A PRESENTATION DESCRIPS RESPERATORY INFECTIONS CAUSED BY RSV AND PATHOGENESIS , DIAGNOSIS , TREATMENT, VACCINATION,STRUCTRUE AND LIFE CYCLE OF THIS VIRUS
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes
mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older children. However, it can cause
serious problems in young babies, including pneumonia and severe breathing
problems. In rare cases it can lead to death. Premature babies and those with
other health problems have the highest risk. A child with RSV may have a fever,
stuffy nose, cough and trouble breathing. Tests can tell if your child has the
virus.
RSV easily spreads from person to person.
You can get it from direct contact with someone who has it or it by touching
infected objects such as toys or surfaces such as countertops. Washing your
hands often and not sharing eating and drinking utensils are simple ways to
help prevent the spread of RSV infection. There is currently no vaccine for
RSV.
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes
mild, cold-like symptoms in adults and older children. However, it can cause
serious problems in young babies, including pneumonia and severe breathing
problems. In rare cases it can lead to death. Premature babies and those with
other health problems have the highest risk. A child with RSV may have a fever,
stuffy nose, cough and trouble breathing. Tests can tell if your child has the
virus.
RSV easily spreads from person to person.
You can get it from direct contact with someone who has it or it by touching
infected objects such as toys or surfaces such as countertops. Washing your
hands often and not sharing eating and drinking utensils are simple ways to
help prevent the spread of RSV infection. There is currently no vaccine for
RSV.
Legionellosis is a respiratory disease caused by Legionella bacteria.
The term“legionellosis” may be used to refer to either Legionnaires’ disease or Pontiac fever.
https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/index.html
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
Legionellosis is a respiratory disease caused by Legionella bacteria.
The term“legionellosis” may be used to refer to either Legionnaires’ disease or Pontiac fever.
https://www.cdc.gov/legionella/index.html
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
is an upper respiratory tract bacterial infection associated with a characteristic rash, which is caused by an infection with pyrogenic exotoxin (erythrogenic toxin) -producing GAS in individuals who do not have antitoxin antibodies In the past.
scarlet fever was thought to reflect infection of an individual lacking toxin-specific immunity with a toxin-producing strain of GAS.
Subsequent studies have suggested that development of the scarlet fever rash may reflect a hypersensitivity reaction requiring prior exposure to the toxin.
For the students studying Medical Microbiology like MSC BSC MBBS DENTAL BPTH Nursing DMLT Pharmacy etc and also for those who are preparing for exams such as NEET
The rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. HRVs can replicate in the lower airways and do appear to play a critical role in causing exacerbations of asthma and other chronic lung diseases.
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It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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3. Introduction
RSV primary cause of hospitalisation in the first year of life
more than 120,000 infants are hospitalised annually with RSV
infection
100% of children in the USA are infected with the virus by 2 to 3
years of age
cause 3000 to 4000 deaths annually
3
4. Burden
WHO indicate that (RSV) accounts
worldwide for more than 60% of acute
respiratory infections in children and
more than 80% in infants younger than 1
year.
RSV is the most frequent cause of
pediatric bronchiolitis and pneumonia
4
https://www.google.com/search?q=Etiology+of+acute+respiratory+infections+in+children&biw=1366&bih=640&sour
ce=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi5tqeR2M3MAhWmdpoKHacyAocQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=c8QHP9Zay6toCM%3A
5. 1st step
RSV was noted in
1840s
2nd step
First isolation in
1956
“chimpanzee coryza
agent”
3rd step:
Robert Chanock
in 1963
characterized the
virus and named it
RSV
History
5
8. The viral genome
(-)ssRNA molecule of 15,222
nucleotides
linear order
separated by short variable intergenic sequences, with the
exception of the last two genes (M2 and L) that overlap by 68
nucleotides
Each HRSV gene is framed between a gene-
start (GS) sequence
(3’-CCCCGUUUA(U/C), which is conserved in all
genes except in the L gene which
is slightly different
8
9. The Viral proteins
NS 1, NS2 :
Nonstructural proteins inhibit the
induction of alpha/beta interferon
Nucleoprotein: (N)
It is bound tightly to the genome,
forming the helical nucleocapsid
Phosphoprotein: (P) protein
Co-factor of the viral RNA polymerase (L)
22k (or M2-1) protein:
Transcription processivity factor
The RNA-dependent RNA
polymerase (L):
Polymerizing.
