The document outlines various forms of cancer and their diagnosis methods, covering over 100 types of cancer, including breast, cervical, lung, bladder, stomach, prostate, esophageal, leukemia, and brain cancer. Each type has specific diagnostic procedures such as imaging tests, biopsies, and laboratory analyses to confirm the presence of cancer. It emphasizes the importance of early detection and various technological methods used for effective diagnosis.

1. Topic:- Diagnosis of Various forms of Cancer
By :-
Abhay kumar jha
AKJ 1

2. Various forms of Cancer
There are more than 100 different types of Cancer
and all have different type of diagnosis method .
• List of the cancer and their diagnosis method
which are included in this presentation :-
1. Breast Cancer
2. Cervical Cancer
3. Lung Cancer (white ribbon code)
4. Bladder Cancer
5. Stomach Cancer
6. Prostate Cancer
7. Esophageal Cancer
8. Leukemia
9. Brain cancer
Fig :- Different types of ribbon code for
different type of cancer
AKJ 2

3. Diagnosis of Breast Cancer
Breast exam:- doctor will check both of breasts and lymph
nodes in your armpit, feeling for any lumps or other
abnormalities.
Mammogram:-A mammogram is an X-ray of the breast.
Mammograms are commonly used to screen for breast
cancer. If an abnormality is detected on a screening
mammogram, your doctor may recommend a diagnostic
mammogram to further evaluate that abnormality.
Breast ultrasound:-Ultrasound uses sound waves to
produce images of structures deep within the body.
Ultrasound may be used to determine whether a new
breast lump is a solid mass or a fluid-filled cyst. Breast
ultrasound is not usually done to screen for breast
cancer. This is because it may miss some early signs
of cancer.
Figure:- Mammogram of cancer
confirmed patient
Figure:- Ultrasound of breast cancer
confirmed patient
Figure:- MRI of cancer
confirmed patient
Breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):- An MRI machine uses a magnet
and radio waves to create pictures of the interior of breast. Before a breast MRI,
patient receive an injection of dye. Unlike other types of imaging tests, an MRI
doesn't use radiation to create the images.
AKJ 3

4. Removing a sample of breast cells for testing (biopsy):-
• A biopsy is the only definitive way to make a diagnosis of
breast cancer.
• During a biopsy, doctor uses a specialized needle device
guided by X-ray or another imaging test to extract a core of
tissue from the suspicious area. Often, a small metal marker is
left at the site within your breast so the area can be easily
identified on future imaging tests.
• Biopsy samples are sent to a laboratory for analysis where
experts determine whether the cells are cancerous.
• A biopsy sample is also analyzed to determine the type of cells
involved in the breast cancer, the aggressiveness (grade) of
the cancer, and whether the cancer cells have hormone
receptors or other receptors that may influence treatment
options.
Figure :- Core needle biopsy
A core needle biopsy uses a long hollow tube to extract a sample
of tissue,Here a biopsy of suspicious breast lump is being done.
The sample is sent to laboratory of collection AKJ 4

5. Diagnosis of cervical Cancer
Screening tests:- These can help to detect cervical cancer and
precancerous cells that may one day develop into cervical cancer. Most
guidelines suggest beginning screening for cervical cancer and
precancerous changes at age 21.
Screening tests include:-
•Pap test. During a Pap test, your doctor scrapes and brushes cells
from your cervix, which are then examined in a lab for abnormalities.
A Pap test can detect abnormal cells in the cervix, including cancer
cells and cells that show changes that increase the risk of cervical
cancer.
•HPV DNA test. The HPV DNA test involves testing cells collected from
the cervix for infection with any of the types of HPV that are most likely
to lead to cervical cancer.
Figure :- Pap test
In a Pap test, doctor uses a vaginal speculum to hold vaginal walls apart
and to see the cervix. Next, a sample of cells from cervix is collected
using a small cone-shaped brush and a tiny plastic spatula (1 and 2).
doctor then rinses the brush and spatula in a liquid-filled vial (3) and
sends the vial to a laboratory for testing. AKJ 5

6. Diagnosis:-
• If cervical cancer is suspected, doctor is likely to start with a
thorough examination of cervix. A special magnifying
instrument (colposcope) is used to check for abnormal cells.
• During the colposcopic examination, doctor is likely to take a
sample of cervical cells (biopsy) for laboratory testing. To
obtain tissue, doctor may use:
1. Punch biopsy:- which involves using a sharp tool to pinch
off small samples of cervical tissue.
2. Endocervical curettage:- which uses a small, spoon-
shaped instrument (curet) or a thin brush to scrape a tissue
sample from the cervix.
3. Electrical wire loop, which uses a thin, low-voltage
electrified wire to obtain a small tissue sample. Generally this
is done under local anesthesia in the office.
4. Cone biopsy (conization), which is a procedure that allows
your doctor to obtain deeper layers of cervical cells for
laboratory testing. A cone biopsy may be done in a hospital
under general anesthesia.
Figure :- Cone biopsy
During a cone biopsy (conization), a doctor
surgically removes a cone-shaped piece of
tissue from the cervix. Typically, the cone-
shaped piece includes tissue from both the
upper and lower part of the cervix.
AKJ 6

