Sound samples :- https://youtu.be/j05-2WaBaWc

4. Figure :- Sample 1

5. Figure :- Sample 2

6. • In patients with COPD breath sounds may be diminished and expiration is prolonged.
• Coarse crackles heard at the beginning of inspiration are commonly heard in patients with
COPD, especially those with chronic bronchitis.
• These crackles have a “popping-like” character, vary in number and timing and may be heard
over any lung region.
• These early inspiratory crackles are frequently heard during expiration as well and coughing
may cause these sounds to disappear.
• These coarse crackles are caused by the movement of boluses of gas through an
intermittently occluded airway.
• 200Hz or more for 250ms

7. • In patients with COPD breath sounds may be diminished and expiration is prolonged.
• Coarse crackles heard at the beginning of inspiration are commonly heard in patients with
COPD, especially those with chronic bronchitis.
• These crackles have a “popping-like” character, vary in number and timing and may be heard
over any lung region.
• These early inspiratory crackles are frequently heard during expiration as well and coughing
may cause these sounds to disappear.
• These coarse crackles are caused by the movement of boluses of gas through an
intermittently occluded airway.
• 200Hz or more for 250ms

8. Figure :- Sample 3

9. Figure :- Sample 4

10. • Bilateral fine crackles on chest auscultation are detected in 60% of patients with IPF.
• These crackles have a distinctive “Velcro-like” character and are heard during middle to late
inspiration.
• They tend to be heard almost exclusively over the dependent lung regions and are changed
very little by coughing.
• The sounds may be gradually or suddenly extinguished by having the patient bend forward,
thus removing the effect of gravity.
• These fine crackles are generated when previously collapsed alveoli suddenly reopen during
late inspiration.
• Maximum frequency of produced sound is 721Hz.

11. • Bilateral fine crackles on chest auscultation are detected in 60% of patients with IPF.
• These crackles have a distinctive “Velcro-like” character and are heard during middle to late
inspiration.
• They tend to be heard almost exclusively over the dependent lung regions and are changed
very little by coughing.
• The sounds may be gradually or suddenly extinguished by having the patient bend forward,
thus removing the effect of gravity.
• These fine crackles are generated when previously collapsed alveoli suddenly reopen during
late inspiration.
• Maximum frequency of produced sound is 721Hz.

12. Figure :- Sample 5

13. Figure :- Sample 6