Hydrographic Surveying - Positioning
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This document discusses positioning methods for hydrographic surveying. It focuses on determining vessel position coordinates through intersection and resection positioning techniques. The document was created by Ahmed Yasser Ahmed Mohamed Nassar for a hydrographic surveying lecture.
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Notes on MATLAB - Basic Cheatsheet
MATLAB NOTES
To create a matrix that has multiple rows, separate the rows with
semicolons.
>> a = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 10]
a =
1 2
4 5
3
6
7 8 10
Another way to create a matrix is to use a function, such as ones, zeros,
or rand. For example, create a 5-by-1 column vector of zeros.
>> z = zeros(5,1)
z =
0
0
0
0
0
>> z = ones(5,2)
z =
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
>> z = rand(5,3)
z =
0.8147 0.0975 0.1576
0.9058 0.2785 0.9706
0.1270 0.5469 0.9572
0.9134 0.9575 0.4854
0.6324 0.9649 0.8003
To transpose a matrix, use a single quote ('):
>> a'
ans =
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 10
>> a + 10
4
ans =
11 12 13
14 15 16
17 18 20
To perform element-wise multiplication rather than matrix
multiplication, use the .* operator:
>> p = a.*a
p =
1 4 9
16 25 36
49 64 100
To perform Natural Matrix multiplication, use the * operator:
>> a * a
ans =
30 36 45
66 81 102
109 134 169
MATLAB NOTES
Concatenation
>> A = [a,a]
A =
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 6 4 5 6
7 8 10 7 8 10
>> A = [a; a]
A =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10
When you want to access selected elements of an array, use indexing.
>> a(2,2)
ans =
5
5
MATLAB NOTES
use a single subscript that traverses down each column in order:
>> a(6)
ans =
8
The colon operator also allows you to create an equally spaced vector
of values using the form start:step:end.
>> b = 0:20:200
b =
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
sqrt(X) is the square root of the elements of X. Complex results are
produced if X is not positive.
>> sqrt((-2:2)')
Hydrographic Surveying : Safe Navigation
SAFE NAVIGATION ON THE NILE RIVER TEAM (6) MEMBERS AHMED YASSER AHMED MOHAMED NASSAR HOSSAM HASSAN RAMADAN HASSAN AHMED FAYEZ MOHAMED AHMED AHMED MOHAMED MESBAH ELSAYED AHMED ABDEL-RAHMAN GALAL ABSTRACT Millions of tons of cargo is transported over the Nile River yearly. Hundreds of Nile Cruises (Floating Hotels)operating between Luxor and Aswan. the Egyptian government gives a high priority to the improvement of safety of navigation on the Nile River. Cargo Ship Nile Cruise INTRODUCTION Transport on Nile River is for: Goods and Materials Tourists and Passengers INTRODUCTION SAFE VISUAL NAVIGATION implementation of hydrographic survey. cost effective solar-powered visual aids to navigation. Together with further development of infrastructure works along the Nile River. vessel tracking system for Nile cruise ships for lock passage planning and emergency cases. PROBLEMS OF Long duration of transport due to daylight navigation only NAVIGATION LOW FLOW OF CARGO REASONS: Unreliability of the river; no technical means for safe navigation in the navigable channel. Poor quality of services Unreliable delivery times due to grounding or technical failures of the barges. Poor quality of barges. AIM Is to define and design the main steps that should be followed now and, in the future, to achieve safe visual navigation on the Nile River. Considering (IHO) standards for hydrographic survey. HYDROGRAPHIC DATA ACQUISITION Data ACQUISITION Water level records Data Collection Vertical Position Horizontal Position Data Logging Data Processing Shoreline Survey Ortho-photos-Coordinates of First Order Points DATA ACQUISITION WATER LEVEL RECORDS Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources maintains a series of Staff Gauges along the Nile River from Aswan to the Mediterranean Sea. . The MPWWR can provide the water level reading daily. Overall, station readings are sufficient for the need of hydrographic survey. DATA ACQUISITION WATER LEVEL RECORDS Tide Guage DATA ACQUISITION VERTICAL (DEPTH) POSITION The flow depth is recorded referring to the bed level. The output data in form of chart . The output depth in the form of digital data is logged into data logger. DATA ACQUISITION HORIZONTAL POSITION boats are equipped with GPS antenna and controller. A reference installed GPS station is over a defined controlling point. Momentarily, The corrected horizontal position is logged into data logger to be integrated with vertical position. DATA ACQUISITION DATA LOGGING Data from DGPS system and digital depths from Echo sounder are logged in an ISAH data logging system (Integrated System for Hydrography). Automated DATA PROCESSING Sounding and position data are saved then processed workstation. then depths and positions are plotted on the screen and erroneous data are rejected. To produce navigation charts, depths were set to the chart datum .
DETERMINATION OF THE EARTH’S RADIUS, MASS, AND GRAVITIONAL CONSTANT - PHYSIC...
DETERMINATION OF THE EARTH’S RADIUS
In 200 B.C., the size of the Earth was calculated to within 1% accuracy! Eratosthenes used Aristotle's idea that, if the Earth was round, distant stars in the night sky would appear at different positions to observers at different latitudes. Eratosthenes knew that on the first day of summer, the Sun passed directly overhead at Syene, Egypt. At midday of the same day, he measured the angular displacement of the Sun from overhead at the city of Alexandria - 5000 stadia away from Syene. He found that the angular displacement was 7.2 degrees - there are 360 degrees in a circle, making 7.2 degrees equivalent to 1/50 of a circle. Geometry tells us that the ratio of 1/50 is the same as the ratio of the distance between Syene and Alexandria to the total circumference of the Earth. Thus, the circumference can be estimated by multiplying the distance between the two cities, 5000 stadia, by 50, equaling 250,000 stadia.
