Microwave energy is a latest largest growing technique for material processing. This paper presents a review of microwave technologies used for material processing and its use for industrial applications. Advantages in using microwave energy for processing material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency, heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave heating has various characteristics and due to which it has been become popular for heating low temperature applications to high temperature applications. In recent years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to process metals with microwave could assist in the manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical industries.
The heating pattern of the microwave dehydrator for treating petroleum crude ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effect of microwave dehydrator (modified domestic microwave oven) different types of petroleum oils were investigated in this paper, since microwave heats material selectively and volumetrically in relatively short time, and since its application in treating petroleum emulsion is tremendously recommended, thereof, it is the aim of this paper to investigate the microwave induced heating capacities of the individual components of the petroleum emulsion mixture. Three types of crude petroleum oils and water samples were put into test, from the result of this study, the temperature profile was observed to proceed as follow, at the first 20 seconds, all samples had similar temperature profiles in the range (50-60 ⁰C), however, beyond 20 seconds there was a clear distinct trend for every sample, in the interval from 20 seconds to 110 seconds, water sample had the curve with the highest temperature profile followed by UAE crude oil, then Saudi Arabia oil. Beyond 110 seconds, Kuwait crude oil had the maximum temperature profile continued sharply without reaching any plateau, followed by UAE then Saudi Arabia crude oil. The volumetric rate of heat generation also found to be in such a way that water sample had the maximum numerical value in the range (1-1.2 cal/s.cm3) at the beginning then decays as the heating time goes on, followed by that of Kuwait oil (0.8-1 cal/s.cm3), then Saudi Arabia crude oil (0.6-0.8 cal/s.cm3). Furthermore water also found to have the highest dielectric loss ranged between (7-8) and lowest wavelength in the range (1.5-2) followed by all the oil samples which had constant and identical dielectric properties in the range (0-0.5) and wavelength of 8 Cm. from the experimental results of this research, one can conclude that although both water and crude oils can interact effectively with microwave radiation yet the mechanism may not be the same since oils were shown to have very low dielectric loss. Another observation is different crude oils have different heating pattern, there this had to be into consideration when studying crude emulsion or refining. Keywords: microwave dehydrator, heating petroleum oils, dielectric of petroleum, and dielectric of water.
The heating pattern of the microwave dehydrator for treating petroleum crude ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Electron beam is the ability of high energy of electrons to alter the chemical structures of the molecules and its used to either modify or destroy hazardous organic molecules. The electron beam radiation processing is a chemical reaction caused in a material by radiation irradiation. In the radiation processing, electron beam and gamma rays are mainly used
The heating pattern of the microwave dehydrator for treating petroleum crude ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The effect of microwave dehydrator (modified domestic microwave oven) different types of petroleum oils were investigated in this paper, since microwave heats material selectively and volumetrically in relatively short time, and since its application in treating petroleum emulsion is tremendously recommended, thereof, it is the aim of this paper to investigate the microwave induced heating capacities of the individual components of the petroleum emulsion mixture. Three types of crude petroleum oils and water samples were put into test, from the result of this study, the temperature profile was observed to proceed as follow, at the first 20 seconds, all samples had similar temperature profiles in the range (50-60 ⁰C), however, beyond 20 seconds there was a clear distinct trend for every sample, in the interval from 20 seconds to 110 seconds, water sample had the curve with the highest temperature profile followed by UAE crude oil, then Saudi Arabia oil. Beyond 110 seconds, Kuwait crude oil had the maximum temperature profile continued sharply without reaching any plateau, followed by UAE then Saudi Arabia crude oil. The volumetric rate of heat generation also found to be in such a way that water sample had the maximum numerical value in the range (1-1.2 cal/s.cm3) at the beginning then decays as the heating time goes on, followed by that of Kuwait oil (0.8-1 cal/s.cm3), then Saudi Arabia crude oil (0.6-0.8 cal/s.cm3). Furthermore water also found to have the highest dielectric loss ranged between (7-8) and lowest wavelength in the range (1.5-2) followed by all the oil samples which had constant and identical dielectric properties in the range (0-0.5) and wavelength of 8 Cm. from the experimental results of this research, one can conclude that although both water and crude oils can interact effectively with microwave radiation yet the mechanism may not be the same since oils were shown to have very low dielectric loss. Another observation is different crude oils have different heating pattern, there this had to be into consideration when studying crude emulsion or refining. Keywords: microwave dehydrator, heating petroleum oils, dielectric of petroleum, and dielectric of water.
