Evidence-based practice (EBP) began with Cochrane's encouragement to use randomized controlled trials to determine medical intervention effectiveness. EBP integrates the best research evidence, clinical expertise, and patient values and preferences. The 5 steps of EBP are: formulating a question, locating evidence, critically appraising evidence, applying evidence to a patient, and evaluating outcomes. Challenges to EBP include resistance to change and lack of time and skills, while facilitators include support, resources, and training.
Evidence Based Practice is the integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best research evidence into the decision making process for patient care.
Clinical expertise refers to the clinician’s cumulated experience, education and clinical skills. The patient brings to the encounter his or her own personal preferences and unique concerns, expectations, and values.
The best research evidence is usually found in clinically relevant research that has been conducted using sound methodology.
Evidence Based Practice is the integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best research evidence into the decision making process for patient care.
Clinical expertise refers to the clinician’s cumulated experience, education and clinical skills. The patient brings to the encounter his or her own personal preferences and unique concerns, expectations, and values.
The best research evidence is usually found in clinically relevant research that has been conducted using sound methodology.
evidence based practice is the most recent development of the research world. in nursing the utilization of the research is very limited as it contribute to a lots of factors. here i have discussed about the ebp in brief. this is just an short and concise form of the real matter so read extensively for more knowledge.
At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
Define evidence-based practice
Describe process & outline steps of EBP
Understand PICO elements & search strategy
Identify resources to support EBP
The focus of this presentation is nursing practice, although it is still of value to physicians and other health care professionals.
Janet Schnall's presentation about Evidence Based Nursing Resources at our free monthly webcast. Recording available at https://webmeeting.nih.gov/p96958659/
Evidence based nursing practice is one of most important for perfect and accurate in terms of saving a life.this presentation covers almost all aspect of EBD
evidence based practice is a important tool in clinical practice.everything we do in our life can also correlated to evidence based practice. PICO is used to frame a answerable question
evidence based practice is the most recent development of the research world. in nursing the utilization of the research is very limited as it contribute to a lots of factors. here i have discussed about the ebp in brief. this is just an short and concise form of the real matter so read extensively for more knowledge.
At the end of this presentation you will be able to:
Define evidence-based practice
Describe process & outline steps of EBP
Understand PICO elements & search strategy
Identify resources to support EBP
The focus of this presentation is nursing practice, although it is still of value to physicians and other health care professionals.
Janet Schnall's presentation about Evidence Based Nursing Resources at our free monthly webcast. Recording available at https://webmeeting.nih.gov/p96958659/
Evidence based nursing practice is one of most important for perfect and accurate in terms of saving a life.this presentation covers almost all aspect of EBD
evidence based practice is a important tool in clinical practice.everything we do in our life can also correlated to evidence based practice. PICO is used to frame a answerable question
Professor Len Bowers
Professor of Psychiatry, Kings College London
Len Bowers is a qualified psychiatric nurse with clinical and managerial experience in acute inpatient and community care. He now leads a team of researchers investigating this issue at the Institute of Psychiatry, has completed more than £4 million of grant funded research and has authored over a hundred peer reviewed publications. Speaking regularly at international conferences, Len has advised the UK Government on policy issues and contributed to policy guidelines on psychiatric nursing practice.
Presentation Topic: Safewards: Making Wards More Peaceful Places
Len Bowers focusses on why psychiatric wards are not all the same. He highlights that some experience ten times more adverse incidents, violence, self-harm etc., than others. He discusses the difference in wards and use the Safewards Model to explain how this can happen, and what we can do to help all our wards become quieter, calmer, more peaceful and safer places – for the patients and the staff.
EBP is a systemic interconnecting of scientifically generated evidence with the tacit knowledge of the expert practitioner to achieve a change in a particular practice for the benefit of a well-defined client/ patient group.
Evidence Based Nursing Practice: Current Scenario & eay forwardPrabhjot Saini
Explains about Research practice gap, present scenario, research utilization, constraints & barriers for research utilization, how to find evidences for EBP and strategiesto do it
Evidence-Based Professional Nursing PracticeChapte.docxturveycharlyn
Evidence-Based
Professional
Nursing Practice
Chapter 10
Evidence-Based Practice:
What Is It?