C equals circumference (5000 times 50 or 250,000)
the unit of the "stadium" was about 0.15 km. This means that Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of the Earth to about 40,000 km. He also knew that the circumference of a circle was equal to 2 times π (3.1415...) times the radius of the circle. (C = 2πr) With this information, Eratosthenes inferred that the Earth's radius was 6366 km. Both values are very close to the accepted modern values for the Earth's circumference and radius, 40,070 km, and 6378 km respectively, which have since been measured by orbiting spacecraft.
The diameter of a circle is twice the radius, giving us a diameter for Earth of 12,756 km.
Note: Eratosthenes was measuring the polar radius, and his value (using the 0.15 km/stadium conversion) lies between the polar and equatorial values.
DETERMINATION OF THE GRAVITIONAL CONSTANT
Isaac Newton expressed the Universal Gravitation Equation in 1687:
where
F is the force of attraction between objects
G is the Universal Gravitational Constant
M is the mass of the larger object
m is the mass of the smaller object
R is the separation between the centers of mass of the object
After that, there really wasn't much interest in G. Most scientists simply considered it a proportionality constant. they were more interested in gravity than gravitation.
In 1798, Henry Cavendish made an experiment to determine the Earth’s density. He used a torsion balance to measure the force of attraction between the two masses.
The Cavendish experiment uses a torsion equilibrium to measure the weak gravitational force between lead balls. A torsion equilibrium consists of a bar suspended at its middle by a thin wire. Twisting the wire requires a torque.
The way it works is that the gravitational force attracting the balls together turns the bar, overcoming torque resistance from the wire. That resistance is a function of angle turned and the torsion coefficient of the wire.
Remote Sensing - Operating Satellites
REMOTE SENSING
OPERATING SATELLITES
Landsat 7
Landsat 8
Spot 6
Spot 7
Worldview-2
Worldview-3
GEOEYE-1
ASTER
Sentinel-2A
Pleiades Neo 4
ZY-3
GF-5
GF-6
EgyptSat A
Lifetime span
(Lunch time)
Orbit Altitude
Spatial resolution
Swath width
Spectral Bands
Sensors
Band
Revisit Frequency
Applications
Photogrammetry - Stereoscopic Parallax
Parallax
Apparent shift in the position of an object, with respect to a frame of reference, caused by a shift in the position of observation.
Change in position of an image from one photo to the next is caused by aircraft’s motion.
– Called stereoscopic parallax, x parallax, or simply parallax
Parallax of any point is directly related to the elevation of the point.
Parallax is greater for high points than for low points.
Stereoscopic Parallax
Stereoscopic parallax is caused by taking photographs of the same object but from different points of observation.
Note the displacement between the top and base of the storage towers in this photo stereo-pair.
Parallax of Principal Point
Parallax of left ground principal point is photo base b’ measured on right photo, and the parallax of right ground principal point is photo base b measured on left photo.
For moderate relief, b ≈ b’
Photo base is average of two values
Photographic Flight-Line Axes for Parallax Measurement
Parallax is occurred along the flight-line.
Photographic x and x′ axes for parallax measurement must be parallel with the flight line.
Flight line is the line connecting the two principal points.
The y and y′ axes for parallax measurement pass through their respective principal points and are perpendicular to the flight line.
Monoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement
Direct measurement of x and x' on the left and right photos, respectively.
By fastening the photographs down on a table:
flight lines O_1 O_2 and O_1'O_2' are marked as usual.
Now parallax is P_b=D-d_(b )
Stereoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement
Stereoscope is used with a parallax bar, or a stereometer for calculation.
D = spacing between principal points
C= the parallax bar constant.
K = the distance from the fixed mark to the index mark of the parallax.
Parallax pf Point A =P_a=X_a'-X_a=D-(K-r_a)=(D-K)+r_a
Hydrographic Surveying - Depth Sounding Equipment
Hydrographic Surveying - LECTURE 4: DEPTH SOUNDING EQUIPMENT
Hydrographic Surveying - Geodetic Control And Tidal Effects
Hydrographic Surveying
LECTURE 5: GEODETIC CONTROL AND TIDAL EFFECTS
Hydrographic Surveying - Basic Measurements And Equipments
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
LECTURE 2:
BASIC MEASUREMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS
Recommended
Notes on MATLAB - Basic Cheatsheet
MATLAB NOTES
To create a matrix that has multiple rows, separate the rows with
semicolons.
>> a = [1 2 3; 4 5 6; 7 8 10]
a =
1 2
4 5
3
6
7 8 10
Another way to create a matrix is to use a function, such as ones, zeros,
or rand. For example, create a 5-by-1 column vector of zeros.
