This document discusses cellular metabolism and energy production. It describes the two main types of metabolic pathways as catabolism, which breaks down molecules and releases energy, and anabolism, which builds molecules using energy. The goal of metabolism is to make ATP, which powers cellular reactions. Glucose undergoes glycolysis to produce pyruvate, which then enters the citric acid cycle in mitochondria. Electrons are transferred to generate NADH and FADH2, whose energy is used in the electron transport chain to power ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis. Glycolysis makes some ATP directly, while the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain make the majority of ATP from the energy in NADH and
An in depth explanation of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration including the calculation of ATP's per stage on cellular respiration (Aerobic).
(source: Facweb.northseattle.edu. Lecture 9-Cellular
Respiration.http://facweb.northseattle.edu/lizthomas/Lecture%209.pdf. Accessed 1 January 2019.)
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
An in depth explanation of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration including the calculation of ATP's per stage on cellular respiration (Aerobic).
(source: Facweb.northseattle.edu. Lecture 9-Cellular
Respiration.http://facweb.northseattle.edu/lizthomas/Lecture%209.pdf. Accessed 1 January 2019.)
Cellular respiration ppt, describes generalities about energy and ATP, and the three stages of cellular respiration: Gylolisis, Krebs Cylce and Electron transport chain.
Recognizing the cultural bias in Artificial IntelligenceCamille Eddy
In a world that is being increasingly run on artificial intelligence do we understand how algorithms make the their decisions? Where humans have trouble making the right choices for culture including race, language, accessibility and equality, the algorithms we use should also face the same questions. The purpose of this talk is to walk through everyday examples of services we all use and how they have adapted machine learning to become more inclusive. We will explore what we can do to create culturally sensitive computer intelligence and why that is important for the future of AI.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
1. ALTERING OF NUTRIENTS AND
METABLOISM
SUBMITTED BY :- KIRAN
B.Sc. BIOTECH
6TH SEM
1
2. METABOLISM
Metabolism is the collection of
biochemical reactions that occur
within a cell, which includes a
tremendous diversity of molecular
conversions.
Metabolic pathways can be
divided into two broad types :-
Catabolism: The breakdown of
molecules into smaller units.
Energy is released in this
process.
Ex: Glucose catabolism results
in the release of CO2 and H2O
Anabolism: The building of
compounds from small molecules
into larger ones. Energy is used
for this process to take place. 2
3. GOAL OF METABOLISM _MAKE
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate, is referred to as
the “the energy of the cell” (cell energy)
because it powers most of the reactions that
take place in a cell.
each ATP molecule has three parts:
an adenine molecule
a ribose molecule
three phosphate molecules in a chain
The ATP is the molecule that carries energy
to the place where the energy is needed.
When ATP breaks into ADP (Adenosine
diphosphate) and Pi (phosphate), the
breakdown of the last covalent link of
phosphate (a simple -PO4) liberates energy
that is used in reactions where it is needed.
ATP ADP + P + energy 3
4. THE CAPTURE AND UTILIZATION OF ENERGY
As the sole building block of CARBOHYDRATES that are broken down
during digestion and release energy .
glucose is a key molecule in the energy metabolism of both plants and
animals. The free energy released by the complete oxidation of glucose is
very large .
There are basically two stages in the catabolism of glucose, and they
are virtually identical in all aerobic organisms.
The first stage glycolysis occurs in the soluble phase of the cytoplasm (the
cytosol) and leads to the formation of pyruvate.
The second stage is the tricarboxylic acid (or TCA)cycle, which occurs
within the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and the cytosol of prokaryotes
and leads to the final oxidation of the carbon atoms to carbon dioxide.
Most of the chemical energy of glucose is stored in the form of high-
energy electrons, which are removed as substrate molecules are oxidized
during both glycolysis and the TCA cycle.
4
5. GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis is a series of reactions that and
extract energy from glucose by splitting it
into two three-carbon molecules called
pyruvates.
Glycolysis – the first stage in cellular
respiration:-
A series of enzyme catalyzed reactions.
Glucose converted to pyruvic acid.
Small number of ATPs made (2 per glucose
molecule), but it is possible in the absence
of oxygen.
All living organisms use glycolysis.
5
6. STEPS INVOLVE IN GLYCOLYSIS
Event 1 – Phosphorylation
1) two phosphates added to
glucose
2) requires ATP
Event 2 – Splitting (cleavage)
6-carbon glucose split into two 3-
carbon molecules
Event 3 – Production of NADH
and ATP
1) hydrogen atoms are released
2) hydrogen atoms bind to NAD+
to produce NADH
3) NADH delivers hydrogen atoms
to electron transport chain if oxygen
is available
4) ADP is phosphorylated to
become ATP
5)two molecules of pyruvic acid
are produced 6
7. Aerobic Reactions (Presence
of Oxygen)–
• Pyruvic acid is used to
produce acetyl CoA
• citric acid cycle begins
• electron transport chain
functions
• carbon dioxide and water are
formed
• 36 molecules of ATP
produced per glucose
molecule
Anaerobic Reactions
(Absence of Oxygen) :-
• electron transport chain
cannot accept NADH
• pyruvic acid is converted to
lactic acid
• glycolysis is inhibited
• ATP production declines
7
8. CITRIC ACID CYCLE
The 3-carbon pyruvate loses a carbon
producing an acetyl group.
Electrons are transferred to NAD+ forming
NADH.
The acetyl group combines with CoA
forming Acetyl-CoA.
Ready for use in Krebs cycle.
begins when acetyl CoA combines with
oxaloacetic acid to produce citric acid
citric acid is changed into oxaloacetic acid
through a series of reactions
cycle repeats as long as pyruvic acid and
oxygen are available
for each citric acid molecule:
one ATP is produced
eight hydrogen atoms are transferred to
NAD+ and FAD
two CO2 produced
8
10. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that
transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via
redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously)
reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of
protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
So far only 4 of the 38 ATP that will be produced have been, all by
substrate level phosphorylation.
The remaining will be produced by the ETC.
The majority of the ATP produced comes from the energy carried in
the electrons of NADH (and FADH2) that were produced by the
Krebs Cycle. 6 NADH and 2 FADH2
The energy in these electrons is used in the ETC to power the
synthesis of ATP.
There are thousands of ETC’s found in each mitochondria, which can
number in the 100’s depending on the cell type. 10