This document discusses and compares research paradigms and philosophical assumptions between positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. It also outlines the key differences between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Quantitative research aims to generalize and test theories objectively through deductive strategies like experiments and surveys. Qualitative research generates theories inductively through subjective words-based methods like case studies, grounded theory, and ethnography to understand phenomena. Both approaches have distinct steps but share the goal of exploring research questions.
Defination, types, importance of research methods. Characteristics, methods of research, Qualitative & Quantitative research, Objectives of research, difference of research methods, research in pharmacy, criteria for good research
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Defination, types, importance of research methods. Characteristics, methods of research, Qualitative & Quantitative research, Objectives of research, difference of research methods, research in pharmacy, criteria for good research
Research is a process through which new knowledge is discovered. Conducting research has to follow certain steps and these may vary with the type and goals of research. But the variation in the process would be minor according to the study involves quantitative or a qualitative approach and data.
This presentation slide was prepared by Niroj Dahal for second contact session for M Phil students at Nepal Open University (http://nou.edu.np/), Faculty of Social Science and Education.
Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative and Mixed Methods DesignThiyagu K
A Research Design is simply a structural framework of various research methods as well as techniques that are utilized by a researcher. This presentation slides explain the resign design of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-method design.
Research Paradigm/framework
Research Paradigm/ Framework
Described as the abstract, logical structure or meaning that guide the development of the study.
All frameworks are based on the identification of key concepts and the relationships among those concepts.
Concepts
Abstractly describes and names an object or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity and meaning.
An intellectual representation of some aspects of reality that is derived from observations made from phenomena.
Conceptual Framework
Conceptual Framework
This consists of concepts that are placed within a logical and sequential design.
Represents less formal structure and used for studies in which existing theory is inapplicable or insufficient.
Based on specific concepts and propositions, derived from empirical observation and intuition.
May deduce theories from a conceptual framework.
Purposes of Conceptual Framework
To clarify concepts and propose relationships among the concepts in a study.
To provide a context for interpreting the study findings.
To explain observations
To encourage theory development that is useful to practice.
Theoretical Framework
Theoretical Framework
The theory provides a point of focus for attacking the unknown in a specific area.
If a relationship is found between two or more variables a theory should be formulated to explain why the relationship exists.
Theories are purposely created and formulated, never discovered; they can be tested but never proven.
Purposes of Theoretical Framework
To test theories
To make research findings meaningful and generalizable
To establish orderly connections between observations and facts.
To predict and control situations
To stimulate research
Discover a programme that brings together students, entrepreneurs & community groups to develop creative solutions to local challenges.
We help train students to co-design solutions from uncovering local needs with the community to working with them to develop projects that can be taken forward.
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Research paradigms : understanding complex debatesThe Free School
This presentation defines the term ‘research paradigm’ with reference to research conducted mostly within human and social sciences disciplines. It also discusses the dominant research paradigms as theorized by leading scholarly publications in these disciplines. This presentation discusses the alternative systems that may aid the researcher to
choose the most appropriate research paradigm.
Introductory discussion provides historical context that explains the reasons why the notion of the ‘research paradigm’ remains a confusing topic within the research methods literature. This ambiguity is a core factor that causes this
principle to misunderstood by many early-career researchers.
Design DissertationDeveloping a coherent methodologyAimTo p.docxcarolinef5
Design Dissertation
Developing a coherent methodology
Aim:
To provide an overview of concepts of
research,
research process & methods
research design.
What is it?
Should you be doing it?
How do you do it?
My research image:
Examine, determine, review, investigate, study, develop, inquire
Scientific & systematic search for pertinent information for a specific topic
Critical inquiry in seeking facts for principles
Process of arriving at dependable solutions through the planned and systematic collection, analysis & interpretation of data
Aims of a Dissertation
The dissertation or project should demonstrate knowledge of the relevant literature; show that the student has executed a substantial piece of advanced individual work and should bring together the independent work with the knowledge gained in the literature and theory.
Where creative work is involved this should be informed by and be related to the theoretical aspect of the work.
What is Methodology?
A system of rules, principles, and procedures that guide scientific investigation
Methodology / Method
Methodology refers to how you go about finding out knowledge and carrying out your research. It is your strategic approach, rather than your techniques and data analysis (Wainright, 1997).
Some examples of such methods are:
the scientific method (quantitative method),
ethnographic approach, case study approach, (both using qualitative methods), ideological framework (e.g. an interpretation from Marxist, Feminist viewpoint), dialectic approach (e.g. compare and contrast different points of view or constructs, including your own).
Paradigm
A paradigm is simply a belief system (or theory) that guides the way we do things, or more formally establishes a set of practices. This can range from thought patterns to action.
