This document outlines the agenda for an upcoming research methods class. It will include teams presenting, a review of assignment 2, outside readings from the first three weeks, and a review of assignment 3. There will also be time for questions and discussion.
The document discusses the process of conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review and its importance, including providing background for research and keeping professionals informed of the current state of the field. Next, it outlines the purposes of literature review, such as conveying previous knowledge and identifying gaps. It then discusses the functions, sources, and steps involved in conducting an effective literature review.
This document discusses research ethics and academic honesty. It begins by defining key terms related to research integrity and misconduct. The outline then discusses concepts of ethics, good and ethical research practices, ethical theories, data collection and presentation standards, authorship guidelines, and the process of obtaining funding. The document emphasizes principles of research ethics like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, confidentiality, and integrity. It also defines and discusses research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.
Research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of a research proposal, including definitions, objectives, types, elements, structure, advantages, limitations, evaluation criteria, and reasons for failure. It defines a research proposal as a document that describes the purpose and methodology of a proposed investigation. The document outlines the main sections of a proposal such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, budget, and references. It also notes that proposals can be internal or external/solicited and discusses how proposals help planning and funding approval while guiding the researcher.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review and discusses the key components, including identifying and synthesizing existing works on a topic through a systematic process. The document outlines 7 steps for conducting a literature review: selecting research questions, sources, search terms, screening criteria, quality assessment, reviewing the literature, and synthesizing results. It also discusses different types of literature reviews and provides guidance on writing an introduction, body, and conclusion. Additionally, the document describes various resources and databases for searching literature, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. It emphasizes developing a search strategy using keywords and Boolean operators to efficiently extract relevant information.
This research proposal outlines Pujan Agrawal's planned research project. It includes definitions of key terms like research and research proposals. It describes the importance of research proposals and their relationship to the research process. The proposal lists the typical components of a research proposal, such as the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. It also discusses types of research proposals, common errors to avoid, and thanks the reader for their time.
This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.
The document discusses the process of conducting a literature review. It begins by defining a literature review and its importance, including providing background for research and keeping professionals informed of the current state of the field. Next, it outlines the purposes of literature review, such as conveying previous knowledge and identifying gaps. It then discusses the functions, sources, and steps involved in conducting an effective literature review.
This document discusses research ethics and academic honesty. It begins by defining key terms related to research integrity and misconduct. The outline then discusses concepts of ethics, good and ethical research practices, ethical theories, data collection and presentation standards, authorship guidelines, and the process of obtaining funding. The document emphasizes principles of research ethics like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, confidentiality, and integrity. It also defines and discusses research misconduct, including fabrication, falsification and plagiarism.
Research problem is a question that researcher wants to answer or a problem that a researcher wants to solve Identification & formulation of a research problem is the first step of the research process.
This document provides an overview of key aspects of a research proposal, including definitions, objectives, types, elements, structure, advantages, limitations, evaluation criteria, and reasons for failure. It defines a research proposal as a document that describes the purpose and methodology of a proposed investigation. The document outlines the main sections of a proposal such as the introduction, literature review, methodology, budget, and references. It also notes that proposals can be internal or external/solicited and discusses how proposals help planning and funding approval while guiding the researcher.
This document provides information on conducting a literature review. It defines a literature review and discusses the key components, including identifying and synthesizing existing works on a topic through a systematic process. The document outlines 7 steps for conducting a literature review: selecting research questions, sources, search terms, screening criteria, quality assessment, reviewing the literature, and synthesizing results. It also discusses different types of literature reviews and provides guidance on writing an introduction, body, and conclusion. Additionally, the document describes various resources and databases for searching literature, such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library. It emphasizes developing a search strategy using keywords and Boolean operators to efficiently extract relevant information.
This research proposal outlines Pujan Agrawal's planned research project. It includes definitions of key terms like research and research proposals. It describes the importance of research proposals and their relationship to the research process. The proposal lists the typical components of a research proposal, such as the title, introduction, literature review, methodology, and references. It also discusses types of research proposals, common errors to avoid, and thanks the reader for their time.
