The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
u can learn what is research, how to do research, research types, research methods, methodology, how to do literature survey, how to give an oral presentation and how to write thesis, research paper
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE,
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
➔ Basic research issues and concepts
➔ orientation to research process
Types of research
➔ historical, qualitative, correlational ,experimental, simulation and modeling, Logical
and argumentation, case study and mixed methods
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT II RESEARCH PROCESS
➔ Elements of Research process:
➔ finding a topic- writing an introduction
➔ stating a purpose of study identifying key research questions and hypotheses
➔ reviewing literature,using theory defining ,delimiting and stating the significance of the
study,
➔ advanced methods and procedures for data collection and analysis
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT III RESEARCHING AND DATA COLLECTION
➔ Library and archives
➔ Internet: New information and the role of internet
➔ finding and evaluating sources
➔ misuse- test for reliability- ethics
Methods of data collection
➔ From primary sources
➔ observation and recording, interviews, structured and unstructured, questionnaire,
open ended and close ended questions and the advantages, sampling
➔ Problems encountered in collecting data from secondary sources.
UNIT IV REPORT WRITING
➔ Research writing in general
➔ Components: referencing
➔ writing the bibliography
➔ Developing the outline
➔ presentation.
UNIT V CASE STUDIES
➔ Case studies in the relevant discipline illustrating how good research can be used from
project inception to completion
➔ review of research publications.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, key characteristics of research including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The document outlines the typical steps in the research process, including formulating a research problem, literature review, identifying variables, constructing hypotheses, research design, developing instruments, sampling, the research proposal, data collection, processing, and writing the report. Key aspects of each step are defined and discussed at a high level.
This document provides an overview of the key steps involved in research methodology. It discusses 14 steps that should be followed in research studies: 1) formulating the research question, 2) literature review, 3) drawing up a protocol, 4) formulating objectives, 5) defining the study population, 6) determining the sample and sampling technique, 7) defining the variables, 8) defining the disease, 9) determining the type and scale of measurements, 10) constructing questionnaires, 11) methods of data collection, 12) data processing methods, 13) analyzing and interpreting results, and 14) writing the report. For each step, important considerations and definitions are outlined.
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as the systematic investigation into a subject to improve knowledge and understanding. Research can be conducted to learn about a subject, test a theory, make discoveries, or revise understanding. There are two main types of research: primary research, which collects original data through methods like surveys, interviews and experiments, and secondary research, which analyzes existing information from sources like books, websites and films. The research process should use appropriate methodology for the subject and include a variety of reliable sources. Effective research includes defining a field of study, research focus or question to guide the collection and analysis of information.
The document provides an introduction to research methodology. It outlines the key steps in the research process as: (1) formulating the research question by identifying gaps in existing literature through a literature review; (2) developing hypotheses and objectives; and (3) preparing a research design that includes determining the sample, data collection methods, and data analysis plan. It also discusses important qualities of good research such as being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable.
The document provides an overview of key aspects of research methodology. It discusses that research is a systematic, careful investigation aimed at establishing facts or principles. Some key characteristics of research outlined are that it must be controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The research process involves formulating a research problem, designing the study, developing instruments, selecting samples, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings. Important steps include reviewing literature, identifying variables, developing hypotheses, writing a proposal, and considering ethical issues.
u can learn what is research, how to do research, research types, research methods, methodology, how to do literature survey, how to give an oral presentation and how to write thesis, research paper
RESEARCH METHODOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE,
ANNA UNIVERSITY, CHENNAI
M.ARCH. (ENVIRONMENTAL ARCHITECTURE)
UNIT I INTRODUCTION
➔ Basic research issues and concepts
➔ orientation to research process
Types of research
➔ historical, qualitative, correlational ,experimental, simulation and modeling, Logical
and argumentation, case study and mixed methods
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT II RESEARCH PROCESS
➔ Elements of Research process:
➔ finding a topic- writing an introduction
➔ stating a purpose of study identifying key research questions and hypotheses
➔ reviewing literature,using theory defining ,delimiting and stating the significance of the
study,
➔ advanced methods and procedures for data collection and analysis
➔ illustration using research samples
UNIT III RESEARCHING AND DATA COLLECTION
➔ Library and archives
➔ Internet: New information and the role of internet
➔ finding and evaluating sources
➔ misuse- test for reliability- ethics
Methods of data collection
➔ From primary sources
➔ observation and recording, interviews, structured and unstructured, questionnaire,
open ended and close ended questions and the advantages, sampling
➔ Problems encountered in collecting data from secondary sources.
UNIT IV REPORT WRITING
➔ Research writing in general
➔ Components: referencing
➔ writing the bibliography
➔ Developing the outline
➔ presentation.
UNIT V CASE STUDIES
➔ Case studies in the relevant discipline illustrating how good research can be used from
project inception to completion
➔ review of research publications.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses what research is, key characteristics of research including being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable. The document outlines the typical steps in the research process, including formulating a research problem, literature review, identifying variables, constructing hypotheses, research design, developing instruments, sampling, the research proposal, data collection, processing, and writing the report. Key aspects of each step are defined and discussed at a high level.
This document provides an overview of the key steps involved in research methodology. It discusses 14 steps that should be followed in research studies: 1) formulating the research question, 2) literature review, 3) drawing up a protocol, 4) formulating objectives, 5) defining the study population, 6) determining the sample and sampling technique, 7) defining the variables, 8) defining the disease, 9) determining the type and scale of measurements, 10) constructing questionnaires, 11) methods of data collection, 12) data processing methods, 13) analyzing and interpreting results, and 14) writing the report. For each step, important considerations and definitions are outlined.
This document provides an introduction to research methods. It defines research as the systematic investigation into a subject to improve knowledge and understanding. Research can be conducted to learn about a subject, test a theory, make discoveries, or revise understanding. There are two main types of research: primary research, which collects original data through methods like surveys, interviews and experiments, and secondary research, which analyzes existing information from sources like books, websites and films. The research process should use appropriate methodology for the subject and include a variety of reliable sources. Effective research includes defining a field of study, research focus or question to guide the collection and analysis of information.
The document provides an introduction to research methodology. It outlines the key steps in the research process as: (1) formulating the research question by identifying gaps in existing literature through a literature review; (2) developing hypotheses and objectives; and (3) preparing a research design that includes determining the sample, data collection methods, and data analysis plan. It also discusses important qualities of good research such as being controlled, rigorous, systematic, valid and verifiable.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and importance of research, classification of research types, the research process, and characteristics of good research. Specifically, it covers:
- The objectives of research including exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing.
- The significance of research in advancing knowledge and solving problems.
- How research follows the scientific method principles of clearly defined purpose, planned process, and justified conclusions.
- Classification of research as basic vs applied, descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
- The characteristics of good research as being systematic, logical, empirical, and having a clear purpose.
Research Methods I - Lecture 1 - Research, what is it (good for)?ResearchMethodsUCM
This document provides an overview and introduction to research methods. It discusses what research is, which is creating new knowledge by systematically answering questions. It also discusses the different approaches to research, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Some key concepts discussed include variables, populations and samples, validity and reliability. The role and use of theory and literature in research is also explained. The document provides foundational information on research methods vocabulary and process.
This document summarizes research methodology and design. It discusses types of research including pure and applied research as well as qualitative and quantitative research. It also outlines the research process including formulating research questions, developing a research proposal, and designing the research. The design considerations covered include design strategy, data collection methods, sampling, and pilot testing. It also discusses research ethics and characteristics of sound research.
1. The document discusses research methodology and introduces key concepts.
2. It outlines an 11-part synopsis of topics to be covered related to the research process, including selecting a problem, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
3. Research is defined as a systematic, empirical, and critical investigation used to discover relationships between natural phenomena through reasoning and experience.
The document outlines the key steps and concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, different types of research approaches including quantitative and qualitative, the difference between basic and applied research, and the scientific method. The scientific method is described as having 7 steps: formulating a question, researching the question, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social science research methods. It discusses what research is, the research cycle, and scientific methods. It describes various approaches to social research like positivism, interpretivism, and critical social research. It also outlines the steps in the scientific method and different types of research like pure research, applied research, and exploratory research. Additionally, it covers research design, methods of data collection, tools for data collection, and the typical format for a research report.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. The main types of research covered are descriptive research which aims to describe the current state, analytical research which evaluates facts to make a critical assessment, applied research which aims to solve practical problems, and fundamental research which adds to the body of scientific knowledge. Quantitative research is based on measurement while qualitative research investigates underlying reasons for behaviors.
