A map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Maps cannot be created without map projections.
Map projection is a systematic drawing of parallel of latitudes and meridians of longitude on a plane surface for the whole earth or a part of it on a certain scale so that any point on the earth surface may correspond to that on the drawing.
Maps cannot be created without map projections. All map projections necessarily distort the surface in some fashion.
Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.
Cartography is the art, science and technology of map making.
Maps are used as research tools and as sources of information.
Maps have existed since the time of the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Chinese civilizations, with the latter maps dating back to 6000 years.
Map projection is a systematic drawing of parallel of latitudes and meridians of longitude on a plane surface for the whole earth or a part of it on a certain scale so that any point on the earth surface may correspond to that on the drawing.
Maps cannot be created without map projections. All map projections necessarily distort the surface in some fashion.
Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions are acceptable and others are not; therefore, different map projections exist in order to preserve some properties of the sphere-like body at the expense of other properties.
There is no limit to the number of possible map projections.
Cartography is the art, science and technology of map making.
Maps are used as research tools and as sources of information.
Maps have existed since the time of the Egyptian, Mesopotamian and Chinese civilizations, with the latter maps dating back to 6000 years.
Photograph taken from an aircraft commonly termed as aerial photograph have come to play and ever increasing role in the execution in cartographic mapping in various scales and in evaluation of natural resources of a region. Uses of aerial photographs in other fields are also manifold; in fact the scope seems limitless.
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
One of most important topics in ArcGIS and GIS, is coordinate system, the slides will cover this topic in order to understand the difference between various coordinate systems.
When you georeference your raster data, you define its location using map coordinates and assign the coordinate system of the map frame. Georeferencing raster data allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with your other geographic data. The georeferencing tools on the Georeference tab allows you to georeference any raster dataset.
In general, there are four steps to georeference your data:
Add the raster dataset that you want to align with your projected data.
Use the Georeference tab to create control points, to connect your raster to known positions in the map
Review the control points and the errors
Save the georeferencing result, when you are satisfied with the alignment.
Map is a drawn or printed representation of the physical features of the Earth.
It is the best tool to show, understand and analyse the features of an area. Cartography is the art and science of making maps. This module highlights many information on maps, types and their uses.
Photograph taken from an aircraft commonly termed as aerial photograph have come to play and ever increasing role in the execution in cartographic mapping in various scales and in evaluation of natural resources of a region. Uses of aerial photographs in other fields are also manifold; in fact the scope seems limitless.
Types of Platforms
1. Airbrone Platforms
2. Spacebrone Platforms
Platforms are Vital Role in remote sensing data acquisition
Necessary to correct the position the remote sensors that collect data from the objects of interest
One of most important topics in ArcGIS and GIS, is coordinate system, the slides will cover this topic in order to understand the difference between various coordinate systems.
When you georeference your raster data, you define its location using map coordinates and assign the coordinate system of the map frame. Georeferencing raster data allows it to be viewed, queried, and analyzed with your other geographic data. The georeferencing tools on the Georeference tab allows you to georeference any raster dataset.
In general, there are four steps to georeference your data:
Add the raster dataset that you want to align with your projected data.
Use the Georeference tab to create control points, to connect your raster to known positions in the map
Review the control points and the errors
Save the georeferencing result, when you are satisfied with the alignment.
Map is a drawn or printed representation of the physical features of the Earth.
It is the best tool to show, understand and analyse the features of an area. Cartography is the art and science of making maps. This module highlights many information on maps, types and their uses.
Combined gis 2(GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM)musadoto
Distortions
• The earth is spherical, and a simple way of mapping it without distortion is to map it on a globe. However, mapping on globes is not possible.
• The transformation from the three-dimensional ellipsoid/sphere to the two-dimensional plane (flat) surface is not possible without some form of distortion.
• The distortions increase as the distance from the central point of the projection increases
• Areas smaller than 25 x 25 km:
No distortions
• Areas larger than 25 x 25 km:
Always distortions
• Map projections are used to control/minimize the distortions
Classification and properties of map projections
Properties of map projections
• Areas are everywhere correctly represented
• All distances are correctly represented
• All directions on the map are the same as on Earth
• All angles are correctly represented
• The shape of any area is correctly represented (e.g. a circle projected would remain a circle)
This Presentation is to made concepts about measuring the earth (to locate position of any person on the whole earth). For this purpose we re going step by step basis in this presentation.These steps are mentioned as contents. After that you may able to learn about measuring a person's position of earth. Thank you!