This document discusses research design and different types of research designs. It defines research design as the conceptual structure and plan for conducting research to answer research questions. The main types of research designs covered are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and experimental. Exploratory design is used when little is known about a topic to discover variables and relationships. Descriptive design aims to describe phenomena by observing behaviors. Diagnostic design involves problem identification and finding causes. Experimental design tests hypotheses by manipulating variables and measuring outcomes. The document provides details on each design type, including their purposes and methodologies.
This document discusses scientific misconduct in research such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It notes that fabrication is the invention of data and falsification is the alteration of experimental results. While rates of misconduct vary, some studies suggest 2-14% of scientists have engaged in fabrication or falsification. Motivations for misconduct include academic pressure and desire for recognition. Consequences include career damage, loss of credentials, and erosion of public trust in research. Preventing misconduct requires strong policies, oversight, and education regarding ethical research practices.
The document discusses several key issues regarding ethics in research:
- Research is not objective and researchers must recognize how their own biases and worldviews can influence the research process. They must actively manage power dynamics and potential biases.
- Researchers have a responsibility for the production of knowledge and must ensure accurate reporting of results, obtaining informed consent, protecting confidentiality of participants, and avoiding harm.
- Important considerations include recognizing one's own position and identity, being aware of dichotomization and power differentials, and understanding how language and cultural worldviews can impact research. Overall researchers must balance responsibilities to knowledge production with minimizing harm or abuse of participants.
The document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks. It defines a theoretical framework as providing rationale for relationships between variables in a study. A conceptual framework outlines possible approaches to an idea. Developing a framework involves selecting concepts, identifying relationships between them, defining concepts operationally, and formulating a theoretical rationale through literature review. Frameworks guide research by informing hypothesis development and data analysis. Descriptive theories classify phenomena while explanatory theories specify relationships and predictive theories predict relationships. Frameworks must be clearly identified and consistent with the research topic.
Plagiarism involves copying and publishing others' work as one's own without proper citation or credit. It has been defined as an academic offense since the early 1600s. While not a legal crime, plagiarism violates ethics and can have academic consequences like failing assignments or courses. There are many types of plagiarism including copying text verbatim, paraphrasing without citation, or passing off others' ideas as one's own. Reasons for plagiarizing include time pressure, lack of writing skills, or believing others engage in it as well. To avoid plagiarism, one should understand what it is and cite all sources properly. Consequences depend on the institution but can include sanctions like suspensions or expulsions.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
This document discusses research, including defining what research is, the key components of a research study, how to identify a research problem and gap, and how to eliminate a research gap. It notes that research involves searching again for new facts or modifying older ones. A well-defined research problem and hypothesis are essential, as are scientific techniques and logical interpretation of results. Identifying reasons for a research gap and characterizing it using a PICOS framework can help eliminate gaps. The document also discusses the importance of research ethics in promoting integrity and protecting human subjects.
The document discusses hypotheses, providing definitions and discussing the nature, types, and formulation of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. The main types discussed are the null hypothesis, which represents a theory to be tested, and the alternative hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null hypothesis. It also discusses how hypotheses are formulated differently for qualitative versus quantitative research, with qualitative research often using research questions rather than hypotheses.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
The document discusses research methods and definitions. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover facts or theories. Research methodology involves defining the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, subjects, design, data collection, analysis and bibliography. Methods of data collection discussed include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, use scales or checklists. Interviews allow more in-depth information but take more time.
This document discusses historical research methods. It defines historical research as the systematic collection and critical evaluation of past data to answer questions about causes and effects of past events. The key steps are: 1) collecting primary and secondary sources; 2) critically examining sources through external and internal criticism; 3) objectively presenting the facts without bias. Historical research allows investigation of topics not studyable otherwise, but limitations include lack of control and representation of samples. Areas of study include periods, locations, and military history. Tools include corroboration, photography, and revisionism.
Motivation in research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
What makes people to undertake research? This is a question of fundamental importance. The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the following:
Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits.
True experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships. They have four key elements: manipulation of the independent variable, use of control groups, random assignment of subjects to conditions, and random selection of subjects. Randomized controlled trials are a type of true experiment that are considered the gold standard for determining cause and effect. Common true experimental designs include pre-test post-test control group designs, post-test only control group designs, and Solomon four-group designs.
