this is presentation on the topics of the compounds classification used to control the weeds in the fields, manage weeds

1. CLASSIFICATION OF
ORGANIC COMPOUMDS

2. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MOBILITY:
This classification provides useful information on the type of
weeds which might be controlled i,e Annual or Perennial.
SYSTEMIC OR TRANSLOCATION:
These are herbicides which are absorbed by the foliage or
roots and than move through out the body of the
plant(Atrazine,Dicamba and glyphosate).
GENERAL CONTACT:
These herbicides do not move and only kill the root or foliage
when they come in direct contact i,e (paraquat metham).

3. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO SELECTIVITY.
Herbicides are also classified as selective or non selective.
Selective;
These herbicides are tolerated by some species but lethal to
others(atrazine,propanil,2,4.D).
Non selective;
These are general weed killers and will kill every plant they come in
contact with(paraquat,delapon,decamba,glyphosate).

4. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MODE OF ACTION.
The mode of action of some herbicides is not precisely non,and
an herbicides may have more than one mode of action.
However,a tentative grouping of according to there mode and
site of action is as follows;
GROWTH REGULATORS;2.4-D,decamba,piclorum.
INHIBITORS OF OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION;
Dinoseb,PCP,nitrofen.

5. PHOTOSYNTHESIS INHIBITORS;
Atrazine,chlortoluron,diuron.
MITOTIC POISONS:Trifluralin,pendimethalin.
INHIBITORS OF SHOOTS ONLY OF GERMINATING
SEEDLINGS:
Ioxynil,bromoxynil.
INHIBITORS OF ROOT ONLY OF GERMINATING
SEEDLINGS:
Trifluralin,pendimethalin.
OTHER INHIBITORS OF ROOT AND/OR SHOOT GROWTH
OF GERMINATING SEEDLINGS:

6. CHLOROPHYL INHIBITORS;
Atrazine.
INTERFERE WITH PROTIEN METABOLISM:
Denoseb,ioxynil.
INCREASE LEAVE CELL PERMEABILITY:
Paraquat,propanil.

7. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CHEMICAL
STRUCTURES:
For a more functional system of classification,herbicides have
been grouped according to their chemical structures.
Herbicides are classified into 17 different families although the
substances grouped together within some families may not have
entirely similar characteristics.These families are described as
follows;
ORGANIC ARSENICALS:
Herbicides belonging to this group are general contact weed
killers with very reduced toxicity to human biengs.
Repeated applications at intervals of two to three weeks are
generally required to kill pereninial plants.

8. ALIPHATIC ORGANIC HERBICIDES:
This group includes TCA and Delapon as their sodium salts.
Both of these compounds are effective against grasses and also
control certain broad leaf weeds.
Delapon is a very popular herbicides for the control of
grasses,where as TCA is a general weed killer.
Delapon is frequently used in sugarcane.

9. Glyphosate,not a true aliphatic compound, is included in this
group of convenience.
It is a general weed killer and can be actively translocated from
vegetative parts to underground roots,bulbs,or rhizomes,hence it
is probably the only herbicides which can control yellow
nutsedge.
It is very popular for the persistant control of perennials like
yellow nutsedge and field bind weed which are other wise
difficult to control.

10. PHENOXY DERIVATIVES:
The typical compounds of this family 2.4-D, 2.4.5-T and MCPA.
The phenoxy-compounds are growth regulators with hormones
like activity.
They are translocated and selective in nature, and are usually
use to control broad leave weeds,With sereals ,they are
occasionally employed as pre-emergence and post-emergence
herbicides.
Eichenfield LF, et al. Cutis. 2007;80(6 suppl):2-16.

11. SUBSTITUTED UREAS:
This family represent a large group of herbicides with diverse
properties and uses.
Those registered and available in PAKISTAN are
diuron,chlortoluron,methabenzathiazuron,and isoprotoron.
chlotoluron,methabenzathiazuran,these are very popular
herbicides are use in wheat,and are equally effective against
grasses and broad leaves.
whereas diuron is recommended for sugarcane.