>> z = zeros(5,1)
z =
0
0
0
0
0
>> z = ones(5,2)
z =
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
>> z = rand(5,3)
z =
0.8147 0.0975 0.1576
0.9058 0.2785 0.9706
0.1270 0.5469 0.9572
0.9134 0.9575 0.4854
0.6324 0.9649 0.8003
To transpose a matrix, use a single quote ('):
>> a'
ans =
1 4 7
2 5 8
3 6 10
>> a + 10
4
ans =
11 12 13
14 15 16
17 18 20
To perform element-wise multiplication rather than matrix
multiplication, use the .* operator:
>> p = a.*a
p =
1 4 9
16 25 36
49 64 100
To perform Natural Matrix multiplication, use the * operator:
>> a * a
ans =
30 36 45
66 81 102
109 134 169
MATLAB NOTES
Concatenation
>> A = [a,a]
A =
1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 6 4 5 6
7 8 10 7 8 10
>> A = [a; a]
A =
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 10
When you want to access selected elements of an array, use indexing.
>> a(2,2)
ans =
5
5
MATLAB NOTES
use a single subscript that traverses down each column in order:
>> a(6)
ans =
8
The colon operator also allows you to create an equally spaced vector
of values using the form start:step:end.
>> b = 0:20:200
b =
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
sqrt(X) is the square root of the elements of X. Complex results are
produced if X is not positive.
>> sqrt((-2:2)')
Hydrographic Surveying : Safe Navigation
SAFE NAVIGATION ON THE NILE RIVER TEAM (6) MEMBERS AHMED YASSER AHMED MOHAMED NASSAR HOSSAM HASSAN RAMADAN HASSAN AHMED FAYEZ MOHAMED AHMED AHMED MOHAMED MESBAH ELSAYED AHMED ABDEL-RAHMAN GALAL ABSTRACT Millions of tons of cargo is transported over the Nile River yearly. Hundreds of Nile Cruises (Floating Hotels)operating between Luxor and Aswan. the Egyptian government gives a high priority to the improvement of safety of navigation on the Nile River. Cargo Ship Nile Cruise INTRODUCTION Transport on Nile River is for: Goods and Materials Tourists and Passengers INTRODUCTION SAFE VISUAL NAVIGATION implementation of hydrographic survey. cost effective solar-powered visual aids to navigation. Together with further development of infrastructure works along the Nile River. vessel tracking system for Nile cruise ships for lock passage planning and emergency cases. PROBLEMS OF Long duration of transport due to daylight navigation only NAVIGATION LOW FLOW OF CARGO REASONS: Unreliability of the river; no technical means for safe navigation in the navigable channel. Poor quality of services Unreliable delivery times due to grounding or technical failures of the barges. Poor quality of barges. AIM Is to define and design the main steps that should be followed now and, in the future, to achieve safe visual navigation on the Nile River. Considering (IHO) standards for hydrographic survey. HYDROGRAPHIC DATA ACQUISITION Data ACQUISITION Water level records Data Collection Vertical Position Horizontal Position Data Logging Data Processing Shoreline Survey Ortho-photos-Coordinates of First Order Points DATA ACQUISITION WATER LEVEL RECORDS Ministry of Public Works and Water Resources maintains a series of Staff Gauges along the Nile River from Aswan to the Mediterranean Sea. . The MPWWR can provide the water level reading daily. Overall, station readings are sufficient for the need of hydrographic survey. DATA ACQUISITION WATER LEVEL RECORDS Tide Guage DATA ACQUISITION VERTICAL (DEPTH) POSITION The flow depth is recorded referring to the bed level. The output data in form of chart . The output depth in the form of digital data is logged into data logger. DATA ACQUISITION HORIZONTAL POSITION boats are equipped with GPS antenna and controller. A reference installed GPS station is over a defined controlling point. Momentarily, The corrected horizontal position is logged into data logger to be integrated with vertical position. DATA ACQUISITION DATA LOGGING Data from DGPS system and digital depths from Echo sounder are logged in an ISAH data logging system (Integrated System for Hydrography). Automated DATA PROCESSING Sounding and position data are saved then processed workstation. then depths and positions are plotted on the screen and erroneous data are rejected. To produce navigation charts, depths were set to the chart datum .
DETERMINATION OF THE EARTH’S RADIUS, MASS, AND GRAVITIONAL CONSTANT - PHYSIC...
DETERMINATION OF THE EARTH’S RADIUS
In 200 B.C., the size of the Earth was calculated to within 1% accuracy! Eratosthenes used Aristotle's idea that, if the Earth was round, distant stars in the night sky would appear at different positions to observers at different latitudes. Eratosthenes knew that on the first day of summer, the Sun passed directly overhead at Syene, Egypt. At midday of the same day, he measured the angular displacement of the Sun from overhead at the city of Alexandria - 5000 stadia away from Syene. He found that the angular displacement was 7.2 degrees - there are 360 degrees in a circle, making 7.2 degrees equivalent to 1/50 of a circle. Geometry tells us that the ratio of 1/50 is the same as the ratio of the distance between Syene and Alexandria to the total circumference of the Earth. Thus, the circumference can be estimated by multiplying the distance between the two cities, 5000 stadia, by 50, equaling 250,000 stadia.
C equals circumference (5000 times 50 or 250,000)
the unit of the "stadium" was about 0.15 km. This means that Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of the Earth to about 40,000 km. He also knew that the circumference of a circle was equal to 2 times π (3.1415...) times the radius of the circle. (C = 2πr) With this information, Eratosthenes inferred that the Earth's radius was 6366 km. Both values are very close to the accepted modern values for the Earth's circumference and radius, 40,070 km, and 6378 km respectively, which have since been measured by orbiting spacecraft.