The heating pattern of the microwave dehydrator for treating petroleum crude ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Electron beam is the ability of high energy of electrons to alter the chemical structures of the molecules and its used to either modify or destroy hazardous organic molecules. The electron beam radiation processing is a chemical reaction caused in a material by radiation irradiation. In the radiation processing, electron beam and gamma rays are mainly used
Kerone.com - In a radio frequency heating system the RF generator creates an alternating electric field between two electrodes. The material to be heated is conveyed between the electrodes
Preparation of nano phosphors by Microwave-assisted combustion synthesisEditor IJCATR
In this review article, we have discussed synthesizing of nano phosphor materials by the Microwave assisted Combustion
process. Several literature conclude that efficient synthesis of nano phosphor materials can be achieved only through microwave-assisted
combustion method. Also we have discussed about the principle and working process behind the Microwave process. After undergoing
literature survey on combustion process we have discussed the preparation process of fuel to oxidizer ratio which plays a major role for
obtaining nano powders that are essential in display application
Non-thermal processes have become increasingly popular over the last decades. As one of the emerging non-thermal
technologies, pulsed light (PL) represents a fast, tailored and residue-free technology that—via high frequency,
high intensity pulses of broad-spectrum light rich in the UV fraction—is capable of inactivating microbial
cells and spores.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Metallic NanostructuresJoyce Joseph
It gives you the brief idea about synthesizing metallic nanoparticles, an introduction to this concept in simple terms.
Hoping to give you guys more detail on it soon
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED ORGANIC REACTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
The Effects of Nitrogen and Oxygen Atmosphere on the Photoconductivity of Tri...journalBEEI
Organic materials were previously used as insulators in electrical technology. These materials, however, are currently used as conductors once their photoconductivity is confirmed and studied. From the literature, it has shown that the photoconductivity of trimethyl phenyl diamine (TPD) increases in the air and decreased in the atmosphere of the vacuum. To the best of our knowledge, there is no detailed study of the effects of gas in the air that affect TPD photoconductivity. In this study we investigate the effects of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) gases on photoconductivity, degradation and residual decay of photoconductivity for thin film TPD. The results of the study show that in the atmosphere of O2, TPD produces about seven times higher photoconductivity compared to N2 conditions. It also shows that, N2 and O2 provide more effective response time during photoconductivity residual decay. Photoconductivity degradation occurs in all conditions and its recovery takes more than 65 hours.
Microwave heating has gained popularity in food processing due to its ability to achieve high
heating rates, a significant reduction in cooking time, more uniform heating, safe handling, ease
of operation and low maintenance.
Thus, food industry is said to be the largest consumer of microwave energy, where its
application has been utilized in thawing, baking, dehydration, melting, tempering, and
pasteurization, sterilization, heating, and re-heating, etc.
Microwave (MW) energy is a form of radiation. The term radiation means that the energy is
transported by the force fields of electromagnetic waves; they can radiate through a perfect
vacuum and do not need any medium to transfer energy from one object to another. All
electromagnetic waves have two components
1) Electric field 2) Magnetic field
Kerone.com - In a radio frequency heating system the RF generator creates an alternating electric field between two electrodes. The material to be heated is conveyed between the electrodes
Preparation of nano phosphors by Microwave-assisted combustion synthesisEditor IJCATR
In this review article, we have discussed synthesizing of nano phosphor materials by the Microwave assisted Combustion
process. Several literature conclude that efficient synthesis of nano phosphor materials can be achieved only through microwave-assisted
combustion method. Also we have discussed about the principle and working process behind the Microwave process. After undergoing
literature survey on combustion process we have discussed the preparation process of fuel to oxidizer ratio which plays a major role for
obtaining nano powders that are essential in display application
Non-thermal processes have become increasingly popular over the last decades. As one of the emerging non-thermal
technologies, pulsed light (PL) represents a fast, tailored and residue-free technology that—via high frequency,
high intensity pulses of broad-spectrum light rich in the UV fraction—is capable of inactivating microbial
cells and spores.
Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Metallic NanostructuresJoyce Joseph
It gives you the brief idea about synthesizing metallic nanoparticles, an introduction to this concept in simple terms.
Hoping to give you guys more detail on it soon
MERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
DEMERITS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
MECHANISM OF MICROWAVE HEATING
EFFECTS OF SOLVENTS IN MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE VERSUS CONVENTIONAL SYNTHESIS
MICROWAVE INSTRUMENTATION
VARIOUS TYPES OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED ORGANIC REACTIONS
APPLICATIONS OF MICROWAVE ASSISTED REACTIONS
The Effects of Nitrogen and Oxygen Atmosphere on the Photoconductivity of Tri...journalBEEI
Organic materials were previously used as insulators in electrical technology. These materials, however, are currently used as conductors once their photoconductivity is confirmed and studied. From the literature, it has shown that the photoconductivity of trimethyl phenyl diamine (TPD) increases in the air and decreased in the atmosphere of the vacuum. To the best of our knowledge, there is no detailed study of the effects of gas in the air that affect TPD photoconductivity. In this study we investigate the effects of nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2) gases on photoconductivity, degradation and residual decay of photoconductivity for thin film TPD. The results of the study show that in the atmosphere of O2, TPD produces about seven times higher photoconductivity compared to N2 conditions. It also shows that, N2 and O2 provide more effective response time during photoconductivity residual decay. Photoconductivity degradation occurs in all conditions and its recovery takes more than 65 hours.