Different types of Important projection systems & Coordinate systems.Every country would like to represent it's self in true shape, if shape changes then size , area also changes so that leads to distortions on the global properties of a map like Distance,direction,shape ,Area. so no country or continent will never like to represent themselves distorted , so hundreds of projections were developed by counties across the world.
Slide1:
Seismic Sources
HOW TO GENERATE SEISMIC WAVES?
Exploration seismology – mostly artificial sources
à active technique
Natural sources can also be used (e.g. earthquakes) – usually
for tectonic studies (passive seismic exploration)
!
What is a good source?
- economical, efficient, convenient
- safe and environmentally acceptable
- sufficient energy over the suitable frequency range
- repeatable
Slide 2:
Land seismic sources
Explosives: - usually detonated in boreholes or buried
PROS
- sharp, impulsive, high amplitude (mostly P-wave)
- reasonably cheap
CONS
- The signal is not repeatable
- slow (borehole drilling)
- can be destructive
A coordinate system is a reference system used to represent the locations of geographic features, imagery, and observations, within a common geographic framework.
Coordinate systems enable geographic datasets to use common locations for integration.
The Global Positioning System (GPS), originally Navstar GPS,[1][2] is a space-based radionavigation system owned by the United States government and operated by the United States Air Force. It is a global navigation satellite system that provides geolocation and time information to a GPS receiver anywhere on or near the Earth where there is an unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites
What is remote sensing?
Observing or measuring things from a distance
How is remote sensing useful?
It enables us to study nature in ways that would otherwise be beyond human capability, across great distances and at wavelengths of light invisible to human eyes.
How is remote sensing done?
By employing special detectors to record light as it’s emitted or
reflected by the objects of interest to us; and
By studying and manipulating the recorded images we get, so that we can answer our questions about nature.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
2. Map ProjectionMap Projection
Projecting Earth's Surface into a PlaneProjecting Earth's Surface into a Plane
• Earth is 3-D object
• The transformation of 3-D Earth’s surface
coordinates into 2-D map coordinates is called
Map Projection
• A map projection uses mathematical formulas
to relate spherical coordinates on the globe to
flat, planar coordinates
3. Map ProjectionMap Projection
Can not be accurately
depicted on 2-D plane
All flat maps are distorted to some degree
There is always a distortion in 1 or 2 of its characteristics
when projected to a 2-D map
4. Map Projection ClassificationMap Projection Classification
1. Based on Distortion Characteristics: According to
the property or properties that are maintained by
the transformation.
• Some map projections attempt to maintain linear scale
at a point or along a line, rather than area, shape or
direction.
• Some preserve area but distortion in shape
• Some maintain shapes and angles and have area
distortion
1. Based on Developable Surface: Considering the
Earth as a transparent sphere with a point source
of illumination at the centre.
5. DistortionDistortion
• The 4 basic characteristics of a map likely to be
distorted/preserved depending upon the map
projection are:
– Conformity
– Distance
– Area
– Direction
• In any projection at least 1 of the 4 characteristics
can be preserved (but not all)
• Only on globe all the above properties are
preserved
6. Map ProjectionMap Projection
• Each type of projection has its advantages and
disadvantages
• Choice of a projection depends on
– Application – for what purposes it will be used
– Scale of the map
• Where on map there is no distortion or least
distortion?