The document discusses different methods used in architectural research including theoretical, interpretative, experimental, survey, simulation, qualitative, and action research. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each method including their ontological and epistemological assumptions, disciplinary base, research goals, methodological orientation, key methodological concepts, variables, data analysis techniques, the participant and researcher roles, and whether political pressures are included or ignored. The different research methods range from curiosity-oriented theoretical research to mission-oriented action research focused on practical solutions.
Research methodology for research in englishAbha Pandey
This document provides an overview of research methodology for research in English literature. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research approaches, and significance of research. It also examines various research methods and outlines the typical research process from formulating the research problem to preparing the final research report. Key aspects covered include reviewing relevant literature, developing hypotheses, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and testing hypotheses. Literary research methods are also distinguished from those used in social sciences.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
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Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
This document outlines the key steps and components of the research process for a study titled "A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University". The research methodology section defines different types of research and the scientific research process. It also provides details on key aspects of research design including objectives, hypotheses, sampling, data collection and analysis. The document concludes by mentioning the final steps of report writing and research reporting.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in public health and life sciences. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research and health systems research. It outlines the importance of research, roles of health research, and desirable qualities of researchers. It also covers research phases, types of research like descriptive vs analytical and qualitative vs quantitative. It discusses classifying health research and finding research problems. The document aims to introduce important foundations for conducting research in public health.
The document discusses different types of research methodology. It describes research as comprising of defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through scientific procedures. Research can be exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or aimed at hypothesis testing. Additional types discussed include descriptive, analytical, applied, quantitative/qualitative, conceptual, empirical, one-time/longitudinal, field/laboratory, clinical, exploratory/formalized, and conclusion oriented.
This document provides an overview of research and its methodologies. It discusses key concepts of research including defining research, the need for research, and types of research. It outlines the course which will cover topics such as literature reviews, selecting research problems, conducting research, writing reports and proposals. Research is defined as a systematic and scientific process used to investigate problems and test hypotheses. The document discusses different types of research classified by purpose (basic and applied) and method (historical, descriptive, correlational, ex-post facto, experimental).
This document discusses using a literature-based research methodology for student dissertations. It outlines:
1) A constructionist approach to teaching and learning that encourages students to actively engage with research.
2) Key aspects of a literature-based dissertation including defining a research problem, reviewing relevant literature, using a structured methodology, and engaging students in the research process.
3) Components of a literature-based methodology such as sampling strategies, data collection tools for reviewing literature, and analyzing data thematically while considering disciplinary and professional contexts.
Hukmaram Devilal Pawar is the Head of Accountancy Department and Assistant Professor at Smt. S.S.Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College in Visnagar, India. He has obtained several degrees including an M.Com, MBA, M.Phil, and is pursuing a Ph.D. The document defines research as a systematic, scientific process of investigation aimed at discovering new facts. It lists characteristics of research such as being purposeful, helpful for decision making, and a voyage of discovery. The types and steps of the research process are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
Guest lecture Programme in the Methods of Health Economics (Abteilung für Ges...healthdata be
Guest lecture Programme in the Methods of Health Economics (Abteilung für Gesundheitsökonomie, Zentrum für Public Health an der Medizinische Universität Wien)
Simulated annealing is an algorithm that mimics the physical process of annealing in solids to minimize an objective function. It works as follows:
1) Initialize with a random starting point and high temperature.
2) Make random moves and accept or reject them probabilistically based on the change in objective value and current temperature.
3) Gradually lower the temperature over time.
4) Repeat steps 2-3 until a freezing point is reached.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key topics such as the meaning and importance of research, classification of research types, the research process, and characteristics of good research. Specifically, it covers:
- The objectives of research including exploration, description, diagnosis, and hypothesis testing.
- The significance of research in advancing knowledge and solving problems.
- How research follows the scientific method principles of clearly defined purpose, planned process, and justified conclusions.
- Classification of research as basic vs applied, descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical.
- The characteristics of good research as being systematic, logical, empirical, and having a clear purpose.
Research Methods I - Lecture 1 - Research, what is it (good for)?ResearchMethodsUCM
This document provides an overview and introduction to research methods. It discusses what research is, which is creating new knowledge by systematically answering questions. It also discusses the different approaches to research, including qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. Some key concepts discussed include variables, populations and samples, validity and reliability. The role and use of theory and literature in research is also explained. The document provides foundational information on research methods vocabulary and process.
This document summarizes research methodology and design. It discusses types of research including pure and applied research as well as qualitative and quantitative research. It also outlines the research process including formulating research questions, developing a research proposal, and designing the research. The design considerations covered include design strategy, data collection methods, sampling, and pilot testing. It also discusses research ethics and characteristics of sound research.
1. The document discusses research methodology and introduces key concepts.
2. It outlines an 11-part synopsis of topics to be covered related to the research process, including selecting a problem, designing a study, collecting and analyzing data, and reporting findings.
3. Research is defined as a systematic, empirical, and critical investigation used to discover relationships between natural phenomena through reasoning and experience.
The document outlines the key steps and concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, different types of research approaches including quantitative and qualitative, the difference between basic and applied research, and the scientific method. The scientific method is described as having 7 steps: formulating a question, researching the question, forming a hypothesis, conducting an experiment, analyzing data, drawing conclusions, and communicating results.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social science research methods. It discusses what research is, the research cycle, and scientific methods. It describes various approaches to social research like positivism, interpretivism, and critical social research. It also outlines the steps in the scientific method and different types of research like pure research, applied research, and exploratory research. Additionally, it covers research design, methods of data collection, tools for data collection, and the typical format for a research report.
This document provides an overview of research methodology. It discusses key concepts such as the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research including descriptive vs analytical and quantitative vs qualitative, and significance of research. The main types of research covered are descriptive research which aims to describe the current state, analytical research which evaluates facts to make a critical assessment, applied research which aims to solve practical problems, and fundamental research which adds to the body of scientific knowledge. Quantitative research is based on measurement while qualitative research investigates underlying reasons for behaviors.
The document discusses different methods used in architectural research including theoretical, interpretative, experimental, survey, simulation, qualitative, and action research. It provides an overview of the key aspects of each method including their ontological and epistemological assumptions, disciplinary base, research goals, methodological orientation, key methodological concepts, variables, data analysis techniques, the participant and researcher roles, and whether political pressures are included or ignored. The different research methods range from curiosity-oriented theoretical research to mission-oriented action research focused on practical solutions.
Research methodology for research in englishAbha Pandey
This document provides an overview of research methodology for research in English literature. It discusses the meaning of research, objectives of research, types of research approaches, and significance of research. It also examines various research methods and outlines the typical research process from formulating the research problem to preparing the final research report. Key aspects covered include reviewing relevant literature, developing hypotheses, designing the research, collecting and analyzing data, and testing hypotheses. Literary research methods are also distinguished from those used in social sciences.
I’m a young Pakistani Blogger, Academic Writer, Freelancer, Quaidian & MPhil Scholar, Quote Lover, Co-Founder at Essar Student Fund & Blueprism Academia, belonging from Mehdiabad, Skardu, Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan.
I am an academic writer & freelancer! I can work on Research Paper, Thesis Writing, Academic Research, Research Project, Proposals, Assignments, Business Plans, and Case study research.
Expertise:
Management Sciences, Business Management, Marketing, HRM, Banking, Business Marketing, Corporate Finance, International Business Management
For Order Online:
Whatsapp: +923452502478
Portfolio Link: https://blueprismacademia.wordpress.com/
Email: arguni.hasnain@gmail.com
Follow Me:
Linkedin: arguni_hasnain
Instagram : arguni.hasnain
Facebook: arguni.hasnain
Research in general refers to….
A search for knowledge.
A scientific and systematic search for relevant information on a specific topic.
Research is an art of scientific investigation.
Research is a careful investigation or inquiry especially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
This document outlines the key steps and components of the research process for a study titled "A Study on Pragmatic Approaches and Quality Initiatives for Enhancing Teachers’ Caliber in Post Graduate Institutes offering MBA Programme under Bangalore University". The research methodology section defines different types of research and the scientific research process. It also provides details on key aspects of research design including objectives, hypotheses, sampling, data collection and analysis. The document concludes by mentioning the final steps of report writing and research reporting.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in public health and life sciences. It discusses key concepts like the meaning of research and health systems research. It outlines the importance of research, roles of health research, and desirable qualities of researchers. It also covers research phases, types of research like descriptive vs analytical and qualitative vs quantitative. It discusses classifying health research and finding research problems. The document aims to introduce important foundations for conducting research in public health.
The document discusses different types of research methodology. It describes research as comprising of defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and evaluating data, making deductions, reaching conclusions, and testing conclusions. The purpose of research is to discover answers to questions through scientific procedures. Research can be exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, or aimed at hypothesis testing. Additional types discussed include descriptive, analytical, applied, quantitative/qualitative, conceptual, empirical, one-time/longitudinal, field/laboratory, clinical, exploratory/formalized, and conclusion oriented.