Capping.
Methylation.
Polyadenylation.
M2-2 protein:
decreases transcription
Induces replication
SH protein:
Inhibit apoptosis
Fusion protein: (F protein)
once the virus particle is bound to the host cell,
exposure of the fusion peptide leads to its
insertion in the cell membrane
G protein:
Transmembrane (Gm) is incorporated into
virions transmembrane anchor domain.
(M) protein:
the M protein coordinates the association of the
nucleocapsid complex with the cellular membrane
9
11. replication of the viral genome involves the
synthesis of a complementary antigenome
(cRNA)
Basics
their genomes are tightly associated with the
nucleoprotein (N) to form RNase-resistant
nucleocapsids,
transcription proceeds in a sequential and polar
manner from the 3’-end of
the viral RNA (vRNA)
linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA
molecule as the genome
entry of the viral nucleocapsids into
the host cells involves membrane fusion
the virus particles are surrounded by a lipid
bilayer in which
the viral glycoproteins are inserted,
11
13. RSV life cycle
Fusion
assembly
budding
1st step (fusion)
• binds to a specific cell
surface component,
such as CD46.
• Attachment by G
protein and fusion by F
protein.
13
14. RSV life cycle
Fusion
assembly
budd
2nd step (transcription)
• is triggered once the viral
nucleocapsid ha entered
into the cell cytoplasm.
• requires the coordinated
action of at least four viral
proteins: N, P, L and 22k.
14
15. RSV life cycle
Fusion
assembly
budd
3rd step (replication)
• Replication requires N, P
and L proteins but not 22k.
• require the action of
another protein, M2-2.
15
16. RSV life cycle
Fusion
assembly
budding
4th /5th step
(assembly)/budding
• different HRSV gene
products accumulate near
the cell
• membrane where they
are assembled into
progeny virus particles
that are released16
17. Life cycle can take place in
enucleated cells.
HRSV infection influences
the expression of certain
nuclear genes
17
19. Cellular infection triggers the release of early
inflammatory mediators, e.g., TNF and IFN-α/β
NK cells and PMN are recruited in the first 3 days of
infection.
DC carry viral antigen to local lymph nodes and present it
to CD4+ T cells
19
Immunology of RSV
20. • Serum of humans various antibodies.
• Only antibodies against the F or G glycoprotein
are effected.
B Lymphocytes :
21. • The N, SH, F, M, M2, and NS2 proteins
stimulate RSV-specific CD8+ CTLs.
• NK cells appear in the first few days after RSV
infection.
T Lymphocytes
22. NK and CD8+ T cells
lymphokines (interferon-GAMMA).
Lymphokines
antiviral
activities
Activating
(macrophae
neutrophils).
Resolve
infection
Damage
tissue
23. Antibodies (F + G )
Stimulation
CD8+ CTLs
NK cells appearance
Lymphokine secretion
Summary
25. Adaptive
immune
response
Prior RSV infection does not confer
complete protection against reinfection
immunity to RSV infection in the lung may
be more durable than that in the upper
respiratory tract (URT)
adaptive immune response
25
26. NS1 and NS2 have been shown to suppress the
production INF-
ᵞ
Changes in the pulmonary microenvironment are
maintained in a relatively anti-inflammatory state
RSV immunity evasion
26
27. RSV immunity evasion
CD8+ T cells are impaired in their cytolytic ability and
capacity to produce IFN-γ
DCs are poor inducers of T cell effector function, they
significantly impair CD4+ T cell proliferation
27
30. Collection of clinical samples
Nasopharyngeal swabs
Nasal washes (pediatric patients)
Collection of sputum
Collection bronchial alveolar lavage fluids
30
31. Nasal washes (pediatric patients)
Nasopharyngeal swabs (elderly patients)
Sputum samples have higher titers than nasal
swabs and offer higher diagnostic yield
Notes for collection of samples
31
32. Viral culture
Type of cell
human lung
fibroblasts
primary rhesus
monkey kidney
Time for CPE
primary rhesus
monkey kidney
(the earliest)
human
fibroblast
(the slowest)
Time of
incubation
5-7 days
32
34. Used to measure serum immunoglobulin G
(IgG)
The antigens are:
purified RSV envelope glycoproteins , The
fusion (F) protein, the attachment protein.