12. TRIAZINES:
These are the most widely used herbicides throughout the world.
In general the triazine herbicides are grouped into three major
classes.
CHLORTRIAZINES:
METHOXYTRIAZINES:
METHYLTHIOTRIAZINES:
Moreover, Atrazine and Ametryne are used in different mixtures
of sugarcane and maize fields.

13. AMIDES:
The amide herbicides are comprise a diverse group with
biological properties and uses.Butachlor,solan,diphenamid are
some of the representatives of this group.
Chemicals of this family are used in a variety of crops almost in
selective herbicides.
Most of them are used as pre-emergense or pre-planting soil-
incorporated herbicides.
Butachlor is commonly used in pakistan.

14. CARBAMATES AND THIOCARBAMATES:
These are both derived from carbamic acid and hence have
close structural similarities.
The substances in this group have diverse properties and
propham,chlorpropham,and EPTC are some of the herbicides
belonging to this class.

15. DINITROANILINES:
Important representative are trrifluralin,benefin,nitralin,and
oxyzalin.
They are usually used for selective weed control as a pre-
planting,soil incorporation treatment prior to weed seed
germination.
Trifluralin and pendimethalin are two herbicides of this group
which are presently available in PAKISTAN and are used in
cotton,legumes,vegetables and other crops.

16. BENZOIC ACID DERIVATIVES:
Important herbicides of this group are dicamba,tricamba,TBA
and chloramben.
These substances are systemic growth regulators.Benzoic acid
herbicides are used primarily for soil application against
germinating seeds and seedlings.
Because of their systemic nature,they are used for the control of
perennials and can also be apllied at the post-emergense stage.
Dicamba, an herbicide registered in PAKISTAN is used as pre-
and post-emergence stage.

17. TRIAZOLES:
Amitrole is the only herbiside in this group.
It is applied as foliar spray and is general contact weed killer.
TEREPHTHALLIC ACID DERIVATIVES:
Naptalam,endothall,(chlorothall) are included in this group.
Naptalam is pre-emergence.
Endothall pre- and post-emergence herbicides.

18. Southall M, et al. The Dermatologist. September 2012 (suppl):1-4.
URACILS:
The uracil group consist of bromacil,terbacil and lenacil.
Lenacil and terbacil are pre-emergence selective and
Bromacil are post-emergence herbicides.
PICOLINIC ACID DERIVATIVES:
Picloram,triclopyr, are members of this family.
They are applied post-emergence and pre-emergence in action.

19. NITROPHENYL ETHERS:
The important representatives of this family are
Nitrofen,Fluorodifen and Lactofen.
Lactofen is selective post-emergence
Whereas nitrofen is pre- and post-emergence,selective
herbicide.

20. THANK YOU

21. ECZEMA (N=33)
SENILE SKIN
WINTER ITCH
SENILE PRURITUS
PH
NORMAL pH RANGE
4.2-5.5
pH LEVEL IMMEDIATELY
AFTER TREATMENT WITH
COLLOIDAL OATMEAL
pHLEVELBEFORETREATMENT
Grais M. AMA Arch Derm Syphilol.1953;68(4):402-407.
pH measured on
forearm
(N=33)
(N=16)
(N=14)
Buffering Capacity of Colloidal Oatmeal Restores
the pH of Damaged Skin to Within the Normal Range

22. Colloidal Oatmeal Cream vs Rx Barrier
Emulsion for Improving Skin Barrier in
Moderate-to-Severe Dry Skin
-35
-15
-20
-30
4
-25
9
Days
1 7
PercentMeanReductionin
WaterLoss
Regression
Period
Colloidal Oatmeal Cream Rx Skin Barrier Emulsion
Nebus J, et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64:AB71.

23. Oatmeal Lotion Use for
Moderate-to-Severe Xerosis
Transepidermal Water Loss (TEWL)Visual Dryness
Nebus J, Schmalenberg K, Wallo W. The effectiveness of an oatmeal lotion in improving and maintaining barrier function and moisture
levels of moderate to severe xerosis. P1608.