The diameter of a circle is twice the radius, giving us a diameter for Earth of 12,756 km.
Note: Eratosthenes was measuring the polar radius, and his value (using the 0.15 km/stadium conversion) lies between the polar and equatorial values.
DETERMINATION OF THE GRAVITIONAL CONSTANT
Isaac Newton expressed the Universal Gravitation Equation in 1687:
where
F is the force of attraction between objects
G is the Universal Gravitational Constant
M is the mass of the larger object
m is the mass of the smaller object
R is the separation between the centers of mass of the object
After that, there really wasn't much interest in G. Most scientists simply considered it a proportionality constant. they were more interested in gravity than gravitation.
In 1798, Henry Cavendish made an experiment to determine the Earth’s density. He used a torsion balance to measure the force of attraction between the two masses.
The Cavendish experiment uses a torsion equilibrium to measure the weak gravitational force between lead balls. A torsion equilibrium consists of a bar suspended at its middle by a thin wire. Twisting the wire requires a torque.
The way it works is that the gravitational force attracting the balls together turns the bar, overcoming torque resistance from the wire. That resistance is a function of angle turned and the torsion coefficient of the wire.
Remote Sensing - Operating Satellites
REMOTE SENSING
OPERATING SATELLITES
Landsat 7
Landsat 8
Spot 6
Spot 7
Worldview-2
Worldview-3
GEOEYE-1
ASTER
Sentinel-2A
Pleiades Neo 4
ZY-3
GF-5
GF-6
EgyptSat A
Lifetime span
(Lunch time)
Orbit Altitude
Spatial resolution
Swath width
Spectral Bands
Sensors
Band
Revisit Frequency
Applications
Photogrammetry - Stereoscopic Parallax
Parallax
Apparent shift in the position of an object, with respect to a frame of reference, caused by a shift in the position of observation.
Change in position of an image from one photo to the next is caused by aircraft’s motion.
– Called stereoscopic parallax, x parallax, or simply parallax
Parallax of any point is directly related to the elevation of the point.
Parallax is greater for high points than for low points.
Stereoscopic Parallax
Stereoscopic parallax is caused by taking photographs of the same object but from different points of observation.
Note the displacement between the top and base of the storage towers in this photo stereo-pair.
Parallax of Principal Point
Parallax of left ground principal point is photo base b’ measured on right photo, and the parallax of right ground principal point is photo base b measured on left photo.
For moderate relief, b ≈ b’
Photo base is average of two values
Photographic Flight-Line Axes for Parallax Measurement
Parallax is occurred along the flight-line.
Photographic x and x′ axes for parallax measurement must be parallel with the flight line.
Flight line is the line connecting the two principal points.
The y and y′ axes for parallax measurement pass through their respective principal points and are perpendicular to the flight line.
Monoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement
Direct measurement of x and x' on the left and right photos, respectively.
By fastening the photographs down on a table:
flight lines O_1 O_2 and O_1'O_2' are marked as usual.
Now parallax is P_b=D-d_(b )
Stereoscopic Methods of Parallax Measurement
Stereoscope is used with a parallax bar, or a stereometer for calculation.
D = spacing between principal points
C= the parallax bar constant.
K = the distance from the fixed mark to the index mark of the parallax.
Parallax pf Point A =P_a=X_a'-X_a=D-(K-r_a)=(D-K)+r_a
Hydrographic Surveying - Depth Sounding Equipment
Hydrographic Surveying - LECTURE 4: DEPTH SOUNDING EQUIPMENT
Hydrographic Surveying - Geodetic Control And Tidal Effects
Hydrographic Surveying
LECTURE 5: GEODETIC CONTROL AND TIDAL EFFECTS
Hydrographic Surveying - Basic Measurements And Equipments
HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
LECTURE 2:
BASIC MEASUREMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS
حقوق الانسان في مصر الفرعونية
حقوق الانسان هي المعايير التي تنسق تعامل الناس كجزء من المجتمع وتحكم أساليب معيشتهم وتحفظ لهم كرامتهم وتعمل على تطوير حياتهم ونموها وهي أساس السلام والعدل والحرية. أيضا هي ملك للكل وليست حكر على أحد. فهي حق متساوي وغير قابل للتجزئة. فبدونها لا نستطيع العيش كبشر.
من الصعب تحديد فكرة الحقيقة والعدالة لدي قدماء المصريين، فلم تكن قوانينهم مكتوبة بل كانت قائمة على الممارسة اليومية، بالإضافة لاختلاف مفهوم العدالة عما تعنيه في عالمنا اليوم. كانت الحضارة المصرية القديمة أولي الحضارات التي جسدت فكر حماية حقوق الانسان، فكان المصريون القدماء اول من اعترفوا بحق الانسان في الحياة. ولكي ندرك ونتعمق في مفهوم حقوق الانسان في مصر القديمة، فمفهوم الماعت هو البداية التي سنحاول التعمق منها.
The Importance of Railway in Transportation
This research article mainly talks about railways. An account of the long history of centuries-old railways will be mentioned. Hence the vital importance of the railways and its role in all fields. Then the types of railway elements (rail, sleepers, and ballast). Then we will look at the advantages and disadvantages of each. Finally, the design of rail with all needed geometric equations.