Disciplines tend to be governed by particular paradigms.
“the set of common beliefs and agreements shared between scientists about how problems should be understood and addressed” (Kuhn, 1962)
Guba (1990), research paradigms can be characterized through their:
Ontology – What is reality? (what exists?)
Epistemology – How do you know something?
Methodology – How do you go about finding it out?
what exists?
What is its nature?
Epistemology – Theory of knowledge: All claims to knowledge are tentative (some more than others)
Knowledge: Belief, Justification, Truth (necessary for knowledge)
Methodology – How do you go about finding it out?
Why is it important?
Your ontology and epistemology create a holistic view of how knowledge is viewed and how we can see ourselves in relation to this knowledge, and the methodological strategies we use to un/discover it.
Awareness of philosophical assumptions will increase quality of research and can contribute to the creativity of the researcher.
Positivists believe that there is a single reality, which can be measured and known, and therefore they are more likely to use quantitative methods to measure and this reality.
Constructivist.
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Basic but informative information's about research methodology. Research is a basic need for society. Knowingly or unknowingly always we are doing research of anything's anytime. Just we are not aware that we are doing research. So, research is very important part of our life and in our study obviously. So, do research, spread knowledge and learn more and more.
And dear reader, if you find my ppt helpful and informative please give me feedback.
And if you have any suggestion ,then you are always welcome.
Thank you.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE,
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
➔ Basic research issues and concepts
➔ orientation to research process
Types of research
➔ historical, qualitative, correlational ,experimental, simulation and modeling, Logical
and argumentation, case study and mixed methods
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT II RESEARCH PROCESS
➔ Elements of Research process:
➔ finding a topic- writing an introduction
➔ stating a purpose of study identifying key research questions and hypotheses
➔ reviewing literature,using theory defining ,delimiting and stating the significance of the
study,
➔ advanced methods and procedures for data collection and analysis
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT III RESEARCHING AND DATA COLLECTION
➔ Library and archives
➔ Internet: New information and the role of internet
➔ finding and evaluating sources
➔ misuse- test for reliability- ethics
Methods of data collection
➔ From primary sources
➔ observation and recording, interviews, structured and unstructured, questionnaire,
open ended and close ended questions and the advantages, sampling
➔ Problems encountered in collecting data from secondary sources.
UNIT IV REPORT WRITING
➔ Research writing in general
➔ Components: referencing
➔ writing the bibliography
➔ Developing the outline
➔ presentation.
UNIT V CASE STUDIES
➔ Case studies in the relevant discipline illustrating how good research can be used from
project inception to completion
➔ review of research publications.
The Next Chapter (The Evolving Relationship between America and Pakistan )AIMS Education
The Pakistan Policy Working Group is an independent, bipartisan group of American experts on U.S.–Pakistan relations. The group was formed in January 2008 to assess the state of U.S.–Pakistan relations and to offer ideas to the next U.S. President and his Administration on managing this critical partnership. The group’s efforts were guided by the understanding that Pakistan is and will remain one of the United States’ foremost foreign policy and national security challenges, deserving of heightened attention in the new Administration.
The group met regularly for eight months to discuss topics involving Pakistan’s domestic political situation, counterterrorism, and internal security challenges, relationships within the region, and economic development and assistance. To inform the group’s work, members traveled to Pakistan, where they interviewed government officials, academics, business leaders, and nongovernmental organization (NGO) workers. Various U.S. officials and Pakistani experts also joined the group’s regular meetings to brief members on their areas of expertise. This report presents the findings of those meetings and research trips.
InterContinental Hotels Group (IHG) Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016AIMS Education
We are one of the world’s leading hotel
companies, whose purpose is to create Great
Hotels Guests Love® through delivering our
promise of True Hospitality for everyone.
We have a diverse portfolio of differentiated brands that
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Bond Market
Trade Deficit
Inflation
Interest Rate
Literature Review
Instrument Data Methodology
Results And Analysis
Discussion And Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix
A Complete Survey Report on Technical Education & Vocational Training Authority [TEVTA] Working Under Government of The Punjab, Pakistan
History
Introduction
Mission Statement
Objectives
Courses
Organisational Structure
Powers of the Authority
Functions of the Authority
Reappointment and Resignation
Authority Funds, Budget, Audit and Accounts
Special Training Program
Salient Features
Training Delivery & Benefits
TEVTA Help-Desk at LCCI & It's Function
A short PowerPoint lecture given to two classes of 10th-grade English students during an internship at Davis Senior High. The purpose of this lecture was to familiarize students of varying English proficiency levels with one of three common argumentative appeals, and encourage critical thinking outside the classroom.
