Rhinovirus is the most common cause of the common cold, accounting for about half of all cases. It is a non-enveloped virus with a positive-sense RNA genome that primarily infects and replicates in the upper respiratory tract at temperatures between 33-35°C. Rhinovirus binds to ICAM-1 receptors on respiratory cells, triggering an immune response and symptoms like runny nose and cough. There is no vaccine for rhinovirus due to the large number of serotypes, but some antiviral drugs are being researched.
Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Their name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953.
The presentation includes disease, treatment and management.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
Adenoviruses (members of the family Adenoviridae) are medium-sized (90–100 nm), nonenveloped (without an outer lipid bilayer) viruses with an icosahedral nucleocapsid containing a double-stranded DNA genome. Their name derives from their initial isolation from human adenoids in 1953.
The presentation includes disease, treatment and management.
A picornavirus is a virus belonging to the family Picornaviridae, a family of viruses in the order Picornavirales. Vertebrates, including humans, serve as natural hosts. Picornaviruses are nonenveloped viruses that represent a large family of small, cytoplasmic, plus-strand RNA viruses with a 30-nm icosahedral capsid.
herpes simplex virus is a double stranded DNA virus causing many symptoms all over the body. it affects globally all over the world .
neonatal hsv attacks even the baby and made them to a fatal conditions.
Adenoviridae is a group of medium sized, non-enveloped, double stranded DNA viruses that replicate and produce disease in the eye and in the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tracts;
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
The Paramyxoviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses known to cause different types of infections in vertebrates. Examples of these infections in humans include the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
The rhinovirus (from the Greek ῥίς rhis "nose", gen ῥινός rhinos "of the nose", and the Latin vīrus) is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. Rhinovirus infection proliferates in temperatures of 33–35 °C (91–95 °F), the temperatures found in the nose. Rhinoviruses belong to the genus Enterovirus in the family Picornaviridae.
The three species of rhinovirus (A, B, and C) include around 160 recognized types of human rhinovirus that differ according to their surface proteins (serotypes).[1] They are lytic in nature and are among the smallest viruses, with diameters of about 30 nanometers. By comparison, other viruses, such as smallpox and vaccinia, are around ten times larger at about 300 nanometers; while flu viruses are around 80–120 nm.
Polio: flaccid paralysis, major and minor
disease, fecal-oral
Coxsackievirus A: vesicular diseases,
meningitis; coxsackievirus B (body):
pleurodynia, myocarditis
Other echovirus and enteroviruses: like
coxsackievirus
Rhinoviruses: common cold, acid labile, does
not replicate above 33° C
Biology, Virulence, and Disease
• Small size, icosahedral capsid, positive RNA
genome with terminal protein
• Genome is sufficient for infection
• Encodes RNA-dependent RNA polymerase,
replicates in cytoplasm
Enteroviruses
• Capsid virus resistant to inactivation
• Disease due to lytic infection of important
target tissue
• Polio: cytolytic infection of motor neurons of
anterior horn and brainstem, paralysis
• Coxsackievirus A: herpangina, hand-foot-
and-mouth disease, common cold,
meningitis
• Coxsackievirus B: pleurodynia, neonatal
myocarditis, type 1 diabetes
Rhinoviruses
• Acid labile and cannot replicate at body
temperature
• Restricted to upper respiratory tract
• Common cold
Epidemiology
• Enteroviruses transmitted by fecal-oral route
and aerosols
• Rhinoviruses transmitted by aerosols and
contact
Diagnosis
• Immune assays (ELISA) or RT-PCR genome
analysis of blood, CSF, or other relevant
sample
Treatment, Prevention, and Control
• OPV and IPV polio vaccines
P
icornaviridae is one of the largest families of viruses and
includes some of the most important human and animal
viruses (Box 46-1). As the name indicates, these viruses are
small (pico) ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses that have a
naked capsid structure. The family has more than 230
members divided into nine genera, including Enterovirus,
Rhinovirus, Hepatovirus (hepatitis A virus; discussed in
Chapter 55), Cardiovirus, and Aphthovirus. The enterovi-
ruses are distinguished from the rhinoviruses by the stabil-
ity of the capsid at pH 3, the optimum temperature
for growth, the mode of transmission, and their diseases
The Paramyxoviridae is a family of single-stranded RNA viruses known to cause different types of infections in vertebrates. Examples of these infections in humans include the measles virus, mumps virus, parainfluenza virus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).
Serological test for virus identificationPlock Ghosh
This presentation consist of detailed study of serological method of virus identification. Basically ELISA is vastly used for virus detection. Western blot method is used for HIV identification.
El grupo de Rhinovirus, uno de los grupos virales que afectan al hombre de forma frecuente, causando el catarro común. Se describe sus características víricas y el cuadro patológico. Se describe además de forma breve los Enterovirus: Poliovirus, Echovirus y Coxsackie virus. Todos ellos de interés para el Médico General de primer contacto.
Parvovirus B-19 in Pregnancy Parvovirus is a member of the family Parvoviridae. The virus contains a single-stranded DNA. It can only infect humans. 50% of all adults have been infected sometime during childhood or adolescence.
Parvovirus B-19 in Pregnancy Epidemiology Congenital infection rates vary depending on the prevalence in the community. Approximately 50 to 75% of adult women are immune. 20% to 30% of susceptible adults in school settings will become infected. Day-care workers have a 20% to 50% risk of seroconversion. The risk of infection among susceptible adults following household exposure to an infected person is approximately 50%.
ANTI CANCER DRUGS[ANTI-NEOPLASTIC DRUGS] MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY BY P. RAVISANKAR.Dr. Ravi Sankar
what is cancer?, History,Malignent tumor, non-malignent tumor(benign tumor),Largest tumor ever removed, tumour growth kinitics, doubling tume, angiogenesis, causes of cancer, drugs, treatment of cancer, classification of anti-cancer agents, mechanism of actions,alkylating agents,anti metabolites, vinka alkaloids, best ways to reducing cancer.