In the Middle Ages, people traveled on foot or horseback, and other forms of transport were intended for goods. It is impossible to imagine the revolution that took place in industry and population expansion without the modern means of transportation for passengers and goods. So, the development of railways to coincide with industrial progress was a major challenge. In ancient civilizations in Egypt, Greece…etc, transportation of transporting goods and people by carts (drawn by bulls or horses), and they built predetermined methods to reduce animal energy consumption during transport, paved flat roads and prevented animals from walking on unpaved terrain Because this consumes much energy, this was the first transportation lines in the world.
Geometric Design of Roads and Highways
The Geometrical design of the highways deals with the nature of the visible dimensions and the setting of the visible features of the highway. The focus of geometric design is to meet the requirements of the driver and the vehicle such as safety, comfort, efficiency, smooth-flowing, and crash-free facility…etc. The features generally considered are elements of cross-section, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignments, gradients, intersections, bicycle, and pedestrian lanes. The design of these features depends greatly on driver behavior, the characteristics of the vehicle, and traffic characteristics such as speed and size. The right geometric design will help reduce the severity of accidents. Hence, the goal of the geometric design is to ensure and provide optimum efficiency in the operation of traffic and maximum safety at an economic cost. We mean here to reduce costs and improve the quality and function of the highway.
The Function of Electric Power Systems
circuit breaker, conductors, distribution, electric power system, electrical, electromechanical, engineering, feeders, generators, insulators, lightning arresters, non-renewable energy, renewable energy, substation, substations, transformers
1. ABSTRACT
This Research Article speaks about electrical power systems which consist of three main phases: generation, transmission, and distribution. generators produce electricity from power sources at power plants. then power is delivered to customers through transmissions which stepping power up or down According to the distance that the energy travels. then power moves through distribution lines that carry electricity to homes and businesses.
2. INTRODUCTION
Typically, electricity is provided to homes and industries as AC. The electrons do not travel overhead along the power lines but vibrate in these lines 60 times per second. The electricity outlet plugs in your home does not produce electrons, but energy. If an appliance is attached, the outlet plugs provide the power for electrons to be moved around a closed circuit which is already in the wire. The energy is supplied as voltage to your home via a large, very complex distribution network. The energy is generated in a power plant and transmitted to the consumer via a network of power lines. In several steps, this is done. With a power voltage of several thousand volts, electricity leaves the power station at very high levels. The voltage is increased to several hundreds of thousand volts due to the loss of energy on high voltages at the overhead power lines. The voltage is decreased again to several thousand volts before power is distributed to industrial users. The voltage is decreased to 110 volts for home use. A transformer is used every time the voltage is down. Transformers are devices that only work with alternating current flows to either increase or decrease voltages.
Electric power systems (Figure 1) are real-time energy supply systems. Real-time means that power is generated, transported, transmitted, and distributed now of consumption. Electric power systems do not store electricity for the time of need as water and gas systems. Instead, generators produce the energy needed by demand It transforms other sources of energy (Such as wind, mechanical, solar, chemical, hydraulic, heat, geothermal, nuclear …etc.) into electrical power. Six main components of the power system are the power stations, transformer, transmission line, substations, distribution lines, distribution transformers. Also, there are many other devices connected to the network such as circuit breakers, conductors, etc. The system starts with a power plant generator where electrical energy is produced. Then power station transformers transformed to high-voltage electrical energy that is more suitable for efficient far distances transportation. High-voltage power lines in the electric power transmission system efficiently transport electricity over long distances to the
Types of Gears
Gearsare a type of mechanical element, the surface with the same space. It is toothed members used for the turning and transmitting of power and/or motion by meshing a pair of elements with no-slip from the driving shaft to the driven shaft. Therefore, gear drives are called positive drives. The smaller one is called pinion in any pair of gears and the larger one is called the immaterial gear that drives the other. The smaller gear is called pinion in any pair of gears and the larger one is called the immaterial gear that drives the other. If the pinion is the driver, the speed is decreased and the torque increases. If the pinion (the smaller one) is the driver, the speed is decreased and the torque increases, vice versa. The gears may be classified according to their shape into spiral, cycloid, and trochoid gears. Depending on the direction of the shaft, it can be categorized as Parallel, non-parallel, transverse, and non-transverse shaft gear.
Photogrammetry: Stereoscopy and Parallax
This literature review talks about the principles of stereoscopy and the stereoscopic instruments used, in addition to the steps for correcting the rotation of photos under the stereoscope, then talks about the Y-Parallax which result of Principal points line not parallel with Flight line. also, the stereoscopic parallax principles and it's measurement.
Geodesy - Definition, Types, Uses and Applications
literature review speaks about the geodesy and its relation to the figure of the earth. The definition of geodesy and the imagining of the earth's shape evolution throughout history, it passed at many important developments. We will discuss that geodesy almost interferes with all Geo- and Space sciences, by clarifying some of its uses and applications.
Geology - rocks | جيولوجيا - الصخور
تُعرف الصخور بأنّها تشكيلات طبيعيّة صلبة تتكوّن من معدن واحد أو أكثر، وهي جزء أساسيّ في تركيب القشرة الأرضيّة. تُقسَم الصّخور تبعاَ لطريقة تكونّها إلى ثلاثة أنواع رئيسيّة، وهي: الصّخور النّاريّة، والصّخور المُتحوّلة، والصّخور الرّسوبيّة، ولكل نوع من الصّخور خصائص فريدة يمكن من خلالها تمييزه عن النَّوعَين الآخَرين.