Complete Parafait – POS Training Manual
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Social Media - Evolution And Revolution - Start to TodayAIMS Education
Published on Apr 2, 2007
All request please fwd to umer.k.habib@gmail.com.
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How LinkedIn built a Community of Half a BillionaireAIMS Education
Published on Jun 12, 2017, 02:30 PM
Traction Conference 2017 - Since its 2003 inception, LinkedIn has transformed from a networking hub to a beacon of economic opportunity for more than 500 million global members. Vice President of Growth at LinkedIn, Aatif Awan, will explore vital contributors to its growth at milestones throughout LinkedIn’s history, from product innovations and team structure to international expansion. Sharing key lessons learned through this journey, Awan will discuss LinkedIn’s alignment of growth strategy to company vision rather than metrics, and the impact this approach has had on attracting, retaining and servicing its more than half billion members.
ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Simple computational elements forming a large network
Emphasis on learning (pattern recognition)
Local computation (neurons)
Configured for a particular application
Pattern recognition/data classification
ANN algorithm
Modeled after brain
Set goals and objectives for ERP implementation
Appoint an ERP selection team and include key users in the selection phase
Find out which ERP systems are able to be adapted to company specific requirements
Distinguish between “must-have” and “lower priority” functions
Concentrate on core functions
Talk to several key-users about their experience with the ERP package
Can the software be easily upgraded? Find out costs and duration of an upgrade?
ERP Introduction (Lecture)
Chapter 1-The Roots of Distribution Information Management
Chapter 2-Strategic Use of Distribution Information Systems
Chapter 3-Information System Tactical Planning
Chapter 4-Selecting the System
Chapter 5-ERP Implementation
Chapter 6-The ERP Components
Chapter 7-Automating Sales and Marketing
Chapter 8-Replenishment
Chapter 9-Operations Management
Chapter 10-Executive Information Systems
Chapter 11-Managing the System
Chapter 12-Standardization and Putting the System to Work
Chapter 13-Customer Relationship Management
Chapter 14-Logistics and Procurement Systems
Chapter 15-Building a Best in Class ERP
Understand the effect of induction and integration mechanism on employee retention and performance.
Identify the objectives and steps of induction and integration.
Differentiate between training and development.
Describe on the job and off the job training methods.
Demonstrate and design training programs after conducting TNA.
Evaluate the effectiveness of training and development programs
Understand employee development , need analysis and its approaches.
Describe the issues faced during employee development.
Recognize different career managing terms.
Comprehend why career development is necessary.
Explain the steps to manage career.
Understand and Differentiate between strategic recruitment and selection.
Identify the dual goals of recruiting.
Comprehend recruitment process from organizational as well as individual perspective.
Identify what strategic decisions are involved in recruiting.
Explain the major recruitment methods and analyze their advantages and disadvantages.
Identify the basic selection criteria.
Design and administer an effective selection process.
Evaluate the three methods e.g., information gathering, tests and interviewing used in employee selection.
Appreciate varied contemporary interviewing techniques used by interviewers.
Design interview form and evaluation matrix.
Understand Human Resource Planning (HRP) and purpose of HRP.
Identify the relationship between strategy and HRP.
Identify the steps of HR planning process.
Describe the approaches to understand the jobs.
Discuss the phases of job analysis, including what it is and how it’s used.
Design model for forecasting HR requirements and employee requisition form.
Develop job descriptions , including summaries and job functions, using the Internet and traditional methods by using Job analysis questionnaire.
Develop job specifications using the Internet as well as your judgment.
Explain job analysis in a “jobless” world, including what it means and how it’s done in practice.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
RESEARCH PARADIGMS WORLD VIEWS
1. In the name of Allah Kareem,
Most Beneficent, Most Gracious,
the Most Merciful !
2.
3. RESEARCH PARADIGMS/ WORLD VIEWS
Positivism Interpretivism Pragmatism
Determination Understanding Consequences of
Reductionism Multiple participant actions
Empirical meanings Problem centered
observation and Social and historical Pluralistic
measurement construction Real-world
Theory verification Theory generation practice oriented
4. RESEARCH PARADIGMS & PHILOSOPHICAL
ASSUMPTIONS
Sr. Philosophical Positivism Interpretivism Pragmatism
# Assumption
1 Ontology: - Singular reality existing Multiple realities Singular and multiple
apart from researcher’s shaped by researcher’s realities.
perception and cultural prior understanding e.g. researchers test
What is the nature of
biases. (Objectivism) (constructionism). hypothesis and provide
reality?
e.g. researchers reject or fail e.g. researchers multiple perspectives.