This document discusses research methodology and educational research. It covers topics like the nature of research, characteristics of research, sources of acquiring knowledge, inductive vs deductive reasoning, the scientific method, needs for research in education, steps in educational research, and characteristics of educational research. The goal of research is to explain, predict, and control phenomena through systematic study using methods like formulating hypotheses, collecting data, and analyzing results. Educational research specifically aims to solve educational problems.
Ethical standards are important in research for several reasons. They promote truthful and accurate research by prohibiting falsification of data. They also promote collaboration through values like trust and accountability. Ethical standards ensure researchers are accountable to the public since they are often publicly funded. Following ethics helps build public support and trust in research. Areas of unethical conduct include plagiarism, fabrication, failing to publish results, faulty methods, and improper authorship. Researchers have a duty to protect subjects' rights, obtain informed consent, and conduct legal and responsible research.
The document discusses research problems, including defining a research problem, identifying sources of research problems, criteria for a good research problem, and the steps involved in formulating a research problem. Specifically, it states that a research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved through research. It also notes that selecting a good research problem is challenging but important, as it forms the foundation of the research study. Finally, it outlines the 5-step process for formulating a research problem: 1) selecting a research area, 2) reviewing literature and theories, 3) delimiting the topic, 4) evaluating the problem, and 5) formulating the final problem statement.
The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a blueprint that outlines how, where, and on whom a research study will be conducted. Experimental research design specifically examines the effect of independent variables on dependent variables by manipulating the independent variable. True experimental designs allow researchers to control extraneous variables and isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Several true experimental designs are described including post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs.
This document discusses the process of selecting and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining a research problem as a question or issue that a researcher aims to solve. The selection of a research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. It then outlines the steps in formulating a research problem, including reviewing literature, delimiting the topic, evaluating feasibility, and stating the problem clearly. The goal is to identify a problem that is significant, can be researched, and is feasible given constraints of time, resources and the researcher's abilities.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
To explain what research is and what it is not, the criteria for research and the different types of research approach. • To present some aspects of the debate about the nature of knowledge and the value of scientific method
Basic Definitions Of Business Research MethodsKhawaja Naveed
The document discusses various types of research including basic research, applied research, exploratory research, explanatory research, descriptive research, quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods research. It also discusses key research concepts like paradigm, theory, concept, variable, proposition, analysis, synthesis, and subjectivity. Formal and informal research styles are differentiated. Literature review is defined and the basis on which different research paradigms differ from each other is elaborated based on philosophical assumptions like ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology. The elements of qualitative and quantitative research processes are contrasted along with how they differ in data collection, analysis, validation, and role of the researcher. Finally, key elements of a research design
This document discusses scientific misconduct in research such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism. It notes that fabrication is the invention of data and falsification is the alteration of experimental results. While rates of misconduct vary, some studies suggest 2-14% of scientists have engaged in fabrication or falsification. Motivations for misconduct include academic pressure and desire for recognition. Consequences include career damage, loss of credentials, and erosion of public trust in research. Preventing misconduct requires strong policies, oversight, and education regarding ethical research practices.
The document discusses several key issues regarding ethics in research:
- Research is not objective and researchers must recognize how their own biases and worldviews can influence the research process. They must actively manage power dynamics and potential biases.
- Researchers have a responsibility for the production of knowledge and must ensure accurate reporting of results, obtaining informed consent, protecting confidentiality of participants, and avoiding harm.
- Important considerations include recognizing one's own position and identity, being aware of dichotomization and power differentials, and understanding how language and cultural worldviews can impact research. Overall researchers must balance responsibilities to knowledge production with minimizing harm or abuse of participants.
The document discusses theoretical and conceptual frameworks. It defines a theoretical framework as providing rationale for relationships between variables in a study. A conceptual framework outlines possible approaches to an idea. Developing a framework involves selecting concepts, identifying relationships between them, defining concepts operationally, and formulating a theoretical rationale through literature review. Frameworks guide research by informing hypothesis development and data analysis. Descriptive theories classify phenomena while explanatory theories specify relationships and predictive theories predict relationships. Frameworks must be clearly identified and consistent with the research topic.
