Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
Encephalitis is a rare yet serious disease that can be life-threatening.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
The most common cause is viral infections.
In rare cases it can be caused by bacteria or even fungi.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain tissue.
Primary encephalitis- It occurs when a virus directly infects the brain and spinal cord.
Secondary encephalitis- It occurs when an infection starts elsewhere in the body and then travels to your brain.
Older adults
Children under the age of 1 year
People with weak immune systems
Primary (infectious) encephalitis
Common viruses, including HSV (herpes simplex virus) and EBV (Epstein-Barr virus)
Childhood viruses, including measles and mumps
Arboviruses (spread by mosquitoes, ticks, and other insects), including Japanese encephalitis, West Nile encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis
Secondary encephalitis: could be caused by a complication of a viral infection.
Meningitis is a severe CNS pathology and early and appropriate intervention is needed to prevent adverse outcome including mortality and long term complications. This presentation focuses on the different types of meningitis and the appropriate management options
Meningitis is a severe CNS pathology and early and appropriate intervention is needed to prevent adverse outcome including mortality and long term complications. This presentation focuses on the different types of meningitis and the appropriate management options
Central nervous system (CNS) infections are extremely serious group of diseases.
The cerebral cortex and spinal cord are confined within the restricted boundaries of the skull and bony spinal canal.
Infection, inflammation and oedema therefore have serious consequences, often leading to tissue infarction that in turn results in permanent neurologic damage or death.
Therefor, early diagnosis and prompt treatment is very important
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. • Meningitis is inflammatory involvement of the
meninges.
• Meningitis may involve the dura called
pachymeningitis, or leptomeninges (pia-arachnoid)
termed leptomeningitis.
• The latter is far more common, and unless
otherwise specified, meningitis would mean
leptomeningitis.
• Pachymeningitis is invariably an extension of the
inflammation from chronic suppurative otitis media
or from fracture of the skull
3. • Acute Pyogenic Meningitis
• Acute pyogenic or acute purulent meningitis is
acute infection of the pia-arachnoid and of the CSF
enclosed in the subarachnoid space.
• Since the subarachnoid space is continuous around
the brain, spinal cord and the optic nerves, infection
spreads immediately to whole of the cerebrospinal
meninges as well as to the ventricles.
4. ETIOPATHOGENESIS. The causative organisms vary with
age of the patient:
1. Escherichia coli infection is common in neonates with
neural tube defects.
2. Haemophilus influenzae is commonly responsible for
infection in infants and children.
3. Neisseria meningitidis causes meningitis in adolescent
and
young adults and is causative for epidemic meningitis.
4. Streptococcus pneumoniae is causative for infection at
extremes of age and following trauma
5. MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES.
• Grossly, pus accumulate in the subarachnoid space so
that normally clear CSF becomes turbid or frankly
purulent.
• The turbid fluid is particularly seen in the sulci and at
the base of the brain where the space is wide. In
fulminant cases, some degree of ventriculitis is also
present having a fibrinous coating on their walls and
containing turbid CSF.
• In addition, purulent material may interfere with CSF
flow and result in obstructive hydrocephalus
6. Microscopically
• There is presence of numerous polymorphonuclear
neutrophils in the subarachnoid space as well as in
the meninges, particularly around the blood vessels.
• Gram-staining reveals varying number of causative
bacteria
7. CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS.
• Acute bacterial meningitis is a medical emergency. The
immediate clinical manifestations are fever, severe
headache, vomiting, drowsiness, stupor, coma, and
occasionally, convulsions.
• The most important clinical sign is stiffness of the neck
on forward bending.
8. The diagnosis is confirmed by examining CSF as soon as
possible. The diagnostic alterations in the CSF in acute
pyogenic meningitis are as under:
1. Naked eye appearance of cloudy or frankly purulent
CSF.
2. Elevated CSF pressure (above 180 mm water).
3. Polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leucocytosis in CSF
(between 10-10,000/μl).