7. Map ProjectionsMap Projections
1- Properties Based1- Properties Based
• Conformal projection preserves shape
• Equidistance projection preserves distance
• Equal-area map maintains accurate relative
sizes
• Azimuthal or True direction maps maintains
directions
8. Map Projection - ConformalMap Projection - Conformal
• Maintains shapes and angles in small areas of map
• Maintains angles. Latitude and Longitude intersects
at 90o
• Area enclosed may be greatly distorted (increases
towards polar regions)
• No map projection can preserve shapes of larger
regions
Examples:
– Mercator
– Lambert conformal conic
Mercator projection
10. • Preserve distance from some standard point or line (or
between certain points)
• 1 or more lines where length is same (at map scale) as on the
globe
• No projection is equidistant to and from all points on a map
• Distances and directions to all places are true only from the
center point of projection
• Distortion of areas and shapes increases as distance from
center increases
Examples:
– Equirectangular - equal distance between all latitudes and longitudes
– Azimuthal Equidistant - radial scale with respect to the central point is
constant
– Sinusoidal projection - the equator and all parallels are of their true
lengths
Map Projection - EquidistanceMap Projection - Equidistance
13. Map Projection – Equal AreaMap Projection – Equal Area
• Equal area projections preserve area of displayed
feature
• All areas on a map have the same proportional
relationship to their equivalent ground areas
• Distortion in shape, angle, and scale
• Meridians and parallels may not intersect at right
angles
Examples:
– Albers Conic Equal-Area
– Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area
15. Lambert Azimuthal Equal-AreaLambert Azimuthal Equal-Area
Preserves the area of individual polygons while simultaneously maintaining
a true sense of direction from the center
16. Map Projection – True DirectionMap Projection – True Direction
• Gives directions or azimuths of all points on
the map correctly with respect to the center
by maintaining some of the great circle arcs
• Some True-direction projections are also
conformal, equal area, or equidistant
– Example: Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area
projection
17. Map ProjectionMap Projection
2- based on developable surface2- based on developable surface
• A developable surface is a simple geometric
form capable of being flattened without
stretching
• Map projections use different models for
converting the ellipsoid to a rectangular
coordinate system
– Example: conic, cylindrical, plane and
miscellaneous
• Each causes distortion in scale and shape
18. Cylindrical ProjectionCylindrical Projection
• Projecting spherical Earth
surface onto a cylinder
• Cylinder is assumed to
surround the transparent
reference globe
• Cylinder touches the
reference globe at equator
20. Other Types of CylindricalOther Types of Cylindrical
ProjectionsProjections
Transverse Cylindrical Oblique
Cylindrical
Secant Cylindrical
21. Examples of CylindricalExamples of Cylindrical
ProjectionProjection
• Mercator
• Transverse Mercator
• Oblique Mercator
• Etc.
22. Conical ProjectionConical Projection
• A conic is placed over the
reference globe in such a
way that the apex of the
cone is exactly over the
polar axis
• The cone touches the
globe at standard parallel
• Along this standard
parallel the scale is correct
with least distortion
23. Other Types of ConicalOther Types of Conical
ProjectionProjection
Secant Conical
24. Examples of Conical ProjectionExamples of Conical Projection
• Albers Equal Area Conic
• Lambert Conformal Conic
• Equidistant Conic
25. Planar or Azimuthal ProjectionPlanar or Azimuthal Projection
• Projecting a spherical surface
onto a plane that is tangent to
a reference point on the globe
• If the plane touches north or
south pole then the projection
is called polar azimuthal
• Called normal if reference
point is on the equator
• Oblique for all other reference
points
33. Where at Map there is LeastWhere at Map there is Least
Distortion?Distortion?
34. Where at Map there is LeastWhere at Map there is Least
DistortionDistortion
35. Summary – Map ProjectionSummary – Map Projection
• Portraying 3-D Earth surface on a 2-D surface (flat
paper or computer screen)
• Map projection can not be done without distortion
• Some properties are distorted in order to preserve
one property
• In a map one or more properties but NEVER ALL
FOUR may be preserved
In the graphic above data near the poles is stretched .
Different projections have different spatial relationships between regions
A developable surface is a simple geometric form capable of being flattened without stretching
Projections may be classified on the basis of their distortion characteristics
For example, a projection may have unacceptable distortions if used to map the entire country, but may be an excellent choice for a large-scale (detailed) map of a county.
A compromise projection distorts all the properties of shape, area, distance, and direction, within some acceptable limit, example is Robison Projection used for World Maps
Conformal map projections preserve angles locally.
Mercator by Gerardus Mercator, in 1569
superimposes a cone over the sphere of the Earth, with two reference parallels secant to the globe and intersecting it.
Scale is not maintained correctly by any projection throughout an entire map. However, there are in most cases, one or more lines on a map along which scale is maintained correctly
Azimuthal Equidistant map centered at Washington DC: shows the correct distance between Washington, DC, and any other point on the projection. It shows the correct distance between Washington, DC, and San Diego and between Washington, DC, and Seattle, but it does not show the correct distance between San Diego and Seattle.
An equirectangular projection is a cylindrical equidistant projection.
In some instances, especially maps of smaller regions, shapes are not obviously distorted, and distinguishing an Equal area projection from a Conformal projection is difficult unless documented or measured
It is similar to the Lambert Conformal Conic projection except that Albers Conic Equal Area portrays area more accurately than shape.
Azimuthal
Accurate direction and therefore true angular relationship from a given center point
miscellaneous =which include special cases not falling into the other three categories.
Cylinder may be either tangent to the Earth along a selected line or secant (intersect the Earth) along 2 lines
Notice how the continents look stretched or squashed depending on the projection
The lines where the cylinder is tangent or secant are the places with the least distortion.