Geology - earthquakes | جيولوجيا - الزلازل
تعرّف الزلازل على أنّها اهتزاز مفاجئ للأرض، ينتج عن مرور الموجات الزلزاليّة خلال صخور الأرض، بسبب الطاقة المخزّنة في القشرة، فتضغط كتل الصخور على بعضها البعض بشكل كبير ممّا يتسبّب في انزلاقها، لذلك تحدث الزلازل في أغلب الأحيان بسبب عوامل جيولوجية، أو بسبب مناطق ضيقة تتحرّك فيها كتل الصخور.
Photogrammetry - Space Resection by Collinearity Equations
Space resection is commonly used to determine the exterior orientation parameters (which refers to position and orientation related to an exterior coordinate system) associated with one or more photos based on measurements of ground control points (GCPs). space resection is a nonlinear problem, existing methods involve linearization of the collinearity condition and the use of an iterative process to determine the final solution using the least-squares method. The process also requires initial approximate values of the unknown parameters, some of which must be estimated by another least-squares solution.
Geodetic Astronomy - MOTION IN THE HEAVENS - EARTH, SUN AND STARS
Geodetic Astronomy
MOTION IN THE HEAVENS
EARTH, SUN AND STARS
Motion of Earth
Earth’s Rotation
Earth’s Revolution
Motion of Sun
Equinoxes
Solstices
Motion of Stars
Proper Motion
Transverse Velocity
Radial Velocity
PHOTOGRAMMETRY: GROUND CONTROL FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY نقاط الضبط الأرضي في...
GROUND CONTROL FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
نقاط الضبط الأرضي في أعمال التصوير الجوي
الضبط الأرضي يتكون من أي نقاط موقعها معروف في نظام احداثي مرجعي (object space) حيث من الممكن ان تتعرف الصورة إيجابيا في الصور الفوتوغرافية.
او هي نقاط يتم اختيارها كمرجع من سطح الأرض بمعلومية موقعها الأفقي والرأسي معاً او فرادي، ويتم تحديدها عن طريق أدوات المساحة التقليدية او المتقدمة.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
(Research Project) Satellites : Applications in Topography
(Research Project) Satellites : Applications in Topography
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Surveying and Geomatics Department
INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OF GEODETIC SATELLITE
Working Principle
Types
Applications
Technology & Future Perspectives
Engineering Geology - THE ROCK CYCLE - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - THE ROCK CYCLE - Lecture Summary
Benha University
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Surveying and Geomatics Department
Engineering Geology - MINERALS ( STONES – SAND) - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - MINERALS ( STONES – SAND) - Lecture Summary
Benha University
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Surveying and Geomatics Department
Engineering Geology - The structure of the earth - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - The structure of the earth
The main layers of the earth are Crust, Mantle and Core.
The thinnest layer of the Earth is The Crust.
When the earth rotates, the outer core spins and generates the magnetic field.
The Earth's crust is divided into 12 major plates.
Lithosphere moves around by hot mantle convection.
Types of plates boundary are divergent, convergent and transform.
Principles of Engineering Geology - Lecture Summary
Principles of Engineering Geology - Lecture Summary
Benha University
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Surveying and Geomatics Dep.
Engineering Geology
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Technical Drawings introduction to drawing of prisms
Method of technical Drawing of prisms,and cylinders.
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حقوق الانسان في مصر الفرعونية
حقوق الانسان هي المعايير التي تنسق تعامل الناس كجزء من المجتمع وتحكم أساليب معيشتهم وتحفظ لهم كرامتهم وتعمل على تطوير حياتهم ونموها وهي أساس السلام والعدل والحرية. أيضا هي ملك للكل وليست حكر على أحد. فهي حق متساوي وغير قابل للتجزئة. فبدونها لا نستطيع العيش كبشر.
من الصعب تحديد فكرة الحقيقة والعدالة لدي قدماء المصريين، فلم تكن قوانينهم مكتوبة بل كانت قائمة على الممارسة اليومية، بالإضافة لاختلاف مفهوم العدالة عما تعنيه في عالمنا اليوم. كانت الحضارة المصرية القديمة أولي الحضارات التي جسدت فكر حماية حقوق الانسان، فكان المصريون القدماء اول من اعترفوا بحق الانسان في الحياة. ولكي ندرك ونتعمق في مفهوم حقوق الانسان في مصر القديمة، فمفهوم الماعت هو البداية التي سنحاول التعمق منها.
The Importance of Railway in Transportation
This research article mainly talks about railways. An account of the long history of centuries-old railways will be mentioned. Hence the vital importance of the railways and its role in all fields. Then the types of railway elements (rail, sleepers, and ballast). Then we will look at the advantages and disadvantages of each. Finally, the design of rail with all needed geometric equations.
In the Middle Ages, people traveled on foot or horseback, and other forms of transport were intended for goods. It is impossible to imagine the revolution that took place in industry and population expansion without the modern means of transportation for passengers and goods. So, the development of railways to coincide with industrial progress was a major challenge. In ancient civilizations in Egypt, Greece…etc, transportation of transporting goods and people by carts (drawn by bulls or horses), and they built predetermined methods to reduce animal energy consumption during transport, paved flat roads and prevented animals from walking on unpaved terrain Because this consumes much energy, this was the first transportation lines in the world.
