The document contrasts the perspectives of positivism and interpretivism in the study of social science. Positivists believe that reliable knowledge comes from empirical observation of natural phenomena and seek objective facts, while interpretivists believe reality is socially constructed and focus on understanding behavior from the actor's perspective. Some key differences discussed are that positivists take a macro, top-down view examining society as a whole using quantitative methods, whereas interpretivists take a micro, bottom-up view analyzing individuals qualitatively.
Phenomenology: The Study of Individuals' Lived Experiences of the WorldRyan Bernido
Phenomenological Research is a research design used to study and describe the essence of the lived experiences of individuals within the world. There are two main types of phenomenological research, these are (a) descriptive phenomenological research and (b) interpretive phenomenological research. Many scholars regarded Edmund Husserl as the Father of Phenomenology.
conceptualisation leads to better clarity while doing research . It provides road map to progress and verify the outcome of research . Research questions , objectives , gaps and hypothesis can be mapped on the conceptual framework . It also helps in operationalisation of the variables.
Phenomenology: The Study of Individuals' Lived Experiences of the WorldRyan Bernido
Phenomenological Research is a research design used to study and describe the essence of the lived experiences of individuals within the world. There are two main types of phenomenological research, these are (a) descriptive phenomenological research and (b) interpretive phenomenological research. Many scholars regarded Edmund Husserl as the Father of Phenomenology.
conceptualisation leads to better clarity while doing research . It provides road map to progress and verify the outcome of research . Research questions , objectives , gaps and hypothesis can be mapped on the conceptual framework . It also helps in operationalisation of the variables.
Fundamentos de Sociología, presentación adaptada a mis necesidades.
Clase de Sociología sobre los inicios y temas relevantes para conocer los fundamentos de esta ciencia.
Towards an Aesthetic Epistemology: Transforming Thinking through Cybernetic E...Seth Miller
(Please note that Slideshare translates the Greek letter Theta into the letter Q. This is unfortunate, because I used the Greek letter for its geometric shape. You can see the correct shape here: http://www.spiritalchemy.com/2144/toward-an-aesthetic-epistemology-slideshow/)
Abstract:
The complexity, subtlety, interlinking, and scale of many problems faced individually and collectively in today’s rapidly changing world requires an epistemology—a way of thinking about our knowing—capable of facilitating new kinds of responses that avoid recapitulation of old ways of thinking and living. Epistemology, which implicitly provides the basis for engagement with the world via the fundamental act of distinction, must therefore be included as a central facet of any practical attempts at self/world transformation. We need to change how we think, not just what we think. The new epistemology needs to be of a higher order than the source of the problems we face.
This theoretical, transdisciplinary dissertation argues that such a new epistemology needs to be recursive and process-oriented. This means that the thoughts about thinking that it produces must explicitly follow the patterns of thinking by which those thoughts are generated. The new epistemology is therefore also phenomenological, requiring the development of a reflexivity in thinking that recursively links across two levels of order—between content and process. The result is an epistemology that is of (and for) the whole human being. It is an enacted (will-imbued) and aesthetic (feeling-permeated) epistemology (thinking-penetrated) that is sensitive to and integrative of material, soul, and spiritual aspects of ourselves and our world. I call this kind of epistemology aesthetic, because its primary characteristic is found in the phenomenological, mutually fructifying and transformative marriage between the capacity for thinking and the capacity for feeling.
Its foundations are brought forward through the confluence of multiple domains: cybernetic epistemology, the esoteric epistemology of anthroposophy (the spiritual science of Rudolf Steiner), and the philosophy of the implicit as developed by Eugene Gendlin.
The practice of aesthetic epistemology opens new phenomenal domains of experience, shedding light on relations between ontology and epistemology, mind and body, logic and thinking, as well as on the formation (and transformation) of identity, the immanence of thinking in world-processes, the existence of different types of logic, and the nature of beings, of objects, and most importantly of thinking itself and its relationship to spirit.
This lighting talk aims to explore, from an holistic point of view as opposed to the reductionist thinking, how the Lean Agile methodologies can be considered as part of the “turning point” in the crisis of Western reductionist way of thinking. Recent scientific discoveries indicate that all life – from the most primitive cells, up to human societies, corporations and nation-states, even the global economy – is organized along the same basic patterns and principles: those of the network. Both (Lean & Agile) offer a thinking tool set that allow us to create new models and different approaches. Hence, in this lighting talk I would like to affirm how tightly humans are connected with the fabric of life and make it clear that it is imperative to organize our world according to a different set of values and beliefs.
3. POSITIVISM INTERPRETIVISM
• August Comte- founded • Max Weber; William Dilthey
Sociology; John Stuart Mill; • Associated with Symbolic
Emile Durkheim interactionism,
• Associated with Structural – constructionism, ethno
functional, rational methodology, hermeneutics,
choice, exchange-theory phenomenological, qualitative
frameworks sociology
• Related to ‘hermeneutics’-
indepth inquiry into texts in
which the parts are related to
the whole for revealing deeper
meanings
4. POSITIVISM
• Maintains that reliable knowledge is based on direct, verifiable
observation or manipulation of natural phenomena through empirical/
experimental means.
• Aims to discover universal laws of behaviour- nomothetic orientation
• Believes in existentialist orientation to reality- reality is for us to discover,
it is patterned, stable, and additive
• Believes in a mechanical model of human beings- rational, pleasure
seeking
• Seeks the facts or causes of social phenomena with little regard for the
subjective states of individuals, opinions etc;
• Objectivity and Replicability –important criteria
• Maintains Social Science should be value free – ‘disinterested scientist’
• Discovers universal causal laws -nomothetic; Essentialist, Verification-
oriented, Reductionist, Deterministic, Inferential and Hypothetico-
deductive, predictive
5. INTERPRETIVISM
• Maintains that the world is constructed, interpreted and
experienced by people in their interactions within their
environment- reality is socially constructed by people-
constructionist view point;
• Emphasizes voluntary, free choice of humans- voluntarism; human
agency
• Relies on subjective meanings/ perceptions of people, contexts,
beliefs –idiographic i.e. limited abstraction and particularistic
• Understanding human behaviour from the actor’s own frame of
reference
• SS needs to be relativistic regarding value positions (i.e. no single
value position is better than others; all are equally valid)
• Grounded, discovery-oriented, exploratory, expansionist,
descriptive, and inductive; exploratory research
6. Sociological theory is a bit like political parties. There are a range of sociologists who
have differing opinions about how the world operates.
Examples of some of these groups are:
Functionalists Marxists Interactionists
Feminists Post-Modernists
These groups then fall into one of two categories and will either be known as:
Positivists Interpretivists
7. So, who controls who?
Does Society control us? Do we control society?
(Positivism) (Interpretivism)
8. Positivism vs Interpretivism
Positivists believe we are influenced by Interpretivists believe in social
social systems, that society controls who action, that we as individuals
we are control society
Positivists use large samples Interpretivists use small
of people samples/individuals
MACRO MICRO
9. Positivism vs Interpretivism
• Also known as top-down/macro/social • Also known as bottom up/micro or social
systems or structural theory action theory
• Believe that it is important to look at • Believe that it is important to analyse
society as a whole when studying it society by studying individuals
• Believes sociologists should use more • Believes sociologists should use more in-
scientific approaches to society depth approaches to society
• Use methods such as Statistics and
questionnaires • Use methods such as observations and in-
depth interviews
• Examples are Functionalists, Marxists and
Feminists • Examples are Interactionists and Post-
modernists