24. *Colloidal oatmeal with ceramides and dexpanthenol.
Wallo W, et al. Poster presented at: 65th annual meeting of the AAD; February 2–6, 2007; Washington DC.
Colloidal Oatmeal Bath* in the Treatment of
Dry and Sensitive Skin in Atopic Dermatitis
0
1.2
Before After
Itching
Burning
GradingScore
0.2
0.6
1.0
0.4
0.8
4-week, investigator-blinded, crossover study (N=25)
50%
67%

25. * * *
*
*
*

28. Fowler JF, et al. J Drugs Dermatol. 2012;11(7):804-807.
N=23 children aged 2 months to 6 years.
*P<0.001. †P<0.05

29. Dermatologist Assessments: (age 2 months–6 years)
P<0.05 vs baseline for all comparisons.
VAS=visual analog scale.
Lee PW, et al. Poster presented at: 34th Annual Meeting of the Society of Pediatric Dermatology, July 2008.
Tolerability and Efficacy of a Colloidal Oatmeal
Cream and Cleanser in Infants and Children with
mild to moderate Atopic Dermatitis
0
60
50
40
30
20
10
Roughness
Week 2
Week 4
PercentMeanImprovement
*
*
Dryness
* * *
*
Itch (VAS)

30. Tolerability and Efficacy of a Colloidal
Oatmeal Cream and Cleanser in Infants
and Children with Atopic Dermatitis
Dermatologist Assessments: IGA and EASI Composite Score
P<0.05 vs baseline for all comparisons.
IGA=Investigator’s Global Assessment; EASI=eczema area severity index.
Lee PW, et al. Poster presented at: 34th Annual Meeting of the Society of Pediatric Dermatology, July 2008.
0
60
50
40
30
20
10
Week 4
PercentMeanImprovement
Week 2
Overall IGA
EASI Composite

31. Colloidal Oatmeal Cream for Eczema:
Study Methods
Usual moisturizer
stopped
Use of basic
moisturiser
Patient
enrolment
1 month
washout
NOVEMBER 2010 MAY 2011
T0 baseline
assessment
Colloidal Oatmeal
Cream 2 x day
Face, body, &
eczema areas
1 month
Colloidal Oatmeal
Cream 2 x day
Face, body, &
eczema areas
Colloidal Oatmeal
Cream 2 x day
Face, body, &
eczema areas
2 months 3 months
T4 weeks
assessment
T8 weeks
assessment
T12 weeks
assessment
Patients with a score of 0
at T0 did not enter trial
Any patients with a score of 0
did not enter the analysis
Colloidal Oatmeal Cream was used as part of the patient’s normal skin
regimen; no other product changes were made
Data on file. Johnson and Johnson, 2012.

32. SCORAD and EASI
Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD)
 Composite index
 Assesses spread of lesion area, intensity of lesions, and
symptoms
 Calculated score classifies atopic skin as mild, moderate, or
severe
Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI)
 Composite index
 Assesses percent of body surface area involved and skin
pathology
 Calculated score ranges from 0 to 72
European Task Force on Atopic Dermatitis. Dermatology. 1993;186:23-31.
Hanifin JM, et al. Exp Dermatol. 2001;10:11-18.

33. All Signs of Mild-to-Moderate Eczema
Improved as Skin Hydration Increased
*All patients, visual assessment by dermatologist
Percentage of patients with improvement in clinical parameters
PercentMeanImprovement
Data on file. Johnson and Johnson, 2012.

34. Colloidal Oatmeal Cream Was Effective in the
Younger Age Group* From Week 4
*Children from 6 months to 5 years; visual assessment by dermatologist
T4W T8W T12W T4W T8W T12W T4W T8W T12W T4W T8W T12W
*
**
*
*
**
**
**
*
**
**
Dryness Itching Scaling Redness
All parameters improved either significant* or highly significant**
*
PercentMeanImprovement
Data on file. Johnson and Johnson, 2012.