OR
to reject hypothesis. provides quotes to
what is knowledge?
illustrate different
perspectives.
2 Epistemology: - Distance and impartiality Closeness (e.g. Practicality (e.g.
What is the relationship (e.g. researchers objectively researchers visit researchers collect data
between the researcher collect data on participants at their by “what work” to
and that being instruments.) sites to collect data) address research
researched? Acceptable knowledge is It is cased on the question).
What is regarded as gained through sense and is perceptions of the Objective + Subjective
acceptable knowledge objectively real. (Objective) individuals about the
and how we know it? world. (Subjective)
3 Axiology: - Unbiased (e.g. researchers Biased (e.g. researchers Multiple stances. (e.g.
What is the role of use checks to eliminate actively talk about their researchers include
values? bias) biases and both biased and
interpretations) unbiased perspectives)
5. 4 Rhetoric: - Formal style (e.g. Informal style. (e.g. Formal or informal
What is the language of researchers use agrees on researchers write in s (e.g. researchers may
research? definitions of variables) literary, informal style) employ both formal
and informal styles of
writing).
5 Methodology: - Deductive (e.g. researchers Inductive (e.g. Combining (e.g.
What is the process of that an a priori theory) researchers start with researchers collect
research? participants views and both Quantitative an
build “up” to patterns, Qualitative data and
theories and mix them )
generalizations)
6 Strategies of Surveys, experiments and Grounded theory, Sequential, concurrent
field work ethnography, case and transformative.
Inquiry
study and narratives
7 Methods Close ended questions, Open ended questions, Both open and close
predetermined approaches emerging approaches, ended questions; both
numerical data, statistical and text and image emerging and
analysis (Quantitative) analysis. (Qualitative) predetermined
approaches; both
quantitative and
qualitative data and
analysis.
6. WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?
Quantitative Research Is "a formal, objective, systematic process in which
numerical data are utilised to obtain information about the world“. It is inclined to
be deductive. In other words it tests theory.
GENERAL AIMS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH?
To Generalize
To Be Objectives
To Test Theories or Hypotheses
7. STRATEGIES ASSOCIATED WITH
QUANTITATIVE APPROACH
EXPERIMENTAL
Experimental research provides a framework for establishing a
relationship between causes and effects. In experimental the
researcher acts as a inactive agent and use deductive reasoning to
prove or falsify hypothesis. This involves manipulating an
independent variable (cause) and observing the outcome on
dependent variable (effect) while controlling the extraneous
variables. Moreover, random sampling, manipulation and control
are the characteristics of the true experiments.
SURVEYS
Surveys include cross-sectional and longitudinal studies using
questionnaires or structured interviews for data collection, with the
intent of generalizing from a sample to a population
8. PROCESS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1- THEORY
2- HYPOTHESIS
3- RESEARCH DESIGN
4- DEVISE MEASURES OF CONCEPTS
5- SELECT RESEARCH SITE
6- SELECT RESEARCH SUBJECT/ RESPONDENTS
7- ADMINISTER RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS/ COLLECT DATA
8- PROCESS DATA
9- ANALYZE DATA
10- FINDINGS/ CONCLUSIONS
Adapted from: Bryman, A. and Bell, E. (2003) ‘ Business
Research Methods’, second edition, Oxford University
11- WRITE UP FINDINGS/ CONCLUSIONS Press. Pp. 155
9. WHAT IS QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
Qualitative Research Is “an informal, subjective research approach that
usually emphasizes words rather than numbers in the collection and analysis of
data” and that is inductive in nature. In other words it generates theory.
GENERAL AIMS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
To add understanding to a phenomenon or the complexities of
human behavior
It does not claim to generalize
To generate theory therefore it is inductive rather than deductive
10. STRATEGIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE
QUALITATIVE APPROACH?
Attempts to shed light on a phenomenon by studying in depth a single
Case Study case example of the phenomena. The case can be an individual person, an
event, a group, or an institution.
Grounded Theory is developed inductively from a corpus of data acquired by a
Theory participant-observer.
Describes the structures of experience as they present themselves to
Phenomenology consciousness, without recourse to theory, deduction, or assumptions from
other disciplines
Focuses on the sociology of meaning through close field observation of
Ethnography socio-cultural phenomena. Typically, the ethnographer focuses on a
community.
A from of inquiry in which the researcher studies the lives of individual
and ask one or more to provide stories about their lives and in the end, the
Narrative narrative combine views from the participants’ life with those of
researcher’s life in a collaborative narrative.