This document provides an overview of research and its methodologies. It discusses key concepts of research including defining research, the need for research, and types of research. It outlines the course which will cover topics such as literature reviews, selecting research problems, conducting research, writing reports and proposals. Research is defined as a systematic and scientific process used to investigate problems and test hypotheses. The document discusses different types of research classified by purpose (basic and applied) and method (historical, descriptive, correlational, ex-post facto, experimental).
This document discusses using a literature-based research methodology for student dissertations. It outlines:
1) A constructionist approach to teaching and learning that encourages students to actively engage with research.
2) Key aspects of a literature-based dissertation including defining a research problem, reviewing relevant literature, using a structured methodology, and engaging students in the research process.
3) Components of a literature-based methodology such as sampling strategies, data collection tools for reviewing literature, and analyzing data thematically while considering disciplinary and professional contexts.
Hukmaram Devilal Pawar is the Head of Accountancy Department and Assistant Professor at Smt. S.S.Patel Nootan Science and Commerce College in Visnagar, India. He has obtained several degrees including an M.Com, MBA, M.Phil, and is pursuing a Ph.D. The document defines research as a systematic, scientific process of investigation aimed at discovering new facts. It lists characteristics of research such as being purposeful, helpful for decision making, and a voyage of discovery. The types and steps of the research process are also outlined.
This document provides an overview of research methodology in architecture. It defines research and discusses the meaning, objectives, characteristics, and significance of good research. The document outlines the types of research such as basic, applied, experimental and non-scientific research. It also describes the research cycle and some common problems faced by researchers, such as a lack of resources or self-clarity regarding the research topic. Theories in research are discussed, including the differences between deductive and inductive approaches.
Guest lecture Programme in the Methods of Health Economics (Abteilung für Ges...healthdata be
Guest lecture Programme in the Methods of Health Economics (Abteilung für Gesundheitsökonomie, Zentrum für Public Health an der Medizinische Universität Wien)
Simulated annealing is an algorithm that mimics the physical process of annealing in solids to minimize an objective function. It works as follows:
1) Initialize with a random starting point and high temperature.
2) Make random moves and accept or reject them probabilistically based on the change in objective value and current temperature.
3) Gradually lower the temperature over time.
4) Repeat steps 2-3 until a freezing point is reached.
Simulated annealing is an algorithm for finding good solutions to optimization problems, such as the traveling salesman problem, where the goal is to find the shortest route between cities. It is inspired by annealing in metalworking, where heating and controlled cooling produces strong, defect-free metal. The algorithm starts with a random solution and finds neighboring solutions, accepting worse solutions with probability related to cost difference and iteration number, to avoid local optima. This allows big jumps early on, but the algorithm hones in on a local optimum over many iterations, usually finding a good enough solution. Parameters must be tuned correctly through trial and error. Overall, simulated annealing is considered effective for optimization problems.
The document discusses modern and postmodern perspectives in organization theory. It outlines key differences between the two views. The modern perspective sees organizations as real entities that can be rationally managed to achieve objectives, while the postmodern view sees organizations as social constructs that are sites of power relations without objective truths or universal principles. The document also summarizes the ideas of several theorists like Lyotard, Nietzsche, Derrida and Foucault that influenced the development of postmodern thought.
This document describes the simulated annealing algorithm. It begins with an introduction that outlines the document. It then provides a formal definition of simulated annealing, explaining how it is analogous to the way metals cool and form crystalline structures. The core of the document describes the simulated annealing algorithm, including initializing a solution, evaluating solutions, making random changes, applying a criterion to accept or reject changes, and gradually lowering the temperature. It provides an example of applying the algorithm to the 40 queens puzzle. It also discusses tuning the algorithm by setting the initial and final temperatures. In conclusion, it covers the advantages, disadvantages, and applications of simulated annealing.
Simulated annealing is a local search algorithm inspired by the metallurgical process of annealing. It starts with a random solution and neighbor selection at a high temperature, accepting worse solutions probabilistically based on temperature. The temperature gradually cools, and the process repeats until cooled, finding good but not necessarily optimal solutions. Key advantages are it can handle any system or cost function, is easy to implement, and generally finds good solutions.
Simulated annealing is an algorithm that mimics the physical process of annealing in solids. It begins with an initial random solution in a high-energy state and gradually cools the system until reaching a low-energy ground state. At each temperature, the algorithm performs local searches and stochastically decides whether to accept worse solutions based on the temperature and difference in solution quality. This allows for a wide initial search of the solution space before converging to an optimal solution.
Simulated Annealing - A Optimisation TechniqueAUSTIN MOSES
Simulated annealing is a global optimization technique inspired by the physical process of annealing in solids. It can find the global minimum of a cost function by slowly cooling the system. At each temperature, the algorithm accepts random moves to neighboring solutions with a probability based on the change in cost and current temperature. This allows occasionally moving to higher-cost solutions and avoids getting stuck in local minima. While slower than local search methods, simulated annealing is more likely to find the global optimum solution over multiple iterations as the temperature decreases.
The Frascati Manual provides guidelines for collecting and reporting internationally comparable statistics on research and experimental development (R&D) expenditures and personnel. The 2015 edition is the 7th revision of the manual, which was first published in 1963. Key changes in the 2015 edition include expanded definitions and concepts to better address topics like measuring business R&D, using administrative data, and analyzing R&D globally. The revision process involved extensive consultation with country experts to develop updated guidance in separate chapters addressing specific sectors and issues.
The document discusses the history and key concepts of feminist social theory. It describes the three waves of feminism - the first focused on women's suffrage, the second on gender inequality, and the third on issues like sexuality and globalization. The origins of feminism can be traced back to the 17th century in France. Major figures and events that advanced feminism include Mary Wollstonecraft's Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1792 and the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848. There are differing perspectives within feminist theory, including radical, Marxist, liberal, and difference approaches.
SA is a global optimization technique.
It distinguishes between different local optima.
It is a memory less algorithm & the algorithm does not use any information gathered during the search.
SA is motivated by an analogy to annealing in solids.
& it is an iterative improvement algorithm.
This document discusses support vector machines (SVMs) for classification. It explains that SVMs find the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between positive and negative examples. This is formulated as a convex optimization problem. Both primal and dual formulations are presented, with the dual having fewer variables that scale with the number of examples rather than dimensions. Methods for handling non-separable data using soft margins and kernels for nonlinear classification are also summarized. Popular kernel functions like polynomial and Gaussian kernels are mentioned.
This document provides an overview of non-parametric statistics. It defines non-parametric tests as those that make fewer assumptions than parametric tests, such as not assuming a normal distribution. The document compares and contrasts parametric and non-parametric tests. It then explains several common non-parametric tests - the Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon signed-rank test, sign test, and Kruskal-Wallis test - and provides examples of how to perform and interpret each test.
This document provides an overview of support vector machines (SVMs). It discusses how SVMs can be used to perform classification tasks by finding optimal separating hyperplanes that maximize the margin between different classes. The document outlines how SVMs solve an optimization problem to find these optimal hyperplanes using techniques like Lagrange duality, kernels, and soft margins. It also covers model selection methods like cross-validation and discusses extensions of SVMs to multi-class classification problems.
This document provides an overview of sampling and hypothesis testing in MATLAB. It discusses simple random sampling, random sampling functions in MATLAB, and the basics of hypothesis testing. It then describes various parametric tests that can be performed in MATLAB, including one sample t-test, paired t-test, two sample t-test, z-test, and F-test. Examples of how to perform each test in MATLAB are also provided.
This document summarizes support vector machines (SVMs), a machine learning technique for classification and regression. SVMs find the optimal separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin between positive and negative examples in the training data. This is achieved by solving a convex optimization problem that minimizes a quadratic function under linear constraints. SVMs can perform non-linear classification by implicitly mapping inputs into a higher-dimensional feature space using kernel functions. They have applications in areas like text categorization due to their ability to handle high-dimensional sparse data.
Assumptions of parametric and non-parametric tests
Testing the assumption of normality
Commonly used non-parametric tests
Applying tests in SPSS
Advantages of non-parametric tests
Limitations
This document provides an overview of parametric statistical tests used for analyzing data. It defines descriptive statistics such as measures of central tendency and dispersion. Parametric tests covered include the z-test, t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and correlation. The t-test is used for small samples and compares means, while ANOVA compares multiple group means. Type I and II errors in hypothesis testing are also discussed. The document provides examples of when to use different parametric tests depending on the type of data and number of groups being compared.