Geometric Design of Roads and Highways
The Geometrical design of the highways deals with the nature of the visible dimensions and the setting of the visible features of the highway. The focus of geometric design is to meet the requirements of the driver and the vehicle such as safety, comfort, efficiency, smooth-flowing, and crash-free facility…etc. The features generally considered are elements of cross-section, sight distance, horizontal and vertical alignments, gradients, intersections, bicycle, and pedestrian lanes. The design of these features depends greatly on driver behavior, the characteristics of the vehicle, and traffic characteristics such as speed and size. The right geometric design will help reduce the severity of accidents. Hence, the goal of the geometric design is to ensure and provide optimum efficiency in the operation of traffic and maximum safety at an economic cost. We mean here to reduce costs and improve the quality and function of the highway.
The Function of Electric Power Systems
circuit breaker, conductors, distribution, electric power system, electrical, electromechanical, engineering, feeders, generators, insulators, lightning arresters, non-renewable energy, renewable energy, substation, substations, transformers
1. ABSTRACT
This Research Article speaks about electrical power systems which consist of three main phases: generation, transmission, and distribution. generators produce electricity from power sources at power plants. then power is delivered to customers through transmissions which stepping power up or down According to the distance that the energy travels. then power moves through distribution lines that carry electricity to homes and businesses.
2. INTRODUCTION
Typically, electricity is provided to homes and industries as AC. The electrons do not travel overhead along the power lines but vibrate in these lines 60 times per second. The electricity outlet plugs in your home does not produce electrons, but energy. If an appliance is attached, the outlet plugs provide the power for electrons to be moved around a closed circuit which is already in the wire. The energy is supplied as voltage to your home via a large, very complex distribution network. The energy is generated in a power plant and transmitted to the consumer via a network of power lines. In several steps, this is done. With a power voltage of several thousand volts, electricity leaves the power station at very high levels. The voltage is increased to several hundreds of thousand volts due to the loss of energy on high voltages at the overhead power lines. The voltage is decreased again to several thousand volts before power is distributed to industrial users. The voltage is decreased to 110 volts for home use. A transformer is used every time the voltage is down. Transformers are devices that only work with alternating current flows to either increase or decrease voltages.
Electric power systems (Figure 1) are real-time energy supply systems. Real-time means that power is generated, transported, transmitted, and distributed now of consumption. Electric power systems do not store electricity for the time of need as water and gas systems. Instead, generators produce the energy needed by demand It transforms other sources of energy (Such as wind, mechanical, solar, chemical, hydraulic, heat, geothermal, nuclear …etc.) into electrical power. Six main components of the power system are the power stations, transformer, transmission line, substations, distribution lines, distribution transformers. Also, there are many other devices connected to the network such as circuit breakers, conductors, etc. The system starts with a power plant generator where electrical energy is produced. Then power station transformers transformed to high-voltage electrical energy that is more suitable for efficient far distances transportation. High-voltage power lines in the electric power transmission system efficiently transport electricity over long distances to the
Types of Gears
Gearsare a type of mechanical element, the surface with the same space. It is toothed members used for the turning and transmitting of power and/or motion by meshing a pair of elements with no-slip from the driving shaft to the driven shaft. Therefore, gear drives are called positive drives. The smaller one is called pinion in any pair of gears and the larger one is called the immaterial gear that drives the other. The smaller gear is called pinion in any pair of gears and the larger one is called the immaterial gear that drives the other. If the pinion is the driver, the speed is decreased and the torque increases. If the pinion (the smaller one) is the driver, the speed is decreased and the torque increases, vice versa. The gears may be classified according to their shape into spiral, cycloid, and trochoid gears. Depending on the direction of the shaft, it can be categorized as Parallel, non-parallel, transverse, and non-transverse shaft gear.
Photogrammetry: Stereoscopy and Parallax
This literature review talks about the principles of stereoscopy and the stereoscopic instruments used, in addition to the steps for correcting the rotation of photos under the stereoscope, then talks about the Y-Parallax which result of Principal points line not parallel with Flight line. also, the stereoscopic parallax principles and it's measurement.
Geodesy - Definition, Types, Uses and Applications
literature review speaks about the geodesy and its relation to the figure of the earth. The definition of geodesy and the imagining of the earth's shape evolution throughout history, it passed at many important developments. We will discuss that geodesy almost interferes with all Geo- and Space sciences, by clarifying some of its uses and applications.
Geology - rocks | جيولوجيا - الصخور
تُعرف الصخور بأنّها تشكيلات طبيعيّة صلبة تتكوّن من معدن واحد أو أكثر، وهي جزء أساسيّ في تركيب القشرة الأرضيّة. تُقسَم الصّخور تبعاَ لطريقة تكونّها إلى ثلاثة أنواع رئيسيّة، وهي: الصّخور النّاريّة، والصّخور المُتحوّلة، والصّخور الرّسوبيّة، ولكل نوع من الصّخور خصائص فريدة يمكن من خلالها تمييزه عن النَّوعَين الآخَرين.
Geology - earthquakes | جيولوجيا - الزلازل
تعرّف الزلازل على أنّها اهتزاز مفاجئ للأرض، ينتج عن مرور الموجات الزلزاليّة خلال صخور الأرض، بسبب الطاقة المخزّنة في القشرة، فتضغط كتل الصخور على بعضها البعض بشكل كبير ممّا يتسبّب في انزلاقها، لذلك تحدث الزلازل في أغلب الأحيان بسبب عوامل جيولوجية، أو بسبب مناطق ضيقة تتحرّك فيها كتل الصخور.