11. MAIN STEPS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
1. General Research Question
2. Selecting Relevant Site(s) and Subjects
3. Collection or Relevant Data
5a. Collection of Further Data
4. Interpretation of Data
5. Conceptual and Theoretical Work
5b. Tighter Specification of the Research Question (s)
6. Writing up Findings/Conclusions
12. THE BASIC PROCESS OF QUANTITATIVE AND
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH?
Another preliminary consideration before designing and conducting
research is to review and know the basic elements of both quantitative
and qualitative research so that to choose an appropriate approach.
These elements are discussed in the next table.
13. Elements of Qualitative Research Tend Process of Elements of Quantitative Research Trend
Toward….. Research Toward…
Interpretivism Paradigm Positivism
•Point on view of participants Intent of the •Point of view of researcher
Understand meaning individuals give to research •Test a theory deductively to support or refute it
a phenomenon inductively •Generalization
Contextual understanding
•Minor role How literature •Major role
Justifies problem is used Justifies problem
Identifies questions and hypotheses
•Ask open-ended questions How intent is •Ask closed-ended questions
Understand the complexity of a single focused Test specific variables that form hypotheses or
idea questions
•Words and images How data are •Numbers
From a few participants at a few collected From many participants at many research sites
research sites Sending or administering instruments to
Studying participants at their location. participants
Natural setting Artificial setting
Data is collected at Micro level Data is collected at Macro level
14. •Text or image analysis How data are •Numerical statistical analysis
Themes analyzed Rejecting hypotheses or determining effect sizes
Larger patterns or generalizations.
•Using validity procedures that rely on How data are •Using validity procedures based on external
the participants, the researcher, or the validated standards, such as judges, past research, statistics
reader
•Researcher is close Role of the •Researcher is distant
Identifies personal stance researcher Remains in background
Reports bias Take steps to remove bias
15. MIXED METHODS APPROACH
A mixed methods approach is one in which the researcher tends to base knowledge
claims on pragmatic grounds (e.g., consequence-oriented, problem-centered, and
pluralistic). It employs strategies of inquiry that involve collecting data either
simultaneously or sequentially to best understand research problem. The data
collection also involve gathering both numeric information (e.g., on instruments) as
well as text information (e.g., on interview) so that the final database represents
both quantitative and qualitative information.
16. STRATEGIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE MIXED
METHODS APPROACH
Sequential procedures, in which the researcher seeks to elaborate on or expand the findings of one
method with another method. This may involve beginning with a qualitative method for
Sequential Procedures exploratory purposes and following up with a quantitative method with a large sample so that the
researcher can generalize results to a population. Alternatively, the study may begin with a
qualitative method involving detailed exploration with a few cases or individuals.
Concurrent procedures, in which the researcher converges quantitative and qualitative data in order
to provide a comprehensive analysis of the research problem. In this design, the investigator
collects both forms of data at the same time during the study and then integrates the information
Concurrent Procedures
in the interpretation of the overall results. Also, in this design, the researcher nests one from the
data within another, larger data collection procedure in order to analyze different questions or levels
of units in an organization.
This strategy involve the data collection either through sequential or a con-current approach, but
Transformative after the initial analysis, there searcher uses procedure to transform one data type into the other
Procedures data type. This is accomplishing result which facilitates comparison, interrelation and further
analysis of two data sets.
17. QUALITATIVE, QUANTITATIVE AND MIXED METHODS
APPROACH
TEND TO OR QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE MIXED METHODS
TYPICALLY APPROACHES APPROACHES APPROACHES
Use these philosophical
Interpretatism Paradigms Positivist Paradigms Pragmatic Paradigms
assumptions
Phenomenology. Grounded theory,
Employ these strategies Sequential, concurrent, and
ethnography, case study, and Surveys and Experiments
of inquiry transformative
narrative
Both open and closed-ended
Closed-ended questions, questions, both emerging and
Open-ended questions, emerging
Employ these methods predetermined approaches, predetermined approaches, and
approaches , text or image data
numeric data both quantitative and
qualitative data and analysis.
Positions himself or herself
Tests or verifies theories or
Collects participant meanings
explanations Collects both quantitative and
Focuses on a single concept or
Identifies variables to study qualitative data
phenomenon
Relates variables in questions Develops a rationale for mixing
Brings personal values into this
or hypothesis integrates the data at different
study
Use these practices of Uses standards of validity stages of inquiry
Studies the context or setting of
research, as the researcher and reliability Present visual pictures of the
participants
Observe and measures procedures in the study
Validates the accuracy of findings
information numerically Employs the practices of both
Makes interpretation of the data
Uses undecided approaches qualitative and quantitative
Creates on agenda for change or
Employs statistical research
reform
procedures
Collaborates with the participants