In machine learning, support vector machines (SVMs, also support vector networks[1]) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms that analyze data and recognize patterns, used for classification and regression analysis. The basic SVM takes a set of input data and predicts, for each given input, which of two possible classes forms the output, making it a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier.
The document provides an overview of topics related to organizational behavior and management. It includes definitions of key terms like organization and organizational behavior. It also outlines the determinants and significance of organizational behavior for effectiveness. Various approaches to organizational behavior are discussed like systems approach, contingency perspective, and interactionalism. Challenges and trends in the field like globalization, diversity, and stimulating innovation are highlighted. Models of organizational behavior and a basic framework are presented.
This document provides an overview of research design concepts including philosophical dimensions, paradigms, methodologies, and methods. It discusses key elements like ontology, epistemology, and axiology that distinguish research paradigms such as positivism, postpositivism, and interpretivism. The presentation also covers research methodologies, mixed methods, data collection techniques including interviews and documents, and approaches to qualitative and quantitative data analysis.
Qualitative data analysis - Martyn HammersleyOUmethods
1. The document discusses qualitative data analysis strategies, including framing research questions, conducting literature reviews, pilot testing, and outlining future work.
2. It emphasizes that data analysis is an ongoing process that must change over time to better answer research questions. The intended products are descriptions and explanations.
3. Key aspects of qualitative analysis are discussed, including open-ended exploratory design, collection of unstructured data, flexible research process, and production of data through transcription. Theme analysis and discourse analysis are two common forms.
This document provides an introduction to grounded theory. It discusses the origins of grounded theory, which was developed in the 1960s as a conceptual methodology where theory is derived from data through a systematic process of data collection and analysis. The key aspects of grounded theory covered include:
- Theory is generated from data rather than testing a pre-existing hypothesis.
- Data collection, analysis, and theory development are interlinked in an iterative process where interpretation informs further data gathering.
- Analysis involves open, axial, and selective coding to fracture, conceptualize, and integrate the data to form a theory.
- Memos and diagrams are used to develop concepts and theoretical relationships during analysis.
- Criteria
Here are a few key points to consider in locating your study within a research paradigm:
- Align your research question and methodology - use a qualitative approach for questions of understanding experiences, and quantitative for questions of predicting behaviors.
- Consider the existing literature - does it come from one paradigm or integrate different views? Locate your study accordingly.
- Explicitly situate your study within a research paradigm (e.g. interpretivist). This provides a philosophical framework.
- Consider contrasting your study against literature from another paradigm (e.g. adding qualitative insights to a quantitative field).
- Add a unique disciplinary lens if studying generic concepts. This contextualizes the research.
The literature review is a good
Qualitative data analysis research schoolkelvinbotchie
1. The document discusses qualitative data analysis and provides guidance on planning an analytic strategy. It emphasizes that analysis is an ongoing process that develops over time as research questions are answered and refined.
2. Theme analysis and discourse analysis are presented as two common forms of qualitative analysis. Theme analysis seeks conceptual categories across different data types to answer research questions, while discourse analysis focuses more on specific textual features within a single data type.
3. Computer assisted qualitative data analysis software can facilitate coding, storage, and retrieval of large datasets but does not perform the analysis itself. Clear documentation and ongoing assessment are important aspects of the analytic process.
Qualitative data analysis research schoolkelvinbotchie
1. The document discusses qualitative data analysis and provides guidance on planning an analytic strategy. It emphasizes that analysis is an ongoing process that develops over time as research questions are answered and refined.
2. Several forms of qualitative analysis are described, including theme analysis to develop conceptual categories across different data types, and discourse analysis which focuses on specific textual features.
3. Effective analysis involves coding data into categories, using the constant comparative method to clarify ideas, and assessing progress towards answering research questions.
Qualitative data analysis research school martyn hammersleykelvinbotchie
1. The document discusses qualitative data analysis and provides guidance on planning an analytic strategy, including framing research questions, conducting literature reviews and pilot research, and outlining a schedule.
2. It emphasizes that data analysis is the key role of research and must change over time to better answer developing research questions. Analysis involves describing patterns and explaining them with evidence.
3. Theme analysis and discourse analysis are two common forms of qualitative analysis discussed in the document. Theme analysis develops conceptual categories across different data types, while discourse analysis focuses more on specific textual features.
This document discusses and compares research paradigms and philosophical assumptions between positivism, interpretivism, and pragmatism. It also outlines the key differences between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Quantitative research aims to generalize and test theories objectively through deductive strategies like experiments and surveys. Qualitative research generates theories inductively through subjective words-based methods like case studies, grounded theory, and ethnography to understand phenomena. Both approaches have distinct steps but share the goal of exploring research questions.
Basic Definitions Of Business Research MethodsKhawaja Naveed
The document discusses various types of research including basic research, applied research, exploratory research, explanatory research, descriptive research, quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods research. It also discusses key research concepts like paradigm, theory, concept, variable, proposition, analysis, synthesis, and subjectivity. Formal and informal research styles are differentiated. Literature review is defined and the basis on which different research paradigms differ from each other is elaborated based on philosophical assumptions like ontology, epistemology, axiology, and methodology. The elements of qualitative and quantitative research processes are contrasted along with how they differ in data collection, analysis, validation, and role of the researcher. Finally, key elements of a research design
Media - quantitative and qualitative research 2012David Engelby
This document discusses quantitative and qualitative research methods. Quantitative research aims to measure hard facts using closed questions and surveys. It seeks to find common patterns across many respondents. Qualitative research seeks in-depth understanding of meanings and attitudes through open-ended interviews and focus groups with fewer respondents. Both approaches have their place in research, and a mixed methods approach is often best. Primary research involves direct contact with informants, while secondary research uses existing sources.
This document discusses key concepts in social research methods. It defines concepts as the highest level of generality used to study a topic. Variables are logical groupings of attributes that are measured, such as levels of academic, social, and psychological adjustment in students. The attributes that make up a variable can be examined to look for relationships between variables or to explore causal relationships where one variable causes changes in another. Research can be descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, or evaluative. Qualitative and quantitative approaches differ in that qualitative focuses on micro-level interactions through techniques like observation and interviews, while quantitative examines macro-level patterns through surveys and databases.
1. Introduction to Qualitative Research Methods (1).pdfEtalemBurako
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methodology. It outlines the aims, philosophical paradigms, definitions, goals, dimensions, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. Key points covered include:
- The aim is to enhance capacity for conceptualizing, designing, and conducting qualitative health research.
- Qualitative research follows a different philosophical paradigm than quantitative, based on the premise that not everything can be counted.
- Philosophical paradigms like ontology, epistemology, and axiology guide qualitative research design and methods.
- Qualitative research seeks to describe and analyze human behaviors, opinions, and contexts from the participants' perspectives.
Multiplying method: Ethnography and the reconceptualization of evaluation stu...Gemma Derrick
This document discusses ethnography and its use in evaluation studies and research assessment. It describes ethnography as both an epistemic and ontological stance as well as a research method. When used as a tool for research assessment, ethnography allows for analysis in context, interventions, and case collection. The document also discusses how ethnography is empirical, comparative, and theoretical; focusing on meanings and explanations rather than quantification.
The document provides guidance on conducting research and summarizing research papers. It discusses the common research process, including the formulation, design and execution, and analytical phases. It also provides tips for critically reviewing research papers, such as identifying the study's hypotheses, methodology, findings, and conclusions. Guidelines are given for critiquing different aspects of research studies, like the problem statement, literature review, data collection and analysis. Overall, the document offers advice to help readers understand research studies and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses.
This document provides guidance on critiquing research studies. It defines a research critique as an analysis that focuses on a study's strengths and limitations. The purpose is to determine a study's usefulness. Key aspects of a critique examine the study's purpose, methodology, outcomes, conclusions, and overall quality. Both quantitative and qualitative research methodologies are discussed. The document outlines essential questions to consider for critiquing different parts of a study, such as the literature review, methodology, results, and discussion. Critiquing helps evaluate the scientific soundness and validity of published research.
Qualitative Research Method - an Introduction (updated jan 2011)Hora Tjitra
This document provides an introduction to qualitative research methodology. It discusses key aspects of qualitative research such as what qualitative research refers to, common qualitative research paradigms, and differences between qualitative and quantitative research. The document also outlines the qualitative research process from developing research topics and questions to data collection and analysis. It provides examples of common qualitative research designs including field research, case studies, and action research. Data collection techniques in qualitative research like interviews and observation are also examined.