• Evidence-based practice (EBP) is a
framework used by nurses and other
healthcare professionals to deliver optimal
health care through the integration of best
current evidence, clinical expertise, and
patient/family values
Why Is EBP Relevant in Nursing? (1 of 2)
• Helps resolve problems in the clinical setting
• Results in effective patient care and better
outcomes
• Contributes to the science of nursing through
the introduction of innovation to practice
• Keeps practice current and relevant by helping
nurses deliver care based upon current best
research
Why Is EBP Relevant in Nursing? (2 of 2)
• Decreases variations in nursing care and
increases confidence in decision making
• Supports Joint Commission on Accreditation
of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO)-
readiness since policies and procedures are
current and include the latest research
• Supports high quality patient care and
achievement of Magnet status
Steps in the EBP Process (1 of 2)
• Cultivate a spirit of inquiry and culture of EBP
among nurses and within the organization
• Identify an issue and ask the question
• Search for and collect the most relevant and
best evidence to answer the clinical question
Steps in the EBP Process (2 of 2)
• Critically appraise the evidence and synthesize
the evidence
• Integrate evidence with clinical expertise and
patient preferences to make the best clinical
decision
• Evaluate the outcome of any EBP change
• Disseminate the outcomes of the change
Barriers to EBP in Nursing (1 of 3)
• Lack of value for research in practice
• Difficulty in changing practice
• Lack of administrative support
• Lack of knowledgeable mentors
• Insufficient time
• Lack of education about the research process
• Lack of awareness about research or EBP
Barriers to EBP in Nursing (2 of 3)
• Research reports/articles not readily available
• Difficulty accessing research reports and articles
• No time on the job to read research
• Complexity of research reports
• Lack of knowledge about EBP
• Lack of knowledge about the critique of articles
Barriers to EBP in Nursing (3 of 3)
• Feeling overwhelmed by the process
• Lack of sense of control over practice
• Lack of confidence to implement change
• Lack of leadership, motivation, vision,
strategy, or direction among managers
Promoting EBP: Individual Nurse
• Educate yourself about EBP
• Conduct face-to-face or online journal clubs,
share new research reports and guidelines with
peers, and provide support to other nurses
• Share your results through posters, newsletters,
unit meetings, or a published article
• Adopt a reflective and inquiring approach to
practice
Strategies to Promote EBP:
Organizations
• Specific identification of the facilitators and
barriers to EBP
• Education and training to improve
knowle.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Rese method workshop 2010
1. Introduction
•Paradigm shift from expert or opinion
based practice to Evidence-based
practice.
•Has potential to increase patients’
involvement in clinical decision
making.
To improve health outcomes.
2. INTRODUCTION
T he concept of EBP emer ged out of
the Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM)
movement, which is rooted in the
wor k of A.L. Cochrane.
In the 1970s, Cochrane strongly
encouraged his colleagues to use
evidence from random controlled
trials to deter mine the ef fectiveness
and ef ficiency of medical
inter ventions (T he Cochrane
Collaboration, 2002).
3. Evidence-based practice(EBP)
Is the acknowledgement of uncertainty
followed by the seeking, appraising and
implementation of new knowledge.
It enables us to accept the difference,
possibly more effective, methods of care
than those currently employed.
4. Evidence-based nursing
"Evidence-based nursing (EBN)
means using the best available
evidence from research, along with
patient preferences and clinical
experience, when making nursing
decisions."
5. Evidence Based Nursing
Evidence Based Nursing is
the process by which nurses
make clinical decisions
using the best available
research evidence, their
clinical expertise and
patient preferences.
Three areas of research
competence are:
interpreting and using
research, evaluating
practice, and conducting
7. T he EBP- process
Evidence-Based Practice is a five-
step process:
Identify a knowledge need and
for mulate an answerable clinical
question
Locate the best available evidence
Critically evaluate the evidence
Inte grate the evidence with
patient’s unique biology
,preferences and values
Evaluate the outcome
8. Steps in EBN
•Select a topic
•Collect appropriate and accurate data to generate
evidence for nursing practice.
•Analyze data from clinical practice.
•Design interventions based on evidence.
•Predict and analyze outcomes.
•Examine patterns of behavior and outcomes.
•Identify gaps in evidence for practice.
•Evaluate project to determine and implement best
practices
10. Various Models-EBNP
•The IOWA Model of nursing utilization
•Rogers diffusion of innovation-model
•Stetler model for research utilization
•Disciplined clinical inquiry model
12. The IOWA Model
•Is a research utilization model and modified
to include more emphasis on EBP .
•The model is renamed, The IOWA Model of
evidence-based practice to promote quality
care.
