(Research Project) Satellites : Applications in Topography Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra Surveying and Geomatics Department INTRODUCTION CONSTRUCTION OF GEODETIC SATELLITE Working Principle Types Applications Technology & Future Perspectives

2. 1. AHMED YASSER
2. HUSAM HASSAN
3. AHMED FAYEZ
4. ABD EL-SALAM GAMAL
5. IBRAHIM SAYED
6. AHMED MESPAH
2

4. 4

5. ▪ we can locate any point on the earth using longitude,
latitude coordinates. And we are used to see the maps
on a flat 2D surface on maps.
▪ But earth is 3 dimensional surface with terrains,
mountains, lakes and volcanoes. Topographic maps
tries to represent this third dimension (altitude) using
contour lines.
5

6. 6
▪ So topographic maps are a closer representation
of the earth's surface.
▪ Contour lines : are circular lines employed on a
two dimensional topographic map that depict
elevation on the ground.

7. 7

8. 8

9. 9
of Earth Observation Satellite

10. ▪ Earth observation satellites: are satellites specifically designed
for Earth observation from orbit, and it used for environmental
monitoring, meteorology, map making etc….
10
SANSA - Remote Sensing AtlasEarth observation Orbitals

11. 11
So First, What is the Imaging Radar ? ( Just Intro  )
The term radar stands for Radio Detection and Ranging. You have seen
radar images of weather patterns on television. Typical radar works like a
flash camera, so it can operate day or night. But, instead of a lens and a
film, radar uses an antenna to send out energy (“illumination”) and computer
tapes to record the reflected “echoes” of pulses of “light” that comprise its
image. Radar wavelengths are much longer than those of visible light so it
can “see” through clouds, dust, haze, etc. Radar antenna alternately
transmits and receives pulses at a particular microwave.

12. ▪ Synthetic-Aperture Radar (SAR)
When a radar is moving along a track, it is
possible to combine the echoes received at
various positions to create a sort of “radar
hologram” that can be further processed
in to an image. The improved resolution
that results would normally require a much
larger antenna, or aperture, thus a “SAR”
is created.
12
the Teide volcano by SAR

13. ▪ Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR)
observation stations measures the
round trip time of flight of ultrashort
pulses of light to satellites equipped
with retroreflectors.
By that we can determine the center of
the mass of the earth and how it’s
moving
13
The next-generation (SLR) facility at NASA

14. ▪ (Light Detection And Ranging)
LIDAR
is a remote sensing method that uses
light in the form of a pulsed laser to
measure ranges (variable distances) to
the Earth. These light pulses generate
precise, 3D information about the
shape of the Earth and its surface
characteristics.
14

15. ▪ Scatterometer
▪ is a microwave radar sensor used
to measure the scattering effect
produced while scanning the
surface of the earth from a
satellite.
▪ Applications: Weather Forecasting - Oil
Production
15
NASA Scatterometer

16. 16

17. 17
▪ Topographic maps are useful for identifying
Earth’s land features, such as mountains,valleys,
river basins, etc.
▪ Topographic maps contain contour lines that
depict the elevation at a particular point on the
map. Every point on a contour line represents the
same elevation.

18. 18
▪ Contour intervals on a topographic
map can be used to determine how
steep a land feature is by observing
how close the lines are to each other.
The closer the lines, the steeper the
land feature. Contour lines crossing a
river form a “V” shape that points in
an uphill direction.

19. 19
▪ Satellite images are used by scientists to identify
land features and can be used to observe changes
in land features over time by comparing images
taken at different times.

20. 20
▪ Observing satellite images taken over a period of
time can aid scientists in identifying erosional
features around the Earth.

21. 21
World of Change: Coastline Change (NASA.GOV)

22. 22

23. 23
▪
describes the distinct landscape that is
made when underlying rocks dissolve
or change shape.
This forms caves, fissures,
underground wells, jagged hills, cliffs,
river beds and other types of terrain.

24. 24
▪
show landforms such as hills and
mountains. Contour lines mark where
mountains and hills are located and
represent their features. These include
their height, slope steepness, slope
configuration and slope position.
▪

25. 25
▪
it possible to measure and show
mountain heights, steep slopes and
ocean depths on a flat map, by
Contour Lines

26. 26
▪ Topographic studies and mapping may also include
vegetation such as forests at each level of a mountain.

27. 27

28. 28
Topographical maps are consulted
and integrated into the deisgn and
planning for pretty much any
infrastructure project. So the
railways, highways, gas lines, water
pipes, pipelines anything is
impossible without accurate topo
maps.

29. 29
In telecom, view-shed analyses are
performed with the use of
topographical maps to determine the
suitable locations to place cell-phone
towers to provide maximum
coverage.

30. 30
In the case of military, analysis is used
to determine strategic locations to
construct watch towers and in the
placement of units. Because without a
knowledge of topography (and of
course, curvature of earth) our armies
stationed in high hilly terrains will not be
able to protect themselves from being
visible to the hostile armies.

31. 31
While constructing dams,
topography plays an important role
in deciding the dam location, the
dam catchment as well as the
submerge areas.

32. 32
Topographic maps can also be
used to perform flood analyses,
since natural water flow follows
the terrain’s gradient.

33. 33

34. 34
• Where do we go from here?
With today's technology, it is possible to generate personal
maps on a home computer.
In the near future, traffic jams may be avoided with computer
mapping systems. Beyond that may lie interactive local news or
weather reports can be chosen by touching a map on the
screen.

35. 35
• Digital techniques will continue to influence mapmaking,
enabling more fast production of accurate, current maps.
Computers can also help us manipulate data derived from
traditional maps in increasingly sophisticated ways.

36. OF GEODETIC SATELLITE
36
Types Applications Technology & Future
Perspectives

37. 37
▪ Lynne D. Talley, ... James H. Swift, in Descriptive Physical Oceanography (Sixth
Edition), 2011
▪ NASA For Students https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=7969
▪ Tatem, Andrew J.; Goetz, Scott J.; Hay, Simon I. (2008). "Fifty Years of Earth-observation
Satellites“
▪ Earth and Space (Topographic Maps—Satellite Images ) . Middle School Earth Science
▪ GIS Geography https://gisgeography.com
▪ NASA, Space Exploration and Astronomy News Space.com