This document discusses research paradigms in online and distance education research. It begins by defining key terms like research paradigm, ontology, epistemology and methodology. It then outlines four main research paradigms: positivism, interpretivism, critical theory, and pragmatism. For each paradigm, it describes the underlying beliefs about the nature of knowledge and reality, as well as typical research questions and methodologies. Examples of studies using different paradigms are also provided. The document concludes by discussing considerations for choosing a research paradigm and what makes a good research question.
This document discusses research paradigms and provides examples of different types of research paradigms. It begins by defining what a research paradigm is - the underlying beliefs, assumptions, and methodologies that guide research. It then outlines four main research paradigms: positivism/quantitative, interpretivist/qualitative, critical, and pragmatic. For each paradigm, it describes the ontology (view of reality), epistemology (relationship between the researcher and what is being researched), and methodology. It provides examples of research questions and studies for each paradigm. The document discusses the strengths and limitations of different paradigms and whether they meet the needs of practicing educators.
Proyecto Educativo Integral Comunitario de la Unidad Educativa Juan de Dios Guanche San Pedro de los Altos (PEIC) LA ESCUELA QUE QUEREMOS UNA ESCUELA SUSTENTABLE EN MIRANDA" 2013-2014
Este documento resume los conceptos clave de la epistemología y los paradigmas de investigación desde una perspectiva sociocrítica. Explica que desde este paradigma, el conocimiento se construye de forma intersubjetiva a través de la interacción entre el investigador e investigados. Asimismo, señala que la realidad es dinámica y moldeada por factores sociales, y que la investigación debe tener un enfoque dialógico y transformador. Finalmente, concluye posicionando este estudio particular dentro del paradigma sociocrítico.
Recontsrucción Geohistórica de LaguneticaLic.Ana Diletto tesisIsabel Avendaño
El documento habla sobre la importancia de la privacidad y la seguridad en línea. Explica que los usuarios deben tomar medidas para proteger su información personal en Internet, como usar contraseñas seguras y actualizadas, y estar atentos al phishing. También enfatiza que las empresas deben implementar medidas de seguridad sólidas para proteger los datos de los clientes.
La Unión Europea ha acordado un embargo petrolero contra Rusia en respuesta a la invasión de Ucrania. El embargo forma parte de un sexto paquete de sanciones y prohibirá la mayoría de las importaciones de petróleo ruso en la UE a finales de este año. Algunos estados miembros aún dependen en gran medida del petróleo ruso y se les ha concedido una exención, pero se espera que todo el petróleo ruso quede prohibido para fines de 2023.
Este documento presenta el proyecto educativo de la Unidad Educativa Estadal Juan de Dios Guanche para el período 2012-2013. El proyecto busca transformar la escuela en un espacio para la vivencia de los derechos humanos, la participación ciudadana, la producción y protección ambiental, la creatividad, la salud, la innovación pedagógica, el desarrollo de una conciencia crítica y el uso de las tecnologías de la información, entre otros objetivos. El proyecto será implementado a través de acciones pedagó
Día internacional de la educación ambiental ediciitisabelavendañoIsabel Avendaño
El documento habla sobre la historia y desarrollo de la educación ambiental en Venezuela. En 1980 se empezaron acciones para incluir la educación ambiental en todo el currículo escolar debido a leyes ambientales de 1977 y 1980. En 1985 con una reforma educativa, la educación ambiental se incorporó en todas las áreas del plan de estudios. Organismos internacionales como las Naciones Unidas han buscado estrategias para promover la educación ambiental.
Este documento resume la historia de la Institución Educativa Juan de Dios Guanche en San Pedro de los Altos, Venezuela desde su fundación en 1929. Comenzó como una pequeña escuela con una maestra y un salón. A lo largo de los años, la escuela creció y se expandió, agregando más salones, maestros y programas. En 1987, la escuela se mudó a una nueva instalación más grande. La escuela ha recibido varios reconocimientos por su excelencia académica y participación en eventos a través de los años.
Este proyecto propone establecer un vivero temporal en San Pedro, Miranda para producir 918 plantas con fines de protección y agroforestería. Las plantas se cultivarán en el vivero y luego se plantarán en 3 hectáreas en la cuenca del Río San Pedro. El proyecto es liderado por el Ministerio del Ambiente de Miranda y la comunidad local, y busca mitigar la erosión y recuperar áreas verdes en la región.
Este documento presenta las orientaciones pedagógicas y didácticas del Proyecto Canaima Educativo de Venezuela. El proyecto busca implementar el uso de computadoras portátiles en las escuelas para apoyar los fines y principios establecidos en la nueva Constitución y ley de educación del país. Se describen los fundamentos legales y filosóficos del proyecto, así como sus objetivos, enfoques, estrategias y metodologías para integrar las tecnologías de forma significativa en los procesos de enseñanza y
La educación ambiental es un proceso formativo que busca que las personas comprendan la interacción entre la sociedad y la naturaleza para que actúen de manera racional con el medio ambiente. Tiene como objetivos fomentar la conciencia ambiental, generar conocimientos sobre el ambiente y desarrollar actitudes basadas en valores ambientales. También busca desarrollar aptitudes para resolver problemas ambientales de manera individual o colectiva y estimular la participación ciudadana.
El documento presenta un plan para el desarrollo sustentable del estado Miranda en Venezuela. El plan busca consolidar la democracia participativa vinculando programas integrales que promuevan el desarrollo endógeno de la región. El objetivo es contribuir al desarrollo sustentable del estado atendiendo a los lineamientos constitucionales y nacionales mediante la construcción de redes de organizaciones comunitarias. El plan describe las etapas de visualización y consolidación de estas organizaciones así como los resultados esperados.
El documento define el concepto de ambiente y presenta varias concepciones del mismo. Define el ambiente como el conjunto de condiciones externas en las que se desarrolla la vida de los organismos y está constituido por elementos físicos, biológicos, sociales, económicos y culturales que interactúan en un espacio y tiempo determinado. Presenta diferentes concepciones como el ambiente como naturaleza que debe apreciarse y preservarse, como recurso que debe gestionarse, como problema que debe prevenirse y resolverse, y como proyecto comunitario en el
El documento resume la historia y características del Parque Nacional Macarao en Venezuela. Fue decretado en 1973 y cubre unas 15,000 hectáreas entre la capital y el estado de Miranda. Alberga una gran biodiversidad y es una importante reserva hídrica, aunque enfrenta amenazas como incendios, cacería ilegal y presencia militar. El parque busca conservar los ecosistemas y recursos genéticos a través de actividades de educación ambiental, reforestación y vigilancia.
El documento resume la teoría de la teoría fundamentada. Define la teoría fundamentada como una teoría derivada de datos sistemáticamente recopilados y analizados a través de un proceso de investigación. Explica que la teoría permite construir conocimiento a partir de la descripción, el ordenamiento conceptual y la teorización. Señala que la teoría fundamentada surgió en contraposición a las teorías funcionalistas y estructuralistas de los años 1960 y que se caracteriza por generar proposiciones teóricas a partir de los datos
Este trabajo de investigación tiene la finalidad de presentar una primera versión de la propuesta de tesis doctoral titulada "Aportes Teóricos Epistemológicos para la Generación de Competencias en Software Libre, que sirvan como base al Programa Nacional de Formación en Informática". El estudio busca generar una estructura teórica que facilite la construcción de competencias en software libre para estudiantes del Programa Nacional de Formación en Informática. El proyecto se enmarca en un enfoque introspectivo vivencial y utilizará el método etnogr
Este documento presenta una propuesta de investigación para generar aportes teóricos que orienten las competencias en software libre para estudiantes de un programa nacional de formación en informática en Venezuela, con el objetivo de lograr la independencia tecnológica del país. La investigación utilizará un enfoque introspectivo y método etnográfico para analizar los elementos epistemológicos del programa y competencias requeridas, e identificar hallazgos del software libre que puedan fortalecer el aprendizaje.
áNgel fuentespropuesta de investigacion finalIsabel Avendaño
El documento resume una investigación realizada en el Instituto Universitario de Tecnología del Oeste "Mariscal Sucre" sobre el desarrollo de competencias en software libre para estudiantes del Programa Nacional de Formación en Informática. El objetivo es generar un marco teórico que determine las competencias requeridas en software libre considerando los hallazgos de la interacción de los estudiantes con este tipo de software.
El documento describe la vida y obra del filósofo y sociólogo francés Edgar Morín. Morín desarrolló un pensamiento complejo que integra perspectivas múltiples para entender la realidad. Fundó la revista Argumentos y realizó investigaciones transdisciplinarias. Morín también hizo expediciones a Latinoamérica y quedó impresionado por su cultura, lo que influyó en su trabajo posterior.
