This is brief discussion on the Respiration and Types of respiration. total process of glycolysis, citric acid cycle. This will help you to understand the respiration complete process of respiration

2. Respiration:
Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration

3. Respiration:
 The action of breathing.
 A process in living organisms involving the
production of energy, typically with the intake of
oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide from
the oxidation of complex organic substances.

5. Aerobic Respiration:
Aerobic respiration is the process of
producing cellular energy involving
oxygen. Cells break down food in the
mitochondria in a long, multistep process
that produces roughly 38 ATP. The first
step is Glycolysis, the second is the Citric
acid cycle, the third is the Electron
transport chain.

6. Anaerobic respiration:
 is respiration using electron acceptors
other than molecular oxygen.

7. Glycolysis:
 is the process of breaking down glucose.
 Glycolysis produces two molecules
of pyruvate, two molecules of ATP, two
molecules of NADH, and two molecules
of water.
 Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm.

8.  There are 10 enzymes involved in
breaking down sugar. The 10 steps of
glycolysis are organized by the order in
which specific enzymes act upon the
system.

10. Step 1:
 The enzyme hexokinase phosphorylates
adds a phosphate group to glucose in a
cell's cytoplasm. In the process, a
phosphate group from ATP is transferred
to glucose producing glucose 6-
phosphate or G6P. One molecule of ATP is
consumed during this phase.

11. Step 2:
 Enzyme phosphoglucomutase isomerize
s G6P into its isomer fructose 6-
phosphate or F6P. Isomers have the
same molecular formula as each other but
different atomic arrangements.

12. Step 3:
 The enzyme phosphofructokinase uses
another ATP molecule to transfer a
phosphate group to F6P in order to form
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate or FBP. Two ATP
molecules have been used so far.

13. Step 4:
 The enzyme aldolase splits fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate into a ketone and an
aldehyde molecule. These sugars,
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP), are
isomers of each other.

14. Step 5:
 The enzyme triose-phosphate
isomerase rapidly converts DHAP into
GAP (these isomers can inter-convert).
GAP is the substrate needed for the next
step of glycolysis.

15. Step 6:
 The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (GAPDH) serves two
functions in this reaction. First, it
dehydrogenates GAP by transferring one of
its hydrogen (H⁺) molecules to the oxidizing
agent nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(NAD⁺) to form NADH + H⁺.
 Next, GAPDH adds a phosphate from the
cytosol to the oxidized GAP to form 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate (BPG). Both molecules
of GAP produced in the previous step
undergo this process of dehydrogenation and
phosphorylation.

16. Step 7:
 Enzyme phosphoglycerokinase transfer
a phosphate from BPG to a molecule of
ADP to form ATP. This happens to each
molecule of BPG. This reaction yields two
3-phosphoglycerate (3 PGA) molecules
and two ATP molecules.

17. Step 8:
 Enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocat
es the P of the two 3 PGA molecules from
the third to the second carbon to form
two 2-phosphoglycerate (2 PGA)
molecules.

18. Step 9:
 The enzyme enolase removes a molecule
of water from 2-phosphoglycerate to form
phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). This happens
for each molecule of 2 PGA from step
eight.

19. Step 10:
 The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers a
P from PEP to ADP to form pyruvate and
ATP. This happens for each molecule of
PEP. This reaction yields two molecules of
pyruvate and two ATP molecules.

20. Citric acid cycle:
 The citric acid cycle is also known as TCA
(tricarboxlyic acid cycle) or the Krebs
cycle.
 Once acetyl CoA is formed,the krebs cycle
begins.

22. Electron Transport Chain:
 The electron transport chain is the last
component of aerobic respiration.
 An electron transport chain (ETC) is
the a series of complexes
that transfer electrons from electron
donors to electron
acceptors via redox (both reduction and
oxidation occurring simultaneously)
reactions, and couples this electron
transfer with the transfer
of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.

24. Complex I
 This complex is composed of flavin
mononucleotide (FMN) and an iron-sulfur
(Fe-S)-containing protein.
 The enzyme in complex I is NADH
dehydrogenase. Complex I can pump
hydrogen ions across the membrane from the
matrix into the intermembrane space, and it
is in this way that the hydrogen ion gradient
is established and maintained between the
two compartments separated by the inner
mitochondrial membrane.

25. Complex II
 Complex II directly receives FADH2. The
compound connecting the first and second
complexes to the third
is ubiquinone (Q).
 Ubiquinone delivers its electrons to the
next complex in the electron transport
chain. Q receives the electrons derived
from NADH from complex I and the
electrons derived from FADH2 from
complex II

26. Complex III
 Also called cytochrome reductase.
Cytochromes are groups of proteins which
has heme as their complexes. The heme
molecule is similar to the heme in
hemoglobin, but it carries electrons, not
oxygen
 Also has Iron core in which iron can exist
in oxidised or reduced form depending on
the electrons it has
 Contain three types of cytochromes
b,c1,c.

27. Complex IV
 The fourth complex is also called cytochrome
c oxidase.
• This complex contains two heme groups
(one in each of the two cytochromes, a, and
a3) and three copper ions (a pair of CuA and
one CuB in cytochrome a3). The cytochromes
hold an oxygen molecule very tightly
between the iron and copper ions until the
oxygen is completely reduced. The reduced
oxygen then picks up two hydrogen ions from
the surrounding medium to make water
(H2O).