7. Diagnosis of Lung cancer
Test may include:-
•Imaging tests:- An X-ray image of your lungs may reveal an abnormal
mass or nodule. A CT scan can reveal small lesions in your lungs that
might not be detected on an X-ray.
•Sputum cytology. If you have a cough and are producing sputum,
looking at the sputum under the microscope can sometimes reveal the
presence of lung cancer cells.
•Tissue sample (biopsy):- A sample of abnormal cells may be removed
in a procedure called a biopsy.
doctor can perform a biopsy in a number of ways, including
Bronchoscopy:- in which doctor examines abnormal areas of lungs
using a lighted tube that's passed down throat and into lungs.
Mediastinoscopy:- in which an incision is made at the base of neck
and surgical tools are inserted behind breastbone to take tissue samples
from lymph nodes is also an option.
Another option is needle biopsy:- in which doctor uses X-ray
or CT images to guide a needle through chest wall and into the lung
tissue to collect suspicious cells.A biopsy sample may also be taken
from lymph nodes or other areas where cancer has spread, such as
your liver.
Figure:-Bronchoscopy
In flexible bronchoscopy, a doctor inserts
a thin, bendable tube through the mouth
or nose into the lungs. A light and a small
camera on the bronchoscope allow the
doctor to look inside the lungs' airways.
AKJ 7

8. Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer
Tests and procedures used to diagnose bladder cancer
may include:-
•Using a scope to examine the inside of your bladder
(cystoscopy):-
To perform cystoscopy, your doctor inserts a small, narrow
tube (cystoscope) through your urethra. The cystoscope
has a lens that allows your doctor to see the inside of your
urethra and bladder, to examine these structures for signs
of disease. Cystoscopy can be done in a doctor's office or
in the hospital.
•Removing a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy):-
During cystoscopy, your doctor may pass a special tool
through the scope and into your bladder to collect a cell
sample (biopsy) for testing. This procedure is sometimes
called transurethral resection of bladder tumor
(TURBT). TURBT can also be used to treat bladder
cancer.
•Examining a urine sample (urine cytology). A sample
of your urine is analyzed under a microscope to check for
cancer cells in a procedure called urine cytology.
Figure :- Female cystoscopy
During a cystoscopy exam, your doctor inserts a thin,
flexible device called a cystoscope through the urethra
into the bladder. Cystoscopy allows your doctor to view
your lower urinary tract to look for abnormalities in the
urethra and bladder. Surgical tools can be passed
through the cystoscope, if needed, to treat some
conditions.
AKJ 8

9. Figure:- Male cystoscopy
During a cystoscopy exam, doctor inserts a
thin, flexible device called a cystoscope
through the urethra into the bladder.
Cystoscopy allows doctor to view lower
urinary tract to look for abnormalities in the
urethra and bladder. Surgical tools can be
passed through the cystoscope, if needed,
to treat some conditions.
Imaging tests. Imaging tests, such as computerized tomography (CT)
urogram or retrograde pyelogram, allow doctor to examine the
structures of your urinary tract.
During a CT urogram:- a contrast dye injected into a vein in hand
eventually flows into kidneys, ureters and bladder. X-ray images taken
during the test provide a detailed view of your urinary tract and help
your doctor identify any areas that might be cancer.
Retrograde pyelogram:- is an X-ray exam used to get a detailed look
at the upper urinary tract. During this test, doctor threads a thin tube
(catheter) through urethra and into bladder to inject contrast dye into
ureters. The dye then flows into kidneys while X-ray images are
captured.
Figure :- CT Scan of Bladder Figure:- Retrograde Pyelogram
Of urinary tract
AKJ 9

10. Diagnosis of Protest Cancer
Screening of Protest cancer :-
• Some medical organizations recommend men
consider prostate cancer screening in their 50s, or
sooner for men who have risk factors for prostate
cancer.
Prostate screening tests might include:
•Digital rectal exam (DRE). During a DRE, doctor inserts
a gloved, lubricated finger into rectum to examine
prostate, which is adjacent to the rectum. If doctor finds
any abnormalities in the texture, shape or size of the
gland, may need further tests.
•Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. A blood sample is
drawn from a vein in arm and analyzed for PSA, a
substance that's naturally produced by prostate gland. It's
normal for a small amount of PSA to be in bloodstream.
However, if a higher than normal level is found, it may
indicate prostate infection, inflammation, enlargement or
cancer.
Figure :- DRE (Digital rectal exam )
AKJ 10