35. And in Older Children and
Adolescents
Subjects from 6–20 years, visual assessment by dermatologist
T4W T8W T12W T4W T8W T12W T4W T8W T12W T4W T8W T12W
*
*
*
*
**
**
*
**
**
Dryness Itching Scaling Redness
*
Percentage improvement compared with
baseline visit (6–20 years old)
*Significant improvement; **Highly significant improvement
PercentMeanImprovement
Data on file. Johnson and Johnson, 2012.

36. More than 80% of Patients in All Age
Groups Saw Improvement in Their Skin Condition
Percentage of patients with improvement in skin
condition at Week 12
**Assessment by parents for the very youngData on file. Johnson and Johnson, 2012.

37. Improvement in SCORAD (Week 12)
At Week 12, more than 90% of patients had
improvement in SCORAD scores
 Overall, SCORAD scores improved by a mean of 48.4%
 In infants and young children (≤5 years of age), the mean
improvement in SCORAD scores was 37.1%
 In children and adolescents (6–20 years of age), the mean
improvement in SCORAD scores was 57.7%
Data on file. Johnson and Johnson, 2012.

38. Colloidal Oatmeal Cream Effect on
Corticosteroid use
As skin conditions improved with regular use of the colloidal
oatmeal cream, subjects reported a decreased need for
corticosteroid use.
During the washout period, patients averaged 5.5 grams of
corticoids
After 4 weeks of using colloidal oatmeal cream
 Measured corticosteroid use declined by 39.4% (9.24 grams/patient)*
 63% of patients felt that they used less corticoids/immunomodulators†.
*N=19, based on subset of individuals using topical
corticosteroids prior to study start. Average use, 2.4 tubes
over 12 week study period.
†Self assessment questionnaire.
Data on file. Johnson and Johnson, 2012.

39. Safety
Oat Sensitization

40. Reports of Oat Sensitization
Study N Age Design Formulation Tests Results
Boussault,
20071
302 Prospective
Open
Oat pollen APT
SPT
OFC
ROAT
15% APT+
19% SPT+
16% OFC+
7/25 ROAT+
Pigatto, 19972
42 (atopic)
22 (control)
Range:
6–24
months
Double
blind
Randomized
Colloidal oat
extract
Topical
application
No urticarial or contact
allergy reactions
Grimalt, 20073
173 (atopic) <12
months
Open label
6 weeks
Oat-based
emollient
Steroid-sparing
effect
42% decrease in usage
of moderate- and high-
potency topical
corticoids
Goujon, 20094
12 (atopic) Adults Open label
45 days
Oat-
containing
cosmetics
and oat
extracts
APT
SPT
RMA
No immediate or
delayed reactions
APT=atopy patch testing; OFC=oral food challenge; RMA-repeated and maximized applications;
ROAT-repeated open application test; SPT=skin prick test.
1.Boussault P, et al. Allergy. 2007;62(11):1251-1257.
2.Pigatto P, et al. Am J Contact Dermat. 1997;8(4):207-209.
3.Grimalt R, et al. Dermatology. 2007;214(1):61-67.
4.Goujon C, et al. Dermatology. 2009;218(4):327-333.

41. Conclusions on Topical Oat Safety
While some foods may trigger disease flares in atopics,
more so in infants, it is not a common occurrence
When foods do cause flares, oats have not been reported as
common offenders
The majority of studies of topical oat-based products, either in
atopics or non atopics, show no propensity toward adverse
events
While rare cases of clinically important oat allergy may exist,
oat-based products are safe and effective in the treatment of
the vast majority of individuals

42. Summary
Colloidal oatmeal is acknowledged by the Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) as a safe and effective skin protectant
The efficacy of colloidal oatmeal for soothing a range of dermatoses has
been established for approximately 50 years
Much of the recognized benefit of oats are a result of strong skin protectant
benefits and from its phenolic components, especially avenanthramides
Oats also contain a mixture of lipids, including phospholipids that are also
found in the outer bilayer of the skin
 Whole oat oil reduces TEWL by as much as 56%
The majority of studies of topical oat-based products, either in atopics or
nonatopics, show no propensity toward adverse events