Plagiarism involves copying and publishing others' work as one's own without proper citation or credit. It has been defined as an academic offense since the early 1600s. While not a legal crime, plagiarism violates ethics and can have academic consequences like failing assignments or courses. There are many types of plagiarism including copying text verbatim, paraphrasing without citation, or passing off others' ideas as one's own. Reasons for plagiarizing include time pressure, lack of writing skills, or believing others engage in it as well. To avoid plagiarism, one should understand what it is and cite all sources properly. Consequences depend on the institution but can include sanctions like suspensions or expulsions.
This document discusses research design and its importance. It defines research design as the arrangement of conditions for collecting and analyzing data to combine relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedures. The key parts of research design discussed are sampling design, observational design, statistical design, and operational design. A good research design considers features like means of obtaining information, researcher skills and resources, research objectives, and time and funding available. The document also covers important concepts in research design like variables, hypotheses, experimental and control groups, and treatments.
This document discusses research, including defining what research is, the key components of a research study, how to identify a research problem and gap, and how to eliminate a research gap. It notes that research involves searching again for new facts or modifying older ones. A well-defined research problem and hypothesis are essential, as are scientific techniques and logical interpretation of results. Identifying reasons for a research gap and characterizing it using a PICOS framework can help eliminate gaps. The document also discusses the importance of research ethics in promoting integrity and protecting human subjects.
The document discusses hypotheses, providing definitions and discussing the nature, types, and formulation of hypotheses. It defines a hypothesis as a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables that can be tested. The main types discussed are the null hypothesis, which represents a theory to be tested, and the alternative hypothesis, which is the opposite of the null hypothesis. It also discusses how hypotheses are formulated differently for qualitative versus quantitative research, with qualitative research often using research questions rather than hypotheses.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
The document discusses research methods and definitions. It defines research as a systematic process of inquiry to discover facts or theories. Research methodology involves defining the problem, objectives, literature review, methodology, subjects, design, data collection, analysis and bibliography. Methods of data collection discussed include questionnaires, interviews and observations. Questionnaires can be closed-ended, open-ended, use scales or checklists. Interviews allow more in-depth information but take more time.
This document discusses historical research methods. It defines historical research as the systematic collection and critical evaluation of past data to answer questions about causes and effects of past events. The key steps are: 1) collecting primary and secondary sources; 2) critically examining sources through external and internal criticism; 3) objectively presenting the facts without bias. Historical research allows investigation of topics not studyable otherwise, but limitations include lack of control and representation of samples. Areas of study include periods, locations, and military history. Tools include corroboration, photography, and revisionism.
Motivation in research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joymanumelwin
What makes people to undertake research? This is a question of fundamental importance. The possible motives for doing research may be either one or more of the following:
Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits.
True experimental research designs aim to establish causal relationships. They have four key elements: manipulation of the independent variable, use of control groups, random assignment of subjects to conditions, and random selection of subjects. Randomized controlled trials are a type of true experiment that are considered the gold standard for determining cause and effect. Common true experimental designs include pre-test post-test control group designs, post-test only control group designs, and Solomon four-group designs.
This document discusses research methodology and educational research. It covers topics like the nature of research, characteristics of research, sources of acquiring knowledge, inductive vs deductive reasoning, the scientific method, needs for research in education, steps in educational research, and characteristics of educational research. The goal of research is to explain, predict, and control phenomena through systematic study using methods like formulating hypotheses, collecting data, and analyzing results. Educational research specifically aims to solve educational problems.
Ethical standards are important in research for several reasons. They promote truthful and accurate research by prohibiting falsification of data. They also promote collaboration through values like trust and accountability. Ethical standards ensure researchers are accountable to the public since they are often publicly funded. Following ethics helps build public support and trust in research. Areas of unethical conduct include plagiarism, fabrication, failing to publish results, faulty methods, and improper authorship. Researchers have a duty to protect subjects' rights, obtain informed consent, and conduct legal and responsible research.
