleotide triphosphate
(ddNTPs = ddGTPs, ddCTPs , ddATPs , ddTTPs.).
Aliquoted mixture is divided into 4 tubes and then treated with one
of the radioactive ddNTPs.
Tube 1 Tube 4Tube 3Tube 2
Tube 1
treated with
radioactive
ddGTPs
Tube 4
treated with
radioactive
ddTTPs
Tube 3
treated with
radioactive
ddATPs
Tube 2
treated with
radioactive
ddCTPs
• A ddNTPs lacks the 3’ hydroxyl group (-OH) found on normal deoxyribonucleotides.
• When DNA is being polymerized , the newest dNTP to be added to forms a covalent bond onto the protruding 3’ hydroxyl
group of the last successfully added dNTPs.
5. Step 5 :-
• The ddNTPs incorporated when the last dNTP is attached and there is non-availability of dNTPs in sample.
• The ddNTPs incorporated with the termination of elongation of DNA.
Each and every DNA
terminates the
elongation process by
incorporating with the
ddGTPs
Each and every DNA
terminates the
elongation process by
incorporating with the
ddTTPs
Each and every DNA
terminates the
elongation process by
incorporating with the
ddATPs
Each and every DNA
terminates the
elongation process by
incorporating with the
ddCTPs
• After incorporation of ddNTPs the reaction will stop and elongation will End.
6. Step 6:-
• The content of each of four types of tube is loaded into four different lenses of gel
• The different length of the DNA segment travels the different distance in the gel.
• Smallest size of DNA covers the maximum length in the gel.
7. • The DNA Sequencing gel is exposed to the X- ray and read from the bottom to top respective in 5’ to 3’ direction
• Radioactive sequencing worked well but seems to be labor intensive it could collect only 500 bases in 24 Hours to make, run
and expose to X-ray films.
A faster method of sequencing was developed by Caltech, Leroy Hood and members of
his lab innovate an Non-Radioactive method.
• They used ddNTPs and fluorescent dye with the Bases (There is no use or radioactive atom).
• The different ddNTPs labelled with the different color of fluorescent dye.
• With this innovation the time consumption in the X-ray film exposition and manual reading will be reduce.
• There is only tube of sample will needed to load into the Single lane of gel.
• Each band flashed it’s colour and indicates the presence of specific type of the ddNTPs.
• That data was recorded into the computer.
• In this method of sequencing there is replacement of the four bands into single band in the different colour flashing also
termed as chromatograms.