Este documento presenta un proyecto de investigación que busca diseñar estrategias para integrar los proyectos de aprendizaje de los docentes con los Centros Bolivarianos de Informática y Telemática (CBIT) de una universidad en Venezuela. Identifica la falta de planificación conjunta entre docentes y tutores de CBIT y propone objetivos como diagnosticar esta carencia, promover talleres de sensibilización y evaluar el desarrollo de actividades de CBIT. Justifica la importancia de la integración considerando las políticas educativas venezolanas de incorporar
La clase se centró en los enfoques cualitativos, cuantitativos y mixtos para la investigación, así como en los procedimientos e investigación y métodos. Se discutieron conceptos clave como epistemología, ontología, tipos de pensamiento inductivo y deductivo, y dimensiones de la investigación gnoseológica y ontológica. Los estudiantes dejaron por escrito sus temas de tesis y se aclararon palabras clave.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
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Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
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In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Natural birth techniques - Mrs.Akanksha Trivedi Rama University
L1 theory behind research methods
1. Innovative Design & Manufacturing Research Centre
University of Bath
“World-leading research in engineering
design and manufacture.”
IdMRC Social Research Methods
Autumn Lecture-Workshop Series
2. ESQUEMAS DE DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÒN
• Enfoque cuantitativo
• Enfoque cualitativo
• Enfoque utilizando métodos mixtos
• Elementos del esquema:
• Supuestos filosóficos (Qué constituye el conocimiento)
• Procedimientos de investigación (Estrategia de búsqueda)
• Los métodos:
• Procedimientos detallados de recolección de datos o
información
• Estrategia de análisis de la información
• Reporte de los hallazgos
3. Esquemas: Para su propuesta de un diseño de investigación
contéstese cuatro preguntas:
• ¿Cuál posición epistemológica?. Teoría del conocimiento que
subyace en la perspectiva teórica que Ud. ostente. (ej.:
Objetivismo, subjetivismo)
• ¿Cuál Perspectiva teórica? Sustento filosófico detrás de la
metodología a utilizar.
• ¿Qué metodología? Estrategia o plan de acción que
conectará los métodos que utilizará y concatenará los
hallazgos. (ej.: experimental, survey, etnografía, etc.)
• ¿Cuáles métodos? Técnicas y procedimientos que se
propone utilizar. (ej.: cuestionario, entrevista, grupo focal,)
4. Orden de las preguntas
¿Qué métodos utilizaré?
¿Cuál metodología define el uso de esos métodos?
¿Desde cuál perspectiva teórica empezamos para aplicar la
metodología correcta o más adecuada?
¿ Qué posición epistemológica sustenta la perspectiva teórica
seleccionada?
¿Qué conocemos?
Lo ontológico. Sobre la naturaleza de la realidad.
¿Cómo lo conocemos?.
Lo epistemológico. Sobre la naturaleza de la relación investigador-objeto.
¿Con cuáles valores?. Lo axiológico. Sobre los valores
¿Cómo lo escribimos?. Lo retórico. Sobre el análisis del discurso
¿Con cuál proceso lo estudiamos?. Lo metodológico
5. Epistemology Theoretical Methodology Methods
perspective
objectivism experimental scaling
positivism
questionnaires
subjectivism Interpretativism descriptive
observation
symbolic survey interview
interactionism ethnography focus group
heuristic case study
phenomenology narratives
hermeneutics action research ethnographic
feminism discourse anal. stat analysis
evaluation data reduction
(post)modernism cognitive mapping
Social-constructivism interpretative meth
document analysis
content analysis
conversation anal.
6. ESQUEMAS PARA LA PROPUESTA DE DISEÑO DE INVESTIGACIÓN
CUALITATIVA, CONSTRUCTIVISTA PROPUESTA CUANTITATIVA
• Introduction • Introduction
– Statement of the problem (including – Statement of the problem
existing literature about the problem)
– Purpose of he study
– Purpose of the study
– Theoretical perspective
– The research questions
– Research question or hypotheses
– Delimitations and limitations
– Definition of terms
• Procedures
– Delimitations and limitations
– Characteristics of qualitative research
• Review of the literature
(optional)
• Methods
– Qualitative research strategy
– Type of research design
– Role of the researcher
– Sample, population and participants
– Data collection procedures
– Data collection instruments, variables,
– Data analysis procedures
and materials
– Strategies for validating findings
– Data analysis procedures
– Narrative structure
• Anticipated ethical issues in the study
• Anticipated ethical issues
• Preliminary studies or pilot tests
• Significance of the study
• Significance of the study
• Preliminary pilot findings
• Appendixes: Instruments, timeline, and
• Expected outcomes proposed budget
• Appendices: interview questions,
observational forms, timeline, and proposed
budget
6/24
7. PROPUESTA DE FORMATO MIXTO
• Introduction
• Statement of the problem
• Purpose of the study (include both quantitative and quantitative
• Statements and a relational for mixing methods)
• Research questions(include both qualitative and quantitative)
• Review of the literature (separate section, if quantitative)
• Procedures or methods
• Characteristics of mixed methods research
• Type of mixed methods design (including decision involved in its choice)
• Visual model and procedures of the design
• Data collection procedures
• Types of data
• Sampling strategy
• Data analysis and validity procedures
• Report presentation structure
• Role of the researcher
• Potential ethical issue
• Significance of the study
• Preliminary pilot findings
• Expected outcomes
• Appendixes: instruments or protocols, outline for chapters, and proposed budge
8. Science
• Aim?
• When is knowledge scientific knowledge?
• Criteria?
• Knowledge sources?
• When is research scientific research?
Henri Christiaans
9. Science
• Realism
What we observe is real
• Instrumentalism
What we observe doesn’t need to be real
• Social constructivism
Theories only get meaning through social and political
context
10. What is Knowledge?
• Justified true belief (Plato’s Theaetetus)
• The Greeks classify knowledge into 2 types:
• Doxa (believed to be true)
• Episteme (known to be true)
• Doxa Epistime
• Through Scientific process of inquiry
• How do we know what we know?
• Define knowledge alternatively
• Supported by evidence (usually empirical)
• Conceive knowledge claims in a probabilistic sense
• Knowledge is a matter of societal acceptance
11. How is Knowledge Acquired?
• Role of science, where science is a convention, related to
societal norms, expectations, values, etc.
• Thus, is science equals any scholarly attempt at acquiring
knowledge
• Science requires conventions to be followed
12. How is Knowledge Acquired?
• Role of science, where science is a convention, related to
societal norms, expectations, values, etc.
• Thus, is science equals any scholarly attempt at acquiring
knowledge
• Science requires conventions to be followed
13. Knowledge in design
• Implicit prioritisation of the (language-based mode of)
propositional knowledge (justified true beliefs) seems to
exclude certain kinds or formats of knowledge associated
with practice, which are often called practical, experiential,
personal, or tacit knowledge and which evade verbal
articulation.
15. Science based on empirism
Empirism:
Knowledge derived from how the world is experienced.
Scientific statements are controlled by and derived from our
experiences and observations. en
Scientific theories developed and tested by experiments and
observations through empirical methods
16. Questions to be asked
1. Which methods do we plan to use?
2. Which methodology defines the use of methods?
3. Which theoretical perspective do we start from in order to
apply the right methodology?
4. Which epistemology feeds this theoretical perspective?
17. Ontology
1. A systematic account of Existence. Nature of the world
around us.
2. (From philosophy) An explicit formal specification of how to
represent the objects, concepts and other entities that are
assumed to exist in some area of interest and the
relationships that hold among them.
3. The hierarchical structuring of knowledge about things by
subcategorising them according to their essential (or at least
relevant and/or cognitive) qualities.
18. Epistemology and ontology
The way of understanding and interpreting how we
know what we know.
Particular methodologies tend to entail (subscribe to)
particular epistemologies and, in their turn, particular
forms of ontology
19. Ontology in Computing Terms
• For AI systems, what "exists" is that which can be
represented.
• We can describe the ontology of a program by defining a set
of representational terms. Definitions associate the names of
entities in the universe of discourse (e.g. classes, relations,
functions or other objects) with human-readable text
describing what the names mean, and formal axioms that
constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these
terms. Formally, an ontology is the statement of a
logical theory.
• A set of agents that share the same ontology will be able to
communicate about a domain of discourse without
necessarily operating on a globally shared theory. The idea of
ontological commitment is based on the Knowledge-Level
perspective.
20. Epistemology
• From the Greek words episteme (knowledge) and logos
(word/speech) is the branch of philosophy that deals with the
nature, origin and scope of knowledge.
• Refers to our theory of knowledge, in particular, how we
acquire knowledge (Hirschheim, 1992).