Photogrammetry - Space Resection by Collinearity Equations
Space resection is commonly used to determine the exterior orientation parameters (which refers to position and orientation related to an exterior coordinate system) associated with one or more photos based on measurements of ground control points (GCPs). space resection is a nonlinear problem, existing methods involve linearization of the collinearity condition and the use of an iterative process to determine the final solution using the least-squares method. The process also requires initial approximate values of the unknown parameters, some of which must be estimated by another least-squares solution.
Geodetic Astronomy - MOTION IN THE HEAVENS - EARTH, SUN AND STARS
Geodetic Astronomy
MOTION IN THE HEAVENS
EARTH, SUN AND STARS
Motion of Earth
Earth’s Rotation
Earth’s Revolution
Motion of Sun
Equinoxes
Solstices
Motion of Stars
Proper Motion
Transverse Velocity
Radial Velocity
PHOTOGRAMMETRY: GROUND CONTROL FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY نقاط الضبط الأرضي في...
GROUND CONTROL FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY
نقاط الضبط الأرضي في أعمال التصوير الجوي
الضبط الأرضي يتكون من أي نقاط موقعها معروف في نظام احداثي مرجعي (object space) حيث من الممكن ان تتعرف الصورة إيجابيا في الصور الفوتوغرافية.
او هي نقاط يتم اختيارها كمرجع من سطح الأرض بمعلومية موقعها الأفقي والرأسي معاً او فرادي، ويتم تحديدها عن طريق أدوات المساحة التقليدية او المتقدمة.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
TOTAL STATION: THEORY, USES AND APPLICATIONS.
The total station, (also known as electronic tacheometer) is an instrument that can measure horizontal and vertical angles together with slope distance and can be considered as combined EDM plus electronic theodolite. In common with other electronic surveying equipment, total stations are operated using a multi-function keyboard which is connected to a microprocessor built into the instrument. The microprocessor not only controls both the angle and distance measuring systems but is also used as a small computer that can calculate slope corrections, vertical components, rectangular coordinates and, in some cases, can also store observations directly using an internal memory. Nowadays surveying systems are available which can be use in an integrated manner with Global Positioning System (GPS). so, future total stations may have integrated GPS receivers as part of the measurement unit.
(Research Project) Satellites : Applications in Topography
(Research Project) Satellites : Applications in Topography
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Surveying and Geomatics Department
INTRODUCTION
CONSTRUCTION OF GEODETIC SATELLITE
Working Principle
Types
Applications
Technology & Future Perspectives
Engineering Geology - THE ROCK CYCLE - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - THE ROCK CYCLE - Lecture Summary
Benha University
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Surveying and Geomatics Department
Engineering Geology - MINERALS ( STONES – SAND) - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - MINERALS ( STONES – SAND) - Lecture Summary
Benha University
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Surveying and Geomatics Department
Engineering Geology - The structure of the earth - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - The structure of the earth
The main layers of the earth are Crust, Mantle and Core.
The thinnest layer of the Earth is The Crust.
When the earth rotates, the outer core spins and generates the magnetic field.
The Earth's crust is divided into 12 major plates.
Lithosphere moves around by hot mantle convection.
Types of plates boundary are divergent, convergent and transform.
Principles of Engineering Geology - Lecture Summary
Principles of Engineering Geology - Lecture Summary
Benha University
Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra
Surveying and Geomatics Dep.
Engineering Geology
More from Ahmed Nassar (18)
Geodesy - Definition, Types, Uses and Applications
Geodesy - Definition, Types, Uses and Applications
Photogrammetry - Space Resection by Collinearity Equations
Photogrammetry - Space Resection by Collinearity Equations
Geodetic Astronomy - MOTION IN THE HEAVENS - EARTH, SUN AND STARS
Geodetic Astronomy - MOTION IN THE HEAVENS - EARTH, SUN AND STARS
PHOTOGRAMMETRY: GROUND CONTROL FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY نقاط الضبط الأرضي في...
PHOTOGRAMMETRY: GROUND CONTROL FOR AERIAL PHOTOGRAMMETRY نقاط الضبط الأرضي في...
(Research Project) Satellites : Applications in Topography
(Research Project) Satellites : Applications in Topography
Engineering Geology - THE ROCK CYCLE - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - THE ROCK CYCLE - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - MINERALS ( STONES – SAND) - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - MINERALS ( STONES – SAND) - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - The structure of the earth - Lecture Summary
Engineering Geology - The structure of the earth - Lecture Summary
Principles of Engineering Geology - Lecture Summary
Principles of Engineering Geology - Lecture Summary
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Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine Learning
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Technical Drawings introduction to drawing of prisms
Method of technical Drawing of prisms,and cylinders.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniques
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(unimelb毕业证书)墨尔本大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Heap Sort (SS).ppt FOR ENGINEERING GRADUATES, BCA, MCA, MTECH, BSC STUDENTS
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Water billing management system project report.pdf
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
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IIT毕业证原版定制【微信：176555708】【伊利诺伊理工大学毕业证成绩单-学位证】【微信：176555708】（留信学历认证永久存档查询）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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学历顾问：微信：176555708
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
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Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power System
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
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