EIA for RSV
34
35. RT-PCR
Detect minute quantities of RSV
Rapidly identify acute infections
Primers are used to amplify
conserved portions of the F and N genes of RSV
RT- PCR for RSV
35
36. `
P1 (5′-ACA ACA GAT CTC AGC AAA T-3′)
P2 (5′-CTA TTG CTT GAT TGT CAC C-3′)
P3 (5′-CTA TTG CTT GAT TGT CTC C-3′)
Primers of conserved sequences in RSV
The PCR products was analyzed by
electrophoresis in a 1.2% agarose gel.
The separated fragments were stained
by ethidium bromide and visualized
under UV light.
36
37. Detecting by direct immunofluorescence
assay (DFA)
•It is rapid and sensitive methods.
•Princible:
Infected
cells
fluorescent
RSV-
antibody
examined
by
microscopy
37
41. Treatment (Antiviral agents)
Antiviral
agents
severe RSV disease
high-risk patients.
inhibition of the replicating virus
initiated at the onset of the infection
Ribavirin an analogue of the nucleic acid guanosine
41
42. RSV Vaccination
PFP subunit vaccine
(purified F protein)
Immunization of the elderly with chronic
cardiac or pulmonary disease
cpts live attenuated
vaccine
(cold-passaged
temperature-sensitive)
Immunization of young infants
combinations of different types of vaccines will be needed
for certain populations42
44. • How many gens in RSV genome?
• What is the function of (F) protein?
• Which antiviral is approved for treatment RSV
bronchiolitis?
44
Massages to take home
45. • Name tow type of RSV cell culture.
• What is the CPE of RSV?
• Which is the most sensitive methods for
detecting RSV infection?
45
Massages to take home
46. • Robert A. Dudas and Ruth A. Karron, Respiratory Syncytial
Virus Vaccines, Elsevier, 1998 Jul; 11(3): 430–439.
• Gonzalez IM1, Karron RA. Eichelberger M. Walsh EE, Delagarza
VW.Bennett R. Chanock RM.Murphy BR. Clements-Mann ML. Falsey
AR, Evaluation of the live attenuated cpts 248/404 RSV vaccine in
combination with a subunit RSV vaccine (PFP-2) in healthy young
and older adults, Elsevier Vaccine. 2000 Mar 6;18(17):1763-72.
• Ogra PL, Respiratory syncytial virus: the virus, the disease and the
immune response,Elsevier Paediatr Respir Rev. 2004;5 119-26.
Reference
46
47. • Piedimonte.G, Perez.M, Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection and
Bronchiolitis, pediatrics in review. December 2014;35(12):1-18.
• Peter J. M. Openshaw and John S. Tregoning, Immune Responses and
Disease Enhancement during Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection, clinical
microbiology review; July 2005vol. 18 no. 3 541-555.
• Jose´ A. Melero, Molecular Biology of Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus
in (Respiratory Syncytial Virus),Cane.P,Elsevier;2007(14).1-43.
• Taylor.G, Immunology of RSV in (Respiratory Syncytial
Virus),Cane.P,Elsevier;2007(14).43-89.
47
Reference
48. • Stephen P. Brearey, Rosalind L. Smyth, Pathogenesis of RSV in Children in
(Respiratory Syncytial Virus),Cane.P,Elsevier;2007(14).1-43.
• Becker.Y, Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) evades the human adaptive
immune system by skewing the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance toward
increased levels of Th2 cytokines and IgE, markers of allergy--a
review,springer link, 2006 Oct;33(2):235-52
• http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/molecular-assays.htm
(7/5/2016)
• http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/lymphokine
5/5/2016).
• http://www.dana.org/Media/GrantsDetails.aspx?id=38677 (3/5/2015)
48
Reference
Editor's Notes
which includes common respiratory viruses such as those causing measles and mumps.
Several studies have provided evidence that Gs may act as a
decoy for antibodies or it may play some immunomodulatory role in vivo (Polack
et al., 2005). Interestingly, recombinant viruses expressing only Gs can replicate
efficiently in cell culture and are only moderately attenuated in vivo
mesenteric lymph node
adaptive immune response that mediates recovery from infection and resistance to reinfection (in general
positive well was defined as an optical
density 0.20