Rhino virus, corona virus, and enterovirus are common causes of respiratory illness. Rhino virus is the main cause of the common cold and symptoms typically resolve within a week. Corona viruses can cause mild upper respiratory infections or more severe illness like SARS. Enteroviruses are transmitted through oral contact and cause a variety of respiratory symptoms from sore throat to pneumonia. Treatment is usually supportive and prevention focuses on hand hygiene and sanitation.

1. Rhino Virus-Common Cold
- Ladi Anudeep
-ISM-IUK

3. Intro and epidemiology
• Rhinovirus has long been known as an etiologic agent of colds and
relatively minor and self-limited illnesses which belongs to Picarnoviridae
family
• Rhinovirus can also infect the lower respiratory tract and trigger asthma
exacerbations in both adults and children.
• Rhinovirus is the etiologic agent of most common colds and is responsible
for one-third to one- half of cases in adults annually.
• More than 100 serotypes have been identified .
• The average adult experiences two to three colds per year, while children
average 8 to 12 colds per year.
• Children are the major reservoir for rhinovirus.

4. Transmission
• Rhinovirus is present in nasal secretions for five to seven days, but
may persist as long as two to three weeks in the nasopharynx
• Rhinoviruses typically cause outbreaks of infection in fall and late
spring
• Hand contact (via direct contact with an infected person or via
indirect contact with a contaminated environmental surface)
• Small particle droplets (droplet nuclei or aerosols) that become
airborne from sneezing or coughing
• Large particle droplets (droplet transmission) that typically require
close contact with an infected person

6. Clinical Features
• Rhinovirus infection may be asymptomatic or symptomatic with the usual
signs and symptoms of the common cold.
• Symptoms of the common cold are largely due to the immune response to
infection, rather than to direct viral damage to the respiratory tract.
• Adults typically present with nasal discharge, nasal obstruction, cough, sore
or scratchy throat, watery eyes, sneezing, headache, body ache
• Nasal discharge in patients with the common cold may be clear or
purulent.
• Fever is not usually associated with adult illness.
• Symptoms typically resolve in five to seven days.
• incubation period: 10-12 hours
• Cold usually persist 3-10 days

7. Diagnosis
• The diagnosis of the common cold is clinical, based on reported
symptoms and/or the observed signs.
• Radiologic studies are not routinely indicated.
• Viral or bacterial cultures from nasal swabs or washings are not
indicated.

8. Treatment
• The common cold caused by Rhino Virus is a benign, self-limited
syndrome.
• Choice of therapy will depend on what symptoms predominate.
• Analgesics
• Anti-histamine
• Decongestants
• Herbal products

10. Prevention
• Hand Hygiene
• Prevent contact from infected persons

11. Corona Virus

12. Intro
• Coronaviruses are the cause of 5 to 10 percent of community-acquired
upper respiratory tract infections in adults, occurring sporadically and
probably also play a role in severe respiratory infections in both children
and adults, particularly adults with underlying pulmonary disease and
older adults.
• Coronaviruses are medium-sized enveloped positive-stranded RNA viruses
whose name derives from their characteristic crown-like appearance in
electron micrographs
• Coronaviruses are classified as a family within the Nidovirales order
• Can cause acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle
East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV)

13. • Community-acquired coronaviruses are ubiquitous
• In temperate climates, coronavirus respiratory infections occur
primarily in the winter, although smaller peaks are sometimes seen in
the fall or spring, and infections can occur at any time of the year.
• Respiratory coronaviruses probably spread in a fashion similar to
rhinoviruses, via direct contact with infected secretions or large
aerosol droplets.
• Immunity develops soon after infection but wanes gradually over
time.

14. Clinical Features
• Similar to rhino virus
For community acquired human corona virus:
• characterized by upper respiratory tract symptoms such as nasal
congestion and rhinorrhea
For Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus:
• Fever, cough, chills, myalgias, dyspnea, headache

15. Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention
• Most community-acquired coronavirus infections are diagnosed
clinically, although reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction
applied to respiratory secretions is the diagnostic test of choice.
• There is currently no treatment recommended for coronavirus
infections except for supportive care as needed.
• Chloroquine? has potent antiviral activity against corona virus but
there have been no studies of efficacy in humans
• Preventive measures are the same as for rhinovirus infections, which
consist of handwashing and the careful disposal of materials infected
with nasal secretions.

16. Entero Virus
Enterovirus

17. Intro
• The human enteroviruses are ubiquitous viruses that are transmitted
from person to person via direct and indirect routes
• Entero viruses are distinct genera from picornaviridae family
• Enteroviruses are small (approximately 27 nm), nonenveloped virions
consisting of an icosahedral capsid composed of 60 subunits, each
formed from four proteins (VP1 to VP4), that enclose a linear, single-
strand RNA genome of about 7.5 kB.
• Enterovirus infection occurs throughout the year, with temperate
climates experiencing high rates of infection in summer and fall
• All age groups are affected

18. • Transmission of enteroviruses occurs predominantly via direct or
indirect oral contact with fecally shed virus.
• Such transmission is abetted by poor sanitary conditions and may
occur via numerous routes, including contaminated water, food, and
fomites.
• Both epidemiological and experimental observations suggest that the
respiratory route is the principal mode of transmission
• The incubation period for enterovirus infections is difficult to measure
and probably varies with different clinical syndromes.

19. Clinical Features
• Enterovirus infections have been associated with a wide spectrum of
respiratory illness.
• Various enterovirus serotypes can cause upper respiratory tract
infections that are generally clinically indistinguishable from other
infectious etiologies, with sore throat, cough, and/or coryza.
• Enterovirus D68, first isolated in 1962 from children with bronchiolitis
and pneumonia, has emerged to cause outbreaks of upper and lower
respiratory infections, sometimes complicated by respiratory failure
• Typical symptoms and signs include low-grade or absent fever,
wheezing, dyspnea, hypoxia, and perihilar infiltrates on chest
radiograph.

20. Diagnosis and Treatment
• Most symptomatic enterovirus are diagnosed on clinical
manifestations alone and/or are self-limited, reducing the need for
laboratory testing.
• Molecular methods, such as reverse transcriptase polymerase chain
reaction (RT-PCR), are typically used for enterovirus detection
• Most enterovirus infections are self-limited and do not require
specific therapy.
• Simple hygienic measures, such as hand washing, are important to
prevent the spread of enteroviruses