The document discusses research problems, including defining a research problem, identifying sources of research problems, criteria for a good research problem, and the steps involved in formulating a research problem. Specifically, it states that a research problem is a question to be answered or problem to be solved through research. It also notes that selecting a good research problem is challenging but important, as it forms the foundation of the research study. Finally, it outlines the 5-step process for formulating a research problem: 1) selecting a research area, 2) reviewing literature and theories, 3) delimiting the topic, 4) evaluating the problem, and 5) formulating the final problem statement.
The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a blueprint that outlines how, where, and on whom a research study will be conducted. Experimental research design specifically examines the effect of independent variables on dependent variables by manipulating the independent variable. True experimental designs allow researchers to control extraneous variables and isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Several true experimental designs are described including post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs.
This document discusses the process of selecting and formulating a research problem. It begins by defining a research problem as a question or issue that a researcher aims to solve. The selection of a research problem depends on factors like the researcher's knowledge and interests. It then outlines the steps in formulating a research problem, including reviewing literature, delimiting the topic, evaluating feasibility, and stating the problem clearly. The goal is to identify a problem that is significant, can be researched, and is feasible given constraints of time, resources and the researcher's abilities.
Research Methodology Introduction ch1
MEANING OF RESEARCH, OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH,TYPES OF RESEARCH,Research Approaches ,Research Methods versus Methodology,research process guideline:
To explain what research is and what it is not, the criteria for research and the different types of research approach. • To present some aspects of the debate about the nature of knowledge and the value of scientific method
Basic Definitions Of Business Research MethodsKhawaja Naveed
The document discusses various types of research including basic research, applied research, exploratory research, explanatory research, descriptive research, quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods research. It also discusses key research concepts like paradigm, theory, concept, variable, proposition, analysis, synthesis, and subjectivity. Formal and informal research styles are differentiated. Literature review is defined and the basis on which different research paradigms differ from each other is elaborated based on philosophical assumptions like ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology. The elements of qualitative and quantitative research processes are contrasted along with how they differ in data collection, analysis, validation, and role of the researcher. Finally, key elements of a research design
Here are the key points about informed consent:
- It is a process, not just a form. Researchers must ensure participants understand what participation involves through clear verbal and written explanations.
- Consent forms should be written in plain, easy-to-understand language appropriate for the population.
- Participants must be able to refuse or withdraw from the study without penalty.
- Risks and limitations of confidentiality should be clearly explained.
- Participants should have the opportunity to ask questions to fully comprehend what they are consenting to.
- Informed consent is an ongoing process, not a single event, with the option for participants to withdraw later.
The goal is to respect participants' autonomy by
This document provides an overview of how to conduct research. It defines research as systematically collecting and analyzing data to increase understanding. It explains that as students, future practitioners, and educated citizens, understanding research is important. The document outlines the basic steps of a research project including finding a topic, formulating questions, defining the population, selecting a design and measurements, gathering evidence, interpreting evidence, and reporting findings. It also discusses key research concepts like variables, hypotheses, sampling, and quantitative and qualitative methodologies.
This document provides an introduction to educational research. It defines research as a systematic process involving steps such as data collection, analysis, and interpretation. Research can be scientific inquiry that develops knowledge through examining empirical relationships between phenomena. There are two major approaches to educational research: quantitative and qualitative. Quantitative research uses numbers and statistics to objectively test theories and relationships, while qualitative research explores phenomena through open-ended questions, observations, and interviews to understand multiple realities. The document outlines different research designs within these approaches such as experimental, non-experimental, case study, and grounded theory designs.
A PRESENTATION ON RESEARCH METHODS: SELECTION OF A RESEARCH TOPIC, FORMULATING A HYPOTHESIS, PHILOSOPHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH, QUANTITATIVE VS QUALITATIVE DEBATE & SELECTION OF A RESEARCH METHOD
This document provides an overview of qualitative analysis methods for coding interview and document data. It begins with an agenda for covering two main qualitative approaches, coding exercises, slides on qualitative analysis, and potential brainstorming and affinity diagramming exercises if time allows. It then discusses common features of qualitative analytic methods including affixing codes, noting reflections, sorting materials to identify patterns, and gradually developing generalizations. Finally, it provides details on coding and categorization procedures, the iterative nature of qualitative analysis, and ensuring the credibility and rigor of qualitative findings.