21. Research background
Epistemology Theoretical Methodology Methods
perspective
objectivism experimental scaling
positivism
questionnaires
subjectivism Interpretativism descriptive
observation
symbolic survey interview
interactionism ethnography focus group
heuristic case study
phenomenology narratives
hermeneutics action research ethnographic
feminism discourse anal. stat analysis
evaluation data reduction
(post)modernism cognitive mapping
Social- interpretative meth
constructivism document analysis
content analysis
conversation anal.
Crotty, 1998
22. Research background
Epistemology Theoretical Methodology Methods
perspective
objectivism experimental scaling
positivism
questionnaires
subjectivism Interpretativism descriptive
observation
symbolic survey interview
interactionism ethnography focus group
heuristic case study
phenomenology narratives
hermeneutics action research ethnographic
feminism discourse anal. stat analysis
evaluation data reduction
(post)modernism cognitive mapping
Social- interpretative meth
constructivism document analysis
content analysis
conversation anal.
23. Theoretical perspective
Philosophical point of view which feeds the methodology and
offers a context for the process and the logics, and gives our
criteria a basis.
Cultural differences play a role
24. Research background
Epistemology Theoretical Methodology Methods
perspective
objectivism experimental scaling
positivism
questionnaires
subjectivism Interpretivism descriptive
observation
symbolic survey interview
interactionism ethnography focus group
heuristic case study
phenomenology narratives
hermeneutics action research ethnographic
feminism discourse anal. statistical analysis
evaluation data reduction
(post)modernism cognitive mapping
Social- interpretative meth
constructivism document analysis
content analysis
conversation anal.
Crotty, 1998
26. Interpretivism
Interpretivism rests upon idealism:
•the world is interpreted through the mind; e.g., classificatory
schemes of species;
•the social world cannot be described without investigating how
people use language and symbols to construct what social practices;
i.e., understand their experience;
•the social world becomes the creation of the purposeful actions of
conscious agents; and
•no social explanation was complete unless it could adequately
describe the role of meanings in human actions
•Actions are not governed by discrete patterns of cause and effect
(as in positivism), but by rules that social actors use to interpret the
world
27. Positivist Science
• 5 Pillars
• Unity of scientific method
• Causal Relationships
• Empiricism
• Science and its process is Value-Free
• Foundation of science is based on logic and maths
28. Ontology of Positivism
• Realism
• Universe comprised of objectively given, immutable
objects and structures, existing as empirical
entities, on their own, independent of the
observer’s appreciation of them.
• Contrasts with relativism or instrumentalism, where
reality is a subjective construction of the mind, thus
varying with different languages and cultures.
• While hugely successful in physical sciences, it is
not as successful for social science.
29. Anti-Positivism
• Latter part of 19th century
• Man as an actor could not be studied through the methods of
natural sciences that focus on establishing general laws. In
the cultural sphere man is free (Burrell and Morgan, 1979)
30. Post-Positivism
• Based on the concept of critical realism, that
there is a real world out there independent of our
perception of it and that the objective of science is
to try and understand it,
• combined with triangulation, i.e., the recognition
that observations and measurements are inherently
imperfect and hence the need to measure
phenomena in many ways.
• The post-positivist epistemology regards the
acquisition of knowledge as a process that is more
than mere deduction. Knowledge is acquired
through both deduction and induction.
31. Simon versus Schon
Designer Designer
objective Analysis Objective Analysis subjective Interpretation
design design Design Task design
Problem Solution (= problem + Solution
situation+ teime)
07-06-12
Rational Solving Problem Paradigm Reflection in Action Paradigm
Rationalist Root Constructivist Root
POSITIVISM PHENOMENOLOGY
32. Methodology
Our strategy and action plans, the design process which
defines what specific methods we will choose
33. Research background
Epistemology Theoretical Methodology Methods
perspective
objectivism experimental scaling
positivism
questionnaires
subjectivism Interpretativism descriptive
observation
symbolic survey interview
interactionism ethnography focus group
heuristic case study
phenomenology narratives
hermeneutics action research ethnographic
feminism discourse anal. statistical analysis
evaluation data reduction
(post)modernism cognitive mapping
Social- interpretative meth
constructivism document analysis
content analysis
conversation anal.
Crotty, 1998
34. Types of Research
Analytical Historical Philosophical
Literature study Meta-analysis
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Descriptive Survey (questionnaire, interview)
Case study Task analysis
Document analysis Correlation anal.
Observation Etnographics
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Explorative Survey Correlational
Case study Experimental
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Experimental Pre-experimental
True-experimental
Quasi-experimental
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
36. Types of research methods
empirical
participatory
quantitative
inductive prescriptive
idiographic nomothetic
descriptive deductive
unbiased
qualitative
rational
37. Fundamental Research: the Empirical cycle
induction
describing/ hypotheses generalising
interpreting
modelling
Explaining/
interpreting
knowledge problem theory
modelling
specifying
evaluation deduction
prediction
evaluating
testing
testing
‘t Hart c.s.
38. Practice oriented Research: The regulative cycle
describing/ diagnosis
generalising
interpreting
modelling
designing
plan
problem from practice
(problem solving)
deciding
evaluating
intervention
evaluation action-process supporting
observing
process evaluation
‘t Hart c.s.
40. Research background
Epistemology Theoretical Methodology Methods
perspective
objectivism experimental scaling
positivism
questionnaires
subjectivism Interpretativism descriptive
observation
symbolic survey interview
interactionism ethnography focus group
heuristic case study
phenomenology narratives
hermeneutics action research ethnographic
feminism discourse anal. stat analysis
evaluation data reduction
(post)modernism cognitive mapping
interpretative meth
document analysis
content analysis
conversation anal.
Crotty, 1998
41. Qualitative Positivist Research versus
Non-Qualitative Positivist Research
QPR Methods Non-QPR Methods
Field experiment Math Modeling (analytical
modeling)
Lab experiment Group feedback
Free simulation experiment Participative research
Experimental simulation Case study
Adaptive experiment Philosophical research
Field study
Opinion research
Archival research
Table 1. QPR versus Non-QPR Methods (Click on the method for its definition)
41
42. Type of Research, General Research Approaches,
Data Collection Techniques, & Data Analysis Techniques
45. Research background
Epistemology Theoretical Methodology Methods
perspective
objectivism experimental scaling
positivism
questionnaires
subjectivism Interpretativism descriptive
observation
symbolic survey interview
interactionism ethnography focus group
heuristic case study
phenomenology narratives
hermeneutics action research ethnographic
feminism discourse anal. statistic. analysis
evaluation data reduction
(post)modernism cognitive mapping
interpretative meth
document analysis
content analysis
conversation anal.
Crotty, 1998
46. Definitions
Research’ = the systematic inquiry to the end of gaining new
knowledge
‘researcher’ = a person who pursues research (e.g., in
design).
ractice’ = professional practice (e.g., in design) or to
processes usually used in professional practice to produce
professional work for any purpose other than the (deliberate)
acquisition of knowledge.
Practitioner’ = anyone who works in professional practice.
47. Design Knowledge
Process (design methodology)
product people
designers
48. Design knowledge
• Design knowledge resides firstly in people: in designers especially.
Therefore, we study human ability - of how people design. This
suggests, for example, empirical studies of design behaviour, but it
also includes theoretical deliberation and reflection on the nature of
design ability. It also relates strongly to considerations of how people
learn to design
49. Design knowledge
• Design knowledge resides firstly in people: in designers especially.
Therefore, we study of human ability - of how people design. This
suggests, for example, empirical studies of design behaviour, but it
also includes theoretical deliberation and reflection on the nature of
design ability. It also relates strongly to considerations of how people
learn to design.
• Design knowledge resides secondly in processes: in the tactics and
strategies of designing. A major area of design research is
methodology: the study of the processes of design, and the
development and application of techniques which aid the designer.
50. Design knowledge
• Design knowledge resides firstly in people: in designers especially.
Therefore, we study of human ability - of how people design. This
suggests, for example, empirical studies of design behaviour, but it
also includes theoretical deliberation and reflection on the nature of
design ability. It also relates strongly to considerations of how people
learn to design
• Design knowledge resides secondly in processes: in the tactics and
strategies of designing. A major area of design research is
methodology: the study of the processes of design, and the
development and application of techniques which aid the designer.
• The product dimension asks for forms and materials, and finishes
with the embodiment of design attributes: both the intentional world
(teleological and functional –wishes and needs–) in relation with the
principal, partial and elementary function and the man’s connection
with the systemic formal and material part (structure, organization,
parts and connections).
