This Presentation is useful to study Digital Electronics subject about D and T Flip-Flop. This Presentation is also useful to make Presentation on Flip-Flop.
This Presentation is useful to study Digital Electronics subject about D and T Flip-Flop. This Presentation is also useful to make Presentation on Flip-Flop.
The Reason Why we use master slave JK flip flop instead of simple level triggered flip flop is Racing condition which can be successfully avoided using two SR latches fed with inverted clocks.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
pipelining is the concept of decomposing the sequential process into number of small stages in which each stage execute individual parts of instruction life cycle inside the processor.
In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information – a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs.
The Reason Why we use master slave JK flip flop instead of simple level triggered flip flop is Racing condition which can be successfully avoided using two SR latches fed with inverted clocks.
The document explains about the concepts of sequential circuits in Digital electronics.
This will be helpful for the beginners in VLSI and electronics students.
pipelining is the concept of decomposing the sequential process into number of small stages in which each stage execute individual parts of instruction life cycle inside the processor.
In electronics, a flip-flop or latch is a circuit that has two stable states and can be used to store state information – a bistable multivibrator. The circuit can be made to change state by signals applied to one or more control inputs and will have one or two outputs.
FYBSC IT Digital Electronics Unit IV Chapter II Sequential Circuits- Flip-FlopsArti Parab Academics
Sequential Circuits: Flip-Flop:
Introduction, Terminologies used, S-R flip-flop, D flip-fop, JK flipflop, Race-around condition, Master – slave JK flip-flop, T flip-flop, conversion from one type of flip-flop to another, Application of flipflops.
Introduction to Sequential DevicesChapter 66.1 M.docxbagotjesusa
Introduction to Sequential Devices
Chapter 6
6.1 Models for Sequential CircuitsElevator example:
6.1.1 Block Diagram representation
Memory devices:
- Semiconductor Flip-Flops
- Magnetic devices
- Delay lines
- Mechanical relays
- Rotation switches
- Etc…
This circuit can be represented by the following equations:
Vector Notation:
- All the vectors are time dependant
- Vector y has the value y(tk) at time tk.
- Input signals xi and output signal zi may assume a variety of forms
6.1.2 State Tables and DiagramsThe state diagram is a graphical representation of a sequential circuit in which the states are represented by circles and state transition of the circuit are shown by arrows.
State table : all circuit input vectors are listed across the top, while all state vectors are listed down the left side. Entries in the table are the next state and the output.
In practice, the state diagrams and tables are usually labeled using symbols rather than vectors. For example consider a sequential circuit with two present state variables y1, and y2. Then y= [y1 , y2]Therefore the vector y can have any of the four possible values:
In general, if r represents the number of memory devices (number of states) in a circuit with Ns states then
Example: Consider the following sequential circuit with one input x, two state variables y1 and y2, and one output z.
The state diagram is:
Let assume that the circuit is initially in state A. now consider the application of the following input sequence to the circuit:
Hence the input sequence applied to the machine in state A cause the output sequence
Z=0100110111
And leaves the circuit in its final state C.
6.2 Memory Devices-Most memory elements are bistable electronic circuits, that is, they exist indefinitely in one of two possible states, 0 and 1. - Binary data are stored in a memory element by placing the element into the 0 state to store 0 and into the 1 state to store 1. - The output of the memory indicates the present state. - The input of the memory indicates the next state. - Each memory element has one or more excitation inputs, so called because they are used to “excite” or drive the circuit into the desired state.
Two memory element types
The Two memory element types most commonly used in switching circuits are latches and flip-flops.1- LATCHES
A latch is a memory element whose excitation input signals control the state of
the device
A set latch: the excitation input forces the output of the device to 1.
A Reset latch: the excitation inputs force the device output to 0.
A Set-Reset latch: a latch with both set and reset excitation signals.
Timing Diagram of SR LATCH
2- FLIP-FLOP:
A flip-flop differs from a latch in that it has a
control signal called clock. The clock signal
issues a command to the flip-flop, allowing it
to change states in accordance with its
excitation input signals.
- In both latches and flip-flops, the next s.
Flip Flop | Counters & Registers | Computer Fundamental and OrganizationSmit Luvani
Agenda :
Sequential Circuit
R-S/S-R Flip Flop
Active low state
Active High State
Clocked State
J-K Flip Flop
Master Slave Flip Flop
T Flip Flop
D-Flip Flop
Counters :
What is Counter?
Ripple Counter
Synchronous Counter
Binary Ripple Counter
Register
Shift Register
Shift Registers – Serial In Serial Out
Shift Registers – Serial In Parallel Out
Shift Registers – Parallel In Serial Out
Shift Registers – Parallel In Parallel Out
Sequential circuits are digital circuits that store and use the previous state information to determine their next state. Unlike combinational circuits, which only depend on the current input
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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1. Ring Counter
III PHYSICS – 08.04.2022
DR.R.HEPZI PRAMILA DEVAMANI,
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF PHYSICS,
V.V.VANNIAPERUMAL COLLEGE FOR WOMEN,
VIRUDHUNAGAR.
2. Ring Counter
In a ring counter, the true output Q of the last flip flop in a
shift register is connected back to the serial input of the first
flip flop and also only one flip flop is set at any particular
time while all others are cleared.
The flip flops are connected in such a way that information
shifts either from left to right and back around from QD to
QA or from right to left and back around from QA to QD.
Since a single 1 in the register is made to circulate around th
register as long as clock pulses are applied, it is called a ring
counter.
3. Ring Counter
A 4-bit ring counter using D
flip flops is shown in Fig.
This circuit consists of four D
flipflops and their outputs are
QA, QB, QC and QD respectively.
The PRESET input of first flip
flop and clear inputs of other
three flip flops are connected
together and brought out as
INIT input.
On applying a LOW pulse at
this INIT input, the first flip
flop is SET to 1 and the other
three flip flops are cleared to 0,
i.e. QA QB QC QD = 1000.
4. Ring Counter
From this circuit it is clear that DA = 0, DB= 0, DC= 0, and DD = 0.
When the clock pulse is applied, the second flip flop is set to 1 while the other
three flip flops are reset to zero. i.e. the output of the ring counter is QA QB QC
QD = 0100.
On the occurrence of the first clock pulse, the 1 in the first flip flop is shifted
to the second flip flop.
Similarly, when the second clock pulse is applied, the 1 in the second flip flop
is shifted to the third flip flop and the ring counter output QA QB QC QD =
0010.
On the occurrence of the fourth clock pulse, the output will be QA QB QC QD =
0001.
5. Ring Counter
On the fifth clock pulse QA
QB QC QD = 1000, i.e. the
initial state.
Thus, 1 is shifted or
circulated around the
register as long as clock
pulses are applied.
The truth table which
describes the operation of
4- bit ring counter s
shown.
6. Ring Counter
As in the truth table, the ring counter has only 4
valid states i.e. 1000, 0100,0010,0001.
The ring counter can hang or enter into any one of
the invalid state due to noise or any other
condition without returning to the main counting
sequence.
Hence it is a must to design ring counters which
are self correcting and capable of recovering from
invalid states to valid states.