BY P. RAVISANKAR
VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE
VADLAMUDI
GUNTUR
ANDHRA PRADESH
INDIA.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, previously known by the provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus, is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus.
Video presentation - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45CjKnJaIC0
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In this presentation you will find about the zoonotic potential of rabies virus, its impact in terms of DALYs.
Epidemiology and geographical distribution of rabies.
You will learn about the reservoir and source of rabies, transmission of rabies virus.
You will also learn about the virology of rabies virus inculding its family, genus, its structure, its different protein and the replication cycle of rabies virus.
It will also put light on the pathogenesis of rabies virus and different stages of rabies virus infection.
Then it will discuss about the laboratory diagnosis of rabies virus infection in humans as well as in animals including specimen collection, culturing, microscopy, animal inoculation and molecular diagnosis.
After that, you will get information about the prevention and control of rabies and different successful control strategies adopted by several countries of the world.
In the end it will discuss the status of rabies in Pakistan and specially WHO responses to rabies control in pakistan.
Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. mechsnism, pathogenesis and causes, transmission,symptoms and therapeutic strategies
Published by karuna raghuwanshi,M.pharma II semester (pharmaceutics),Pharmacy department.
Recent outbreak of diseases related to humans.MedhaPathak2
Recently we have faced many outbreak of human diseases throughout the world, one of them being COVID-19. This presentation gives a detailed information about these outbreaks. Main focus is on COVID-19 as it is the prevailing outbreak.
Picornaviruses presentation for medical student created by: Farhang Shapouran
References : Moray medical microbiology, Jawetz medical microbiology, ICTV
The rhinovirus is the most common viral infectious agent in humans and is the predominant cause of the common cold. HRVs can replicate in the lower airways and do appear to play a critical role in causing exacerbations of asthma and other chronic lung diseases.
Objectives:
1–Describe the morphology and structure of virus A/H1N1?
2-Describe the clinical features A/H1N1?
3-Describe the pathology and immune response of A/H1N1?
4-Describe the transmission and prevention of A/H1N1?
5-list the diagnostic tests A/H1N1?
done by : asem shadid , college of medicine .
3. Rhinovirus Structure
• Rhinovira are composed of a capsid, that contains four viral
proteins VP1, VP2, VP3 and VP4. VP1, VP2, and VP3 form the
major part of the protein capsid. The much smaller VP4
protein has a more extended structure, and lies at interface
between the capsid and the RNA genome. There are 60
copies of each of these proteins assembled as an
icosahedron. Antibodies are a major defense against infection
with the epitopes lying on the exterior regions of VP1-VP3.
4. Rhinovirus Transmission and
Epidemiology
• There are two modes of transmission: via aerosols of respiratory
droplets and from contaminated surfaces, including direct personto-person contact. A high majority of colds are transmitted by
autoinoculation by contact with contaminated surfaces.
• Rhinovira occur worldwide and are the primary cause of common
colds. Symptoms include sore throat, runny nose, nasal congestion,
sneezing and cough; sometimes accompanied by muscle aches,
fatigue, malaise, headache, muscle weakness, or loss of appetite.
Fever and extreme exhaustion are more usual in influenza. Children
may have six to twelve colds a year. In the United States, the
incidence of colds is higher in the fall and winter, with most
infections occurring between September to April. The seasonality
may be due to the start of the school year, or due to people
spending more time indoors (thus in closer proximity with each
other), increasing the chance of transmission of the virus.
5. Rhinovirus Pathogenesis
• The primary route of entry for rhinovira is the upper respiratory
tract. Afterward, the virus binds to ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion
Molecule 1) also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentiation 54)
receptors on respiratory epithelial cells. As the virus replicates and
spreads, infected cells release distress signals known as chemokines
and cytokines(which in turn activate inflammatory mediators).
• Infection occurs rapidly, with the virus adhering to surface
receptors within 15 minutes of entering the respiratory tract. Just
over 50% of symptomatic individuals will experience symptoms
within 2 days of infection. Only about 5% of cases will have an
incubation period of less than 20 hours, and, on the other end, it is
expected that 5% of cases would have an incubation period of
greater than four and a half days.
• Rhinovira preferentially grow at 32°C as opposed to 37°C, hence
infect the upper respiratory tract.
6. Rhinovirus Novel Antiviral Drugs
• Interferon-alpha used intranasally was shown to be effective
against rhinovirus infections. However, volunteers treated with this
drug experienced some side effects, such as nasal bleeding, and
began developing resistance to the drug. Subsequently, research
into the treatment was abandoned.
• Pleconaril is an orally bioavailable antiviral drug being developed
for the treatment of infections caused by picornaviruses. This drug
acts by binding to a hydrophobic pocket in VP1, and stabilizes the
protein capsid to such an extent that the virus cannot release its
RNA genome into the target cell. When tested in volunteers, during
the clinical trials, this drug caused a significant decrease in mucus
secretions and illness-associated symptoms. Pleconaril is not
currently available for treatment of rhinoviral infections, as
its efficacy in treating these infections is under further evaluation.
• There are potentially other substances such as Iota-Carrageenan
that may lead to the creation of drugs to combat the rhinovirus.
7. Rhinovirus Vaccine
• There are no vaccines against these vira as there
is little-to-no cross-protection between
serotypes. At least 99 serotypes of rhinoviruses
affecting humans have been sequenced.
• However, recent study of the VP4 protein has
shown it to be highly conserved amongst many
serotypes of Rhinovirus, opening up the potential
for a future pan-serotype Rhinovirus vaccine