51. Design Research
Terry Love’s view:
• Design Research is dominated by two contradicting incompatible
approaches:
• Scientific: design can be completely understood
• Interpretive: design is an ‘intuitive’ activity, dependent on creativity,
and scientifically inaccessible
• The approaches are epistemologically and practically contradictory in
that scientific empiricism and interpretivistic exploration regard each
other’s central assumptions as invalid.
• Empirical scientific research specifically excludes subjective
reporting as reliable evidence.
• Interpretive approaches deny that the scientific empirical approach
addresses the central target of design research – the human
internal creative design activities
52. Design Research
Scientific Interpretive
Theoretical Scientific, usually based on physics Interpretive, focusing on
individuals’ experiences, their
perspective
construction of understanding,
perceptions and interpretation of
reality. Often centres on
individual creativity and
subjective perceptions relating to
being creative.
Focus Empirical realities of the design Experiences of designers and
processes, design objects, design other design constituents. Tries
brief and contexts. to identify form of internal
The core concept of ‘design’ is creative design activities from
defined in terms of these activities. observation of externalities.
Typically defines design in terms
of creativity, art, individual genius
and socio-cultural influences
53. Design Research
Scientific Interpretive
View of Design Design is a process. Intuitive, involving hidden aspects of
May or may not include human subjective thinking and
creativity. affective activity.
View of ‘Something, or a Human internal activity that results in
specification for something, ideas for new, unusual, highly valued,
creativity
is “created”’. never before created things, emerging
‘magically’ from the genius of
designers.
Creation can be achieved
mechanically, by Focus on ‘individual creativity’
automation or intuitively. attributed to specific ‘designers’ and
socio-cultural influences.
54. Design Research
Scientific Interpretive
Data collection Similar to physics and Drawn from various qualitative
natural sciences. traditions, e.g. anthropology,
ethnography, history, includes self
reporting data collection.
Analysis Similar to physics and Drawn from various qualitative
natural sciences. traditions, e.g. anthropology,
methods
ethnography, history, includes
reflective analysis of self reports and
self perception.
Knowledge Discipline specific empirical Tacit and embodied skills of designers
information (along with) and users.
focus
elicited representations of Culturally-determined knowledge.
tacit information and data Embedded meanings.
that designers use.
55. Scientific Interpretive
Strengths 1. Techniques to investigate 1. Focus on human considerations,
phenomena in ways that are such as the human creative aspects of
transparent, repeatable, testable, design, and how users and other
and verifiable. interpret designed outcomes.
2. Research methods are 2. Interpretive methods give space for
expressed in a formal language designers and users to explain, in their
that enables precise critique of own words, and from their own
the data collection techniques, perspectives, how they design and use
methods of analysis, processes designed outcomes and how they
that lead to abstractions, and the communicate with others about
theory abstractions and designs.
conclusions. 3. Interpretive methods also allow
3. Correspondence between exploration of opinions of users about
characteristics of phenomena cultural aspects of particular designs.
and the formal defined symbolic 4. The interpretive approach can be
language of concepts and extended to draw strength from the
operations in which use of large data sets by which
mathematically theories and correlations and measures of
representations of the confidence in them can be established
phenomena are expressed. between individuals’ ‘stories’ and the
phenomena being studied.
56. Scientific Interpretive
Weaknesses Scientific empirical method does Main weakness is lack of reliability of
not adequately address human individuals’ evidence, perceptions and
subjective, interpretive and interpretations i.e. lack of correlation
experiential phenomena except between what people say and reality.
via physiological substrates.
Evidence of this problem in studies of
e.g. witness testimony, reliability of
memory, relationships between
reported thoughts and physiological
evidence, influence of subconscious
‘thinking’, mental illusions and
delusions in normal people.
‘False consciousness’: people’s
representations of themselves are
inaccurate or simply wrong.
Extends to individuals descriptions of
processes, and the social activities
that they undertake.
57. Scientific Interpretive
Contradictions There is an incompatibility There is tension between interpretive
between scientific modelling of approaches that focus on experiential
design process and inclusion of subjective phenomenological aspects
a process element ‘create a of human creative design activity and
new solution’ as a subjective the frequent shift of emphasis onto
human activity. aspects of design and creative activity
that are more accessible empirically
using a physical science approach.
Claims that all sub-fields of
design are incommensurate as
they use different knowledge There is an epistemological
(and that the broader field of inconsistency in claims that Design
design is fundamentally exists of itself as a phenomena
fragmented) is at odds with capable of creative agency and action.
scientific representation of
designers working across
disciplines and in multi-cross-
and trans-disciplinary teams.
58. Design Research
Love’s proposal:
a unified basis for design theory bridging these two
incompatible approaches.
Advantages
• It provides a coherent epistemological basis for new theories
• It recasts prior research and theory within a justified
integrated framework with a clear epistemology and ontology.
• This in turn provides the basis for developing a design field.
59. Foundations for a unified basis
• Designs (i.e. the specification for creating or doing something)
• Designed outcomes (after they are manufactured/actualised)
• Design activity
• Design processes
• The skills of designers
• The role of design activity
• Cognitive design processes
• Behaviour of designers as individuals and in social groups
• Combinations of the above
61. Deductive logic of quantitative research
Researcher tests or verifies a theory
Researcher tests hypotheses
or research questions
Researcher defines and operationalizes
variables derived from the theory
Researcher measures or observes
variables using an instrument
to obtain scores
Creswell, 2003
62. Inductive logic of qualitative research
Generalizations or theories
to past experiences and literature
Researcher looks for broad patterns.
Generalizations or Theories from
Themes or Categories
Researcher analyze data to
form themes or categories
Researcher asks open-ended questions
of participants or records field-notes
Researcher gathers information
e.g. interviews, observations Creswell, 2003
63. Qualitative vs Quantitative
Quantitative Qualitative
Purpose General Laws Unique/Individual case
Test Hypotheses Understanding
Predict behavior Meanings/Intentions
Perspective Outsider-Objective Insider-Subjective
Procedures Structured Unstructured
formal measures open ended measures
probability samples judgement samples
statistical analysis interpretation of data
64. Qualitative Research
Triangulation
By using several data collecting methods – field
notes, interviews, narratives – a complete picture
of the phenomenon can be provided
67. Interpretation:
observation of discourse
J (reading) pack is firmly attached to the bike positioning of the
backpack was alright fact that the centre of gravity of the
backpack is placed rather far to the back of the bike (inaudible)
I do we have any … em...
J there's a problem with potholes .. the backpack tends to slide up
and down which adversely influences stability I guess when you
hit bumps
I isn't that in the negative?
J mm yeah well the product was considered ugly well that's
solvable (laughter) we can fix that one if nothing else ... it takes a
while to get used to cycling with this weight; mistakes are made
attaching the fastening device to the bike so it has to be easy to
attach
K with only one yeah gotta be fool proof so that's part of our
J yeah that should be in our spec
K functional spec
68. The role of interpretation
Gap between objects and our representations, in
3 forms ('methodological horrors', Woolgar '88):
1. Indexicality
2. Inconcludability
3. Reflexivity
Atomen en electronen als voorbeeld Sociaal constr: objectiviteit niet belangrijk
Despite of continued criticism, the definition of knowledge as ‘justified true belief’ has remained the prevailing definition, and Niedderer (2007) has shown that this understanding of propositional knowledge is implicit in the definition of research because of additional requirements such as the textual/written presentation of an intellectual position (proposition, thesis – ‘true belief’), because of the logic of verification and defence of this intellectual position through argument and evidence (justification), and the requirement for generalisability/transferability and explicit and unambiguous communication.
Therefore, I will try to bring structure, first to link the the relevant questions which have to be asked before we start the actual study.
Definitions associate the names of entities in the universe of discourse (e.g. classes, relations, functions or other objects) with human-readable text describing what the names mean, and formal axioms that constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these terms.
Modelling is not a research method, it’s a tool. Testing the tool is about research
Reality. Ho do we know what we know?
Colombia: Oslo: research on design education, describing cases from different countries: emancipation: making people aware of design issues.
Surveys or interviews are not always the right techniques to answer our specific research questions.
Modelling is not a research method, it’s a tool. Testing the tool is about research
First resides in people, especially designers. So, it’s obvious to study design ability/expertise + how they learn. Second, it resides I the process: tactics and strategies, and the techniques they use: methodology. Third, design knowledge is in the product: in one system relating the three dimensions Man – Artefact – Ambiance.
Difficulty in research with interpreting the results of a study. Even in ‘hard’ sciences. Example: Geologists have found fossiles in several layers of the surface of the earth. This is the pattern they find.
Three groups of geologists (b, c and d) come up with an explanatory model for the findings of the geologists (a). Different interpretations can be based on the same empirical data.
For qualitative data such as ‘thinking aloud’ protocol, the interpretation is even harder.