4. Raised CSF protein level (higher than 50 mg/dl).
5. Decreased CSF sugar concentration (lower than 40
mg/
dl).
6. Bacteriologic examination by Gram’s stain or by CSF
culture reveals causative organism.
9.
10.
11.
12. • Acute Lymphocytic (Viral, Aseptic) Meningitis
• Acute lymphocytic meningitis is a viral or aseptic
meningitis, especially common in children and young
adults.
• Among the etiologic agents are numerous viruses such
as enteroviruses, mumps, ECHO viruses, coxsackie
virus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus-2,
arthropode-borne viruses and HIV.
• However, evidence of viral infection may not be
demonstrable in about a third of cases.
13. MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES.
• Grossly, some cases show swelling of the brain while
others show no distinctive change.
Microscopically
• there is mild lymphocytic infiltrate in the leptomeninges.
14. CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS.
• The clinical manifestations of viral meningitis are much
the same as in bacterial meningitis with features of
acute onset meningeal symptoms and fever.
• However, viral meningitis has a benign and self-limiting
clinical course of short duration and is invariably
followed by complete recovery without the
lifethreatening complications of bacterial meningitis
15. The CSF findings in viral meningitis are as under:
1. Naked eye appearance of clear or slightly turbid CSF.
2. CSF pressure increased (above 250 mm water).
3. Lymphocytosis in CSF (10-100 cells/μ)
4. CSF protein usually normal or mildly raised.
5. CSF sugar concentration usually normal.
6. CSF bacteriologically sterile._x0000_
16.
17.
18. Chronic (Tuberculous and Cryptococcal)
Meningitis)
• There are two principal types of chronic meningitis—one
bacterial (tuberculous meningitis) and the other fungal
(cryptococcal meningitis). Both types cause chronic
granulomatous reaction and may produce parenchymal
lesions.
19. • Tuberculous meningitis occurs in children and adults
through haematogenous spread of infection from
tuberculosis elsewhere in the body, or it may simply be
a manifestation of miliary tuberculosis. Less commonly,
the spread may occur directly from tuberculosis of a
vertebral body.
• Cryptococcal meningitis develops particularly in
debilitated or immunocompromised persons, usually as
a result of haematogenous dissemination from a
pulmonary lesion. Cryptococcal meningitis is especially
an important cause of meningitis in patients with AIDS.
20. MORPHOLOGIC FEATURES.
• Grossly, in tuberculous meningitis, the subarachnoid
space contains thick exudate, particularly abundant in
the sulci and the base of the brain.
• Tubercles, 1-2 mm in diameter, may be visible, especially
adjacent to the blood vessels.
• The exudate in cryptococcal meningitis is scanty,
translucent and gelatinous.
21. • Microscopically, tuberculous meningitis shows exudate
of acute and chronic inflammatory cells, and granulomas
with or without caseation necrosis and giant cells.
• Acidfast bacilli may be demonstrated. Late cases show
dense fibrous adhesions in the subarachnoid space and
consequent hydrocephalus.
• Cryptococcal meningitis is characterised by infiltration by
lymphocytes, plasmacells, an occasional granuloma and
abundant characteristic capsulated cryptococci.
22. CLINICAL FEATURES AND DIAGNOSIS.
• Tuberculous meningitis manifests clinically as
headache, confusion, malaise and vomiting.
• The clinical course in cryptococcal meningitis may,
however, be fulminant and fatal in a few weeks, or be
indolent for months to years
23. The CSF findings in chronic meningitis are as under:
1. Naked eye appearance of a clear or slightly turbid CSF
which may form fibrin web on standing.
2. Raised CSF pressure (above 300 mm water).
3. Mononuclear leucocytosis consisting mostly of
lymphocytes and some macrophages (100-1000 cells/μl).
4. Raised protein content.
5. Lowered glucose concentration.
6. Tubercle bacilli may be found on microscopy of
centrifuged deposits by ZN staining in tuberculous
meningitis