•Problem focused triggers & knowledge
focused triggers
13. The IOWA Model-cont’d
•Assess, pilot the change in practice
•Continue to evaluate quality of care
and the new knowledge
•Institute the change in practice
•Monitor and analyze structure
,process &outcome
18. Stetler model for research
utilization
I Phase- preparation
II Phase-validation
III Phase – comparative
evaluation/decision making
IV Phase-translate or apply the
research in the
V Phase –evaluate the out come as
of the change in practice
21. Evidence-based practice
The quality of the evidence is based on:
Is this the best available evidence?
Best sources included peer reviewed
journals & reports no more than 3-5
years old.
Will the recommendations work for my
practice to solve the client’s problems?
Do the recommendations fit well with the
preferences & values of the clients the
nurse commonly works with?
23. Disciplined clinical inquiry
model
Phase I
Phase 3
Needs
assessment
Current Phase 4
state PC
KD&
Phase 2 EBNP CA EBPC
RE
Desired DCI
state Principles
Tools &
process
Phase 5
Outcomes& impact Evaluation
24. Nursing practices are examined for:
• Feasibility which relates to the
practicality of implementing the action.
•Appropriateness refers to whether it is
acceptable & justifiable with in ethical
guidelines.
•Meaningfulness provides the rationale
for the practice being adopted.
•Effectiveness relates to how much
evidence supports the practice & what
evidence provides divergent view points
25. Benefits of using evidence
base for clinical practice:
A sound foundation for practice
Enhanced self-confidence, autonomy,
critical thinking skills and
professional self-concept
Cost-effective patient care
Increased job satisfaction &quality of
care
26. BENEFITS cont’d..
Improved patient outcomes
A stimulus for collaborative practice,
retention & recruitment
An improved image of nursing
An ever –increasing scientific nursing
knowledge base
27.
28. What Data Do We Need for
Evidence-Based Practice?
•Information about the patient
•Domain information and knowledge
(“the evidence”) from systematic
inquiry and other sources
30. A successful EBP program
requires:
(a) consistent long-term vision and
support from senior leadership;
(b) resources such as trained
personnel, finances, and time; and
(c) structured approach to create an
environment that facilitates the
process.
31. Criticisms of the evidence –
based approach
•Health professionals are already doing it
•Evidence –based health care is ‘’cook
book’’ health care
•Evidence –based practice relies on RCT
&Meta -analyses
•There is no evidence
•Theory is more important than evidence in
guiding practice
32. Challenges to EBP
•Resistant to changes in nursing
practice.
•Ability to critically appraise research
findings.
•Time, workload pressures, and
competing priorities.
•Lack of continuing education
programs.
•Fear of "stepping on one's toes"
•Poor administrative support .
33. Challenges to EBP-cont’d
•Relevant research based evidence
bases are not comprehensive
( there is gap in the practice)
•The relevant evidence bases are
not static
•Life long-learning is generally
accepted as an important priority in
the 21 st century
34. Challenges to EBP-cont’d
•The piece of research conducted
does not mean that the finding s
should be transferred directly in to
the clinical setting
•Demands from patients for a certain
type of treatment
35. Challenges to EBP-cont’d
•Peer pressure to continue with
practices that are stepped in
tradition
•Inadequate content and behavioral
skills regarding EBP in educational
programs
•Lack of commitment and computer
skills
36. Facilitating conditions to
enhance EBP
•Support and encouragement from
administration
•Time to critically appraise studies and
important findings
•Clearly written research reports
•Adequate resources and time
•Characteristics of health care team(shared
vision & mission)
•Guideline characteristics
37. Strategies that guide our work
include:
•Providing superior educational
opportunities
•Enhancing health-related quality of life
through development, acquisition, and
application of knowledge
•Generating and using empirical data to
develop informed nursing policies and
practice
38. Strategies that guide our
work-cont’d
•Developing a dynamic nursing culture
that is embraced and respected, both
internally and externally
•Fostering excellence in practice and
continuity of care
•Synchronizing best practices throughout
to quality outcomes
39. EBP-CMC
•Reduction in IM injection
•Chlorhexidine Hand rub in ICU to prevent
infection
•Preparation of patient education materials
to enhance increase patient outcomes
•Most patient friendly strategies to improve
Quality of care
•Strategies to minimize patient fall, pressure
sore care
•Independent nursing practice( nurse
educators in the specialty areas)
40. EBP –C MC, cont’d
•Open and closed endo tracheal suctioning
•Use of coconut oil instead of powder to
reduce pressure sore
•Use of vegetable oil instead of glycerine
to prevent glossitis
•Use of NRS to assess pain management
• use of Postoperative check list
41. EBP –CMC, cont’d
•use of lactulose enema instead of bowel
wash for hepatic encephalopathy
•Use of dry/empty humidifier to prevent
infections
•Use of mild sedation instead of
mechanical restraints in the ICU
•Use of tap water to clean RTA wounds in
Emergency unit
•Kangaroo care for neonates
•No skin preparation and soap and water
enema for woman in labour
42. Best evidence to guide
clinical practice:
Exercise improves glycemic control
and reduces plasma triglycerides
and visceral adipose tissue in type-
2 diabetes; evidence obtained from
-14 RCT, Meta-analysis(JEBN-
2007).