11. Diagnosis:-
If a DRE or PSA test detects an abnormality, doctor may
recommend further tests to determine whether have prostate
cancer, such as:
•Ultrasound:-
If other tests raise concerns, doctor may use transrectal
ultrasound to further evaluate prostate. A small probe, about the
size and shape of a cigar, is inserted into rectum. The probe uses
sound waves to create a picture of prostate gland.
•Collecting a sample of prostate tissue:-
If initial test results suggest prostate cancer, doctor may
recommend a procedure to collect a sample of cells from
prostate (prostate biopsy). Prostate biopsy is often done using a
thin needle that's inserted into the prostate to collect tissue. The
tissue sample is analyzed in a lab to determine whether cancer
cells are present.
•MRI fusion:-
While still being developed worldwide, MRI fusion to assist in
prostate biopsy and diagnosis is being used more and more.
Figure:- Transrectal biopsy of the prostate
During a transrectal biopsy, a biopsy gun
quickly projects a thin needle into suspect
areas of the prostate gland, and small
sections of tissue are removed for analysis.
Spreading of prostate cancer is also
measured by Transrectal Biopsy of prostateAKJ 11

12. Diagnosis of Esophageal Cancer
Tests and procedures used to diagnose esophageal
cancer include:
•Barium swallow study. During this study, swallow a liquid that
includes barium and then undergo X-rays. The barium coats the
inside of esophagus, which then shows any changes to the
tissue on the X-ray.
•Using a scope to examine esophagus (endoscopy). During
endoscopy, doctor passes a flexible tube equipped with a video
lens (video endoscope) down the throat and into esophagus.
Using the endoscope, doctor examines esophagus, looking for
cancer or areas of irritation.
•Collecting a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy). doctor
may use a special scope passed down throat into esophagus
(endoscope) to collect a sample of suspicious tissue (biopsy).
The tissue sample is sent to a laboratory to look for cancer cells.
Figure :- Endoscopy
AKJ 12

13. Diagnosis of Brain cancer (Brain metastases)
If it's suspected that person brain metastases,doctor may recommend a number of tests and procedures.
A neurological exam:-
A neurological exam may include, among other things, checking person vision, hearing, balance, coordination,
strength and reflexes. Difficulty in one or more areas may provide clues about the part of brain that could be affected
by a brain tumor.
Imaging tests:-
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is commonly used to help diagnose brain metastases. A dye may be injected
through a vein in your arm during your MRI study.
•A number of specialized MRI scan components — including functional MRI, perfusion MRI and magnetic resonance
spectroscopy — may help your doctor evaluate the tumor and plan treatment.
•Other imaging tests may include computerized tomography (CT) and positron emission tomography (PET). For
example, if the primary tumor causing brain metastases is unknown , he might have a chest CT scan to look for lung
cancer.
Collecting and testing a sample of abnormal tissue (biopsy):-
• A biopsy can be performed as part of an operation to remove a brain tumor, or it can be performed using a needle.
•The biopsy sample is then viewed under a microscope to determine if it is cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous
(benign) and whether the cells are metastatic cancer or from a primary tumor. This information is critical to establish a
diagnosis and a prognosis and to guide treatment. AKJ 13

14. Diagnosis of Stomach cancer
Tests and procedures used to diagnose stomach cancer
include:
•A tiny camera to see inside your stomach (upper
endoscopy):-
A thin tube containing a tiny camera is passed down into
throat and into stomach. doctor can use it to look for signs of
cancer.
•Removing a sample of tissue for testing (biopsy):-
If any suspicious areas are found during the upper endoscopy,
special tools can be used to remove a sample of tissue for
testing. The sample is sent to a lab for analysis.
•Imaging tests:-
Imaging tests used to look for stomach cancer
include CT scans and a special type of X-ray exam called a
barium swallow.
Figure:-Endoscopy
An endoscopy procedure involves
inserting a long, flexible tube
(endoscope) down your throat and into
your esophagus. A tiny camera on the
end of the endoscope lets your doctor
examine your esophagus, stomach and
the beginning of your small intestine
(duodenum).AKJ 14

15. Diagnosis of Leukemia
Doctors may find chronic leukemia in a routine blood test, before symptoms
begin. If this happens, or if you have signs or symptoms that suggest leukemia,
you may undergo the following diagnostic exams:
•Physical exam:-
Your doctor will look for physical signs of leukemia, such as pale skin from
anemia, swelling of your lymph nodes, and enlargement of your liver and
spleen.
•Blood tests:-
By looking at a sample of your blood, your doctor can determine if you have
abnormal levels of red or white blood cells or platelets — which may suggest
leukemia.
•Bone marrow test:-
Your doctor may recommend a procedure to remove a sample of bone marrow
from your hipbone. The bone marrow is removed using a long, thin needle. The
sample is sent to a laboratory to look for leukemia cells. Specialized tests of
your leukemia cells may reveal certain characteristics that are used to
determine your treatment options.
Figure:-Bone marrow exam
In a bone marrow aspiration, a
doctor or nurse uses a thin needle
to remove a small amount of liquid
bone marrow, usually from a spot
in the back of your hipbone
(pelvis). A bone marrow biopsy is
often done at the same time. This
second procedure removes a
small piece of bone tissue and the
enclosed marrow.
AKJ 15

16. AKJ 16
Thank You