This document provides assessment guidelines for levels 4 and 5 of the APP Primary Science assessment framework. It outlines the key assessment focuses (AFs) in science including thinking scientifically, understanding applications and implications, communicating and collaborating, using investigative approaches, and working critically with evidence. For each AF, it describes the skills and knowledge pupils should demonstrate at levels 4 and 5.
The document discusses conceptual frameworks, defining them as written or visual presentations that explain key factors and relationships in a study. It notes conceptual frameworks appear early in research, guiding literature reviews and questions. The document provides examples of conceptual framework structures like flow charts and mind maps. It outlines benefits like explaining findings but notes frameworks can unintentionally bias research if not revisited. Overall, conceptual frameworks encapsulate a study's focus and link literature to methods and results.
The document summarizes key differences between qualitative and quantitative research approaches. It discusses that qualitative research relies on inductive reasoning and takes place in real-world settings to understand people's experiences, while quantitative research uses statistical tests and deductive reasoning in controlled laboratory settings. Some key differences highlighted include that qualitative research aims to understand social life through theory building, uses flexible dynamic approaches, and analyzes data through reducing, coding and synthesizing techniques. Quantitative research aims to explain social life through theory testing, uses rigid static approaches, and analyzes data using statistical tables and charts with deductive reasoning.
The document discusses different types of research:
- Exploratory research is flexible and informal, used to gain background on a problem. It does not provide conclusive evidence but informs subsequent research.
- Descriptive research describes characteristics but not causes. Cross-sectional studies measure variables at one time; longitudinal studies do so over time.
- Correlational research determines the relationship between variables but cannot indicate causation. The correlation coefficient measures strength and direction of relationships.
- Explanatory research aims to understand relationships between independent and dependent variables to explain phenomena rather than just report them. It tests and advances theoretical explanations.
The document discusses different types of research:
- Exploratory research is flexible and informal, used to gain background on a problem. It does not provide conclusive evidence but informs subsequent research.
- Descriptive research describes characteristics but not causes. It can profile populations through cross-sectional or longitudinal studies.
- Correlational research determines the relationship between variables but cannot prove causation. The correlation coefficient indicates the strength and direction of relationships.
- Explanatory research aims to understand relationships between independent and dependent variables to explain phenomena rather than just report observations. It tests and advances theoretical explanations.
This document discusses key concepts related to research paradigms. It begins by outlining the lesson objectives of understanding the three dominant research paradigms, distinguishing between positivism and interpretivism, and differentiating inductive and deductive reasoning. It then defines positivism as relying on strict scientific methods to obtain knowledge and interpretivism as valuing subjective meanings and contexts. The document contrasts features of the positivist versus interpretivist paradigms and discusses mixed methods approaches. It also defines deductive and inductive reasoning, as well as the concepts of research methods, methodology, and design.
Social Research: Theoretical and Conceptual FrameworkSameena Siddique
This document discusses the differences between theoretical and conceptual frameworks. A theoretical framework is derived from theory and deductively applied to explain or predict events based on a specific theory. A conceptual framework is derived from key concepts identified in literature and seeks to provide an integrated understanding of a phenomenon when no single theory applies. The conceptual framework is developed inductively through a synthesis of multiple perspectives. The main difference is that a theoretical framework applies an existing theory while a conceptual framework integrates multiple concepts no single existing theory can explain. Both aim to provide structure and guidance for a research study.
"Building better theory by bridging the Quantitative-Qualitative Diveide" Review錦玉 陳
This document discusses qualitative research methods for building theory. It begins by contrasting the goals of qualitative vs. quantitative research, noting that qualitative aims to understand perspectives rather than test or replicate results. The document then provides an overview of grounded theory as an analytical technique, describing how it involves collecting data to develop an understanding of a phenomenon and generate new theory rather than testing existing theories. It emphasizes that qualitative and quantitative methods should be combined to expand theoretical understanding of organizational phenomena.
2. practical research ii nature of inquiry & researchLive Angga
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data like numbers, frequencies, and percentages. Quantitative research aims to be objective and systematic. Some key points made include:
- Quantitative research has strengths like precision and the ability to determine statistical significance, but weaknesses like not capturing total context and depth.
