1) Neoplasia refers to abnormal and uncontrolled cell growth, which can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). The study of tumors is called oncology. 2) Tumors have two components - tumor parenchyma consisting of neoplastic cells, and reactive stroma made of connective tissue. The characteristics of the parenchymal cells determine if a tumor is benign or malignant. 3) Benign tumors are self-limited, do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumors can invade surrounding tissues and spread to other parts of the body.

1. NEOPLASIA
- Ladi Anudeep
ISM-IUK

2. DEFINITION
• Neoplasia means “new growth”
• But every new growth is not neoplasia
• So, normal cells are transforming into neoplastic cells
• The study of neoplasms or tumors is called as ONCOLOGY
• All tumors have two basic components: 1) tumor parenchyma
• 2) reactive stroma
• Tumor parenchyma constitutes neoplastic cells
• Reactive stroma made up of connective tissue, blood vessels, and
cells of innate and adaptive immunity

3. • Tumor parenchyma play important role in nomenclature of tumors
and biological behavior of tumor
• Tumor will be benign or malignant depending on parenchymal cells
• Parenchymal cells produce growth factors that leads to production of
excess collagen and is called as DESMOPLASIA
• The tumors with high parenchymal content and lo stromal content
are SOFT and FLESHY
• In some tumors, severe desmoplasia is seen and is called as
SCIRRHOUS TUMORS which are stony hard ( e.g. female breast)

4. • Neoplastic tissue has some special growth characteristics:
• 1) excessive manner
• 2) unco-ordinated growth
• 3) persistent and progressive
• 4) autonomous growth
• Factors for normal cells transforming into neoplastic cells:
• 1) DNA damage
• 2) radiation
• 3) chemical carcinogens
• 4) genetic defect

5. Genetic Make-Up
• There are certain genes in cells, if stimulated starts proliferation of
cells and are called as PROTO-ONCO GENES
• Another type of genes, whose products stops proliferation of cells
and are called as TUMOR SUPPRESOR GENES
• Group of genes, whose products determine survival of cells and are
called as ANTI-APOPTOTIC GENES
• Another group of genes, whose products leads to apoptosis of cells
and are called as PRO-APOPTOTIC GENES

6. • Any abnormality or damage that stimulates proto-oncogenes, causes
NEOPLASIA
• If any damage to proto-oncogenes and anti-apoptotic genes, cells
over proliferates and over survive that automatically leads to
neoplasia
• Actually to develop neoplasia, several series of mutations must be
given and these mutations are called as SECONDARY MUTATIONS
• Neoplastic growth is does not perform any beneficial function to the
body and called as PURPOSELESS GROWTH

7. Classification of tumors
• BENIGN: tumor is said to be benign when the tumor is localized and show
no metastasis
• This type of tumors can be surgically removed
• Nomenclature of benign tumors is by attaching suffix-oma to name of cell
type from which tumor originates
• MALIGNANT: tumor is said to be malignant if the neoplastic cells can
invade other tissues and destroy adjacent structures and show metastasis
• These type are collectively referred as CANCERS
• Nomenclature of malignant tumors follows the same schema used for
benign conditions

9. BENIGN TUMORS
• Connective tissue and derivatives: 1) fibroma
• 2) lipoma
• 3) chondroma
• 4) osteoma
• Tumor of blood vessel: Hemangioma
• Tumor of lymph vessel: Lymphangioma
• Tumor of mesothelium: Benign fibrous tumor
• Tumor of brain coverings: Meningioma
• Tumor of smooth muscle: Leiomyoma
• Tumor of striated muscle: Rhabdomyoma
• Tumor of stratified squamous epithelium: Squamous Cell Papilloma

10. • Tumors of epithelial lining of glands or ducts: 1) Adenoma
• 2) papilloma
• 3) cystadenoma
• Tumor of respiratory passages: Bronchial Adenoma
• Tumor of renal epithelium: Renal Tubular Adenoma
• Tumor of liver cells: Hepatic Adenoma
• Tumor of transitional epithelium: Transitional Cell Papilloma
• Tumor of placental epithelium: Hydatiform Mole
• Tumor of melanocytes: Nevus

11. FIBROMA of ovary

12. LIPOMA

13. Periosteal chondroma

14. HEMANGIOMA

15. Benign Fibrous Tumor

16. Leiomyoma of Uterus

17. Rhabdomyoma of heart

18. Squamous Cell Papilloma

19. Tubular Adenoma

20. Ovarian Cystadenoma

21. Bronchial Adenoma

22. Hepatic Adenoma

23. Hydatidiform Mole of placenta

24. Malignant Tumors
• Tumor of connective tissue and derivatives: 1) Fibro Sarcoma
• 2) liposarcoma
• 3) chondrosarcoma
• Tumor of blood vessels: Angiosarcoma
• Tumor of lymph vessels: lymphangiosarcoma
• Tumor of mesothelium: meningioma
• Tumor of hematopoietic cells: Leukemia
• Tumor of lymphoid tissue: Lymphoma
• Tumor of smooth muscle: Leiomyosarcoma
• Tumor of striated muscle: Rhabdomyosarcoma
• Tumor of stratified squamous epithelium: Squamous Cell Carcinoma

25. • Tumor of epithelial lining of glands: 1) adenocarcinoma
• 2) papillary carcinoma
• 3) cystadenocarcinoma
• Tumor of respiratory passages: Bronchogenic carcinoma
• Tumor of renal epithelium: Renal cell carcinoma
• Tumor of liver cells: Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Tumor of urinary tract epithelium: transitional cell carcinoma
• Tumor of placental epithelium: choriocarcinoma
• Tumor of melanocytes: malignant melanoma

26. Fibrosarcoma

27. Liposarcoma

28. Chondrosarcoma

29. Osteogenic Sarcoma

30. Angiosarcoma of Breast

31. Lymphangiosarcoma

32. Pleural Mesothelioma

33. Invasive Meningioma

34. Leukemia of spleen

35. Lymphoma of liver

36. Leiomyosarcoma of Uterus

37. Rhabdomyosarcoma of Urinary Bladder

38. Squamous Cell Carcinoma

39. Adenocarcinoma of lungs

40. Papillary Carcinomas of Thyroid

41. Cystadenocarcinoma of Ovary

42. Bronchogenic Carcinoma

43. Renal Cell Carcinoma

44. Hepatocellular Carcinoma

45. Transitional Cell Carcinoma

46. Mixed Tumors
• Benign tumor of salivary glands is called as Pleomorphic adenoma
• Malignant tumor of salivary glands is called as Malignant mixed tumor
of salivary glands origin

47. Pleomorphic Adenoma

48. Malignant mixed tumor of Salivary origin