A low protein diet delays ESRD in
chronic kidney disease.
43. Best evidence to guide
clinical practice-cont’d…
Peri operative education coordinated at
one facility identified the occurrence of
deep vein thrombosis as a significant
problem. Nurse conducted a literature
review ,created an evidence –based
practice change.
Life style education programmes lower
glucose concentrations & reduce the
incidence of type 2 diabetes
44. Best Evidence cont’d..
McCormack investigated existing
evidence-based literature to
answer the clinical question How
effective is the use of wrist splints
as a single first-line therapy for
the relief of symptoms in adults
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome-suggest
the Wrist splints as a first-line
therapy.
45. Best evidence-cont’d
•Allowing wounds to be uncovered
and wet in the first 48 hours after
minor skin excision did not differ from
standard dry management for wound
infection.
•Meta-analysis of (28 RCTs) exercise
training decreased long term cardiac
mortality, MI recurrence & major
cardiac risk factors( BP, total serum
cholesterol, weight ).
46. Best evidence contd….
RCTs (19 studies) to evaluate the
effectiveness of nurse delivered
smoking cessation intervention for
adults, had >2 groups & had > 6 months
of follow-up. At longest follow up, pts’
who received advice from a nurse were
more likely to stop smoking than
received usual care.
47. Best evidence cont’d..
RCT to compare the effectiveness and
cost-effectiveness of aggressive versus
symptomatic therapy in established
rheumatoid arthritis(2005).
The finding reported that there was no
significant difference between the
groups for any of the clinical outcome
measures.
48. Best evidence cont’d…
Research makes a difference in
practice. A meta-analysis designed
to determine the contribution of
research-based practice to patient
outcomes.
Heater & Colleagues reported that
patients who receive research
based nursing care make “sizable
gains” compared to those receiving
routine nursing care.
49. Best Evidence cont’d..
Interventions involving family care
givers to improve outcomes of
hospitalized elders; the finding of
studies suggest that family member
involvement has benefits for both
the elder and the family members.
50. Summary
•Evidence based nursing started in the
1800s with Florence Nightingale.
•EBN is a problem solving approach to
clinical decision making.
•EBN integrates providers' clinical
expertise with the best external clinical
evidence.
51. Summary-cont’d
EBN is the process of integrating
• Clinical knowledge
• Judgement
• Proficiency skills
• with the best available clinical
evidence, such as nursing
practice in to patient care (TRIP
&GRIP).
52. Conclusion
•A commitment to the continued
preparation of nurses as scientist is vital
to achieve excellence in nursing practice
•we can continue to shape the future of
nursing and healthcare...through the
planning, implementation and
dissemination of quality research studies.
54. REFERENCES:
• Ellis, J. R & Hartley C. L (2005). Managing and Coordinating nursing care (4thed.).
PhiladelphiaLippincott Williams & Wilkins Company.
• Heidenthal, P.K (2004).Essentials of Nursing Leadership &Management. USA, Delmar learning.
• Journal of Evidence Based Nursing, January, 2007.
• Kathuric, O. (2003).Evidence Based Nursing practice. The Nursing Journal of India.
No.11.p251-252
• Rose, M., Best, D & Higgs, J (2005). Transforming practice through Clinical
Education, Professional Supervision & Mentoring. Philadelphia, Elsevier
Company.
• Vanwicken, W. Cantrell, W. (2006). Implementing a research utilization plan
for prevention of deep vein thrombosis.AORNJ,83(6) 1353-62
55. References contd..
Melnyk,B. & Fineout-Overholt, E.(2005).
Evidence-based Practice in Nursing & Health care.
Philadelphia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Company.
Web sites:
www.ebn.bmj.com/cgi/
www.cebm.utoronto.ca/syllabi/nur/
www.ahrq.gov/qual/
www.himiss.org/content/
www.tripdatabase.com