- There are different types of variables that can be measured, like ratio, interval, ordinal, and categorical data.
- Common types of quantitative research designs are experimental, quasi-experimental, survey, correlation, and causal research.
- Qualitative research differs in using verbal data, having a more subjective approach, and typically using purposive sampling rather than random sampling.
This document discusses quantitative research methods. It defines quantitative research as using numerical data like numbers, frequencies, and percentages. Quantitative research aims to be objective and systematic. Some key points made include:
- Quantitative research has strengths like precision and the ability to determine statistical significance, but weaknesses like not capturing total context.
- There are different types of variables that can be measured, like ratio, interval, ordinal, and categorical data.
- Common quantitative research designs are experimental, quasi-experimental, survey, correlation, and descriptive research.
- Qualitative research differs in using verbal data, having a more subjective approach, and typically using purposive sampling rather than random sampling.
Classroom research is research conducted by teachers to improve their own or colleagues' teaching, test educational theories in practice, or evaluate and implement school priorities. It allows teachers to become more effective and critically evaluate research through gaining new insights and understanding classroom issues firsthand. Effective classroom research uses accepted research methods and is collaborative in nature, with teachers participating in all stages of identifying problems, taking action, observing results, and planning next steps.
2. For Today
The Research Problem
Teams for class presentations
Review assignment #2
Review outside readings
Review assignment #3
Questions & discussion
3. Paradigms & Underlying
Assumptions
Ontological Based on “branch of physics that studies
the nature of existence or being as such.”
Epistemological Based on a “branch of philosophy that
investigates the origin, nature, methods,
and limits of human knowledge.”
Axiological Based on a “branch of philosophy dealing
with values, as those of ethics, aesthetics, or
religion.”
Rhetorical “Used for mere effect; marked by or tending to
use bombast; of, concerned with, being
rhetorical…”
Methodological Based on “a set or system of methods,
principles, & rules used in any given discipline.”
Definitions: Random House
Webster’s College Dictionary, New
York: Random House, 1999.
4. Methodological Paradigm
Assumptions
Quantitative Qualitative Mixed
Methodological What is the Deductive process Inductive process Either or both
Assumption process of
research?
Cause & effect Mutual simultaneous shaping Linear and/or
of factors simultaneous
Static design-categories isolated before Emerging design-categories May begin with
study identified during research either isolated or
process emerging
Context-free Context-bound Either or both
Generalizations leading to prediction, Patterns, theories developed Either or both
explanation, and understanding for understanding
Accurate and reliable through validity and Accurate and reliable through Either or both
reliability verification
5. Reasons for Selecting a Paradigm
Criteria Quantitative Paradigm Qualitative Paradigm Mixed Paradigm
Researcher's A researcher's comfort with A researcher's comfort with A researcher’s comfort
Worldview the ontological, the ontological, with sequential,
epistemological, axiological, epistemological, axiological, concurrent, and/or
rhetorical, and rhetorical, and transformative
methodological methodological paradigms; usually
assumptions of the assumptions of the pragmatic
quantitative paradigm qualitative paradigm
Training and Technical writing skills; Literary writing skills; Draws on all forms of
Experience of computer statistical skills; computer text-analysis text and statistical
the library skills skills; library skills analysis; library skills
Researcher
Creswell
6. Reasons for Selecting a Paradigm
Criteria Quantitative Paradigm Qualitative Paradigm Mixed Paradigm
Researcher's Comfort with rules and Comfort with lack of Comfort with rules or
Psychological guidelines for conducting specific rules and without rules; flexibility;
Attributes research; low tolerance procedures for conducting adequate time for lengthy
for ambiguity; time for a research; high tolerance study
study of short duration for ambiguity; time for
lengthy study
Nature of the Previously studied by Exploratory research; May be previously studied
Problem other researchers so that variables unknown; or exploratory or both
body of literature exists; context important; may
known variables; existing lack theory base for study
theories
Audience (e.g., Individuals accustomed Individuals accustomed New, emerging audiences
journal editors & to/supportive of to/supportive of qualitative more knowledge about
readers, quantitative studies studies mixed or multi-methods
committees)
Creswell
7. STEPS TO DEFINING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
500 R ESEAR CH METHODS FALL 2001
FUTURE
AREA RESEARCH
NARROW OUTCOMES
SOURCES SYNTHESIS
EVALUATE ANAYLSIS
STATEMENT METHODS
BALANCE VARIABLES
CONCEPTS
FORMAT POPULATION
AUDIENCE
RESEARCHABLE FEASIBLE
UNDERSTOOD
8. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Decide on the general
area of study or
investigation
Generally influenced by AREA
your own experiences
Use Madsen’s criteria from
p. 35-36.
9. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
General area of investigation -- Madsen’s criteria:
Sustain your interest & stimulate your imagination
Within your range of competencies
Manageable in size
Potential to make a contribution to body of knowledge
Based on obtainable data
Demonstrate your independent mastery of both the
subject and method
10. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
General area of investigation, continued
“My study is about…….” or “the purpose of …….”
Using Creswell’s example of scripting a single sentence that
completes the above thought
Make it twelve words or less if possible
Becomes a working title for your research.
Is it researchable?
Example – My study is about the effect of size and color of
screen icons on user perceptions
11. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Narrow the general topic
down
To a specific statement of
the research problem
Use a single paradigm if
possible NARROW
Difficulty -- the topic &
research question must be
formulated before you
have a thorough
understanding of research
12. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Narrow the general topic down
Literature review usually limited at this point
Must make wise choices about what to investigate, study,
explore
Is the topic better suited to a qualitative or quantitative
paradigm?
Nature of the problem
Previously studied, much literature – quantitative
Exploratory study, lacking theory base -- qualitative
13. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Understand sources from
which you define the
problem
Experience
Experts that you know SOURCES
Deductions from theory
Readily available problem
Review of literature
Limits of sources
14. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Evaluate the potential of
the problem
Important enough to merit
investigation or study?
Does it meet criteria?
EVALUATE
15. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Evaluate the potential of the problem
Criteria:
Will findings make a contribution to body of knowledge?
Will findings make a difference for others?
Lead to definition of new problems or other research?
Really researchable?
Knowledge & experience in the problem area?
Information or data available to you?
Complete in the allotted time frame?
Simple enough for your first study?
16. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
A good problem
statement
Clarify exactly what you
want to determine or solve
Scope limited to a specific STATEMENT
question; sub-questions
Operationally defines key
terms
17. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
A good problem statement
Operational definition (quantitative study)
Defines the variables operationally
Defines a concept in terms of the operations or processes
that will be used to measure or manipulate the concept
Tentative definition (qualitative study)
Emerge from data collection
Not usually included in a list of definitions but is/are
tentative pending visiting the field setting to gather info
18. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Balance between general
& specific in problem
statement
Avoid trivial problems that
are meaningless
BALANCE
Broad enough to be
significant according to the
criteria you establish
Specific enough to be
feasible for the research
situation
19. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Format of problem
statement – how you
state the problem
Question – implies
relationship between two FO RMAT
or more variables
Statement – describes the
scope of your work
Hypothesis -- relationships
Objective – achieve,
measure
20. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Problem stated in a way
that it is researchable
Is research into the
“question” possible?
RESEARCHABLE
21. Steps to Defining the Research
Problem
Clear & feasible problem
statement
Can it be understood by
others?
Can you describe it FEASIBLE
concisely, clearly? UNDERSTOOD
Do you demonstrate
understanding of the area
being investigated,
studied?
22. Steps to Review in Future
STEPS TO DEFINING THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
500 R ESEAR CH METHODS FALL 2001
We will spend time in
FUTURE
AREA RESEARCH
upcoming classes on: NARROW OUTCOMES
Population or audience SOURCES SYNTHESIS
Concepts, constructs, EVALUATE ANA YLSIS
variables STATEMENT METHODS
Methods BALANCE VARIABLES
Analysis techniques
CONCEPTS
Synthesizing findings
FORMAT POPULATION
AUDIENCE
Defining outcomes RESEARCHABLE FEASIBLE
UNDERSTOOD
Defining future research
23. Summary
Teams for class presentations
Review assignment #2
Review outside readings for first three weeks
Review assignment #3
Questions & discussion