Microwave heating has gained popularity in food processing due to its ability to achieve high
heating rates, a significant reduction in cooking time, more uniform heating, safe handling, ease
of operation and low maintenance.
Thus, food industry is said to be the largest consumer of microwave energy, where its
application has been utilized in thawing, baking, dehydration, melting, tempering, and
pasteurization, sterilization, heating, and re-heating, etc.
Microwave (MW) energy is a form of radiation. The term radiation means that the energy is
transported by the force fields of electromagnetic waves; they can radiate through a perfect
vacuum and do not need any medium to transfer energy from one object to another. All
electromagnetic waves have two components
1) Electric field 2) Magnetic field
i prepare some common knowlage about the self prepagating High temphrature method to obtain nanomaterials, this method is very cheap and need less heating energy, an exothermic method .
The emergence of nanotechnology in th1980’s was caused by convergence of experimental advances such as the invention of the scanning tunneling microscope in 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in 1985. Now the nanotechnology products are used in various fields such as medical, material science, automobile etc. In this topic the various applications of nanotechnology in the renewable energy sources exploitation have been discussed.
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
This paper discusses variety of issues for preserving and managing data produced by IoT. Every second large amount of data are added or updated in the IoT databases across the heterogeneous environment. While managing the data each phase of data processing for IoT data is exigent like storing data, querying, indexing, transaction management and failure handling. We also refer to the problem of data integration and protection as data requires to be fit in single layout and travel securely as they arrive in the pool from diversified sources in different structure. Finally, we confer a standardized pathway to manage and to defend data in consistent manner.
Interactive Technologies for Improving Quality of Education to Build Collabor...ijsrd.com
Today with advancement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) the way the education is being delivered is seeing a paradigm shift from boring classroom lectures to interactive applications such as 2-D and 3-D learning content, animations, live videos, response systems, interactive panels, education games, virtual laboratories and collaborative research (data gathering and analysis) etc. Engineering is emerging with more innovative solutions in the field of education and bringing out their innovative products to improve education delivery. The academic institutes which were once hesitant to use such technology are now looking forward to such innovations. They are adopting the new ways as they are realizing the vast benefits of using such methods and technology. The benefits are better comprehensibility, improved learning efficiency of students, and access to vast knowledge resources, geographical reach, quick feedback, accountability and quality research. This paper focuses on how engineering can leverage the latest technology and build a collaborative learning environment which can then be integrated with the national e-learning grid.
Internet of Things - Paradigm Shift of Future Internet Application for Specia...ijsrd.com
In the world more than 15% people are living with disability that also include children below age of 10 years. Due to lack of independent support services specially abled (handicap) people overly rely on other people for their basic needs, that excludes them from being financially and socially active. The Internet of Things (IoT) can give support system and a better quality of life as well as participation in routine and day to day life. For this purpose, the future solutions for current problems has been introduced in this paper. Daunting challenges have been considered as future research and glimpse of the IoT for specially abled person is given in the paper.
A Study of the Adverse Effects of IoT on Student's Lifeijsrd.com
Internet of things (IoT) is the most powerful invention and if used in the positive direction, internet can prove to be very productive. But, now a days, due to the social networking sites such as Face book, WhatsApp, twitter, hike etc. internet is producing adverse effects on the student life, especially those students studying at college Level. As it is rightly said, something which has some positive effects also has some of the negative effects on the other hand. In this article, we are discussing some adverse effects of IoT on student’s life.
Pedagogy for Effective use of ICT in English Language Learningijsrd.com
The use of information and communications technology (ICT) in education is a relatively new phenomenon and it has been the educational researchers' focus of attention for more than two decades. Educators and researchers examine the challenges of using ICT and think of new ways to integrate ICT into the curriculum. However, there are some barriers for the teachers that prevent them to use ICT in the classroom and develop supporting materials through ICT. The purpose of this study is to examine the high school English teachers’ perceptions of the factors discouraging teachers to use ICT in the classroom.
In recent years usage of private vehicles create urban traffic more and more crowded. As result traffic becomes one of the important problems in big cities in all over the world. Some of the traffic concerns are traffic jam and accidents which have caused a huge waste of time, more fuel consumption and more pollution. Time is very important parameter in routine life. The main problem faced by the people is real time routing. Our solution Virtual Eye will provide the current updates as in the real time scenario of the specific route. This research paper presents smart traffic navigation system, based on Internet of Things, which is featured by low cost, high compatibility, easy to upgrade, to replace traditional traffic management system and the proposed system can improve road traffic tremendously.
Ontological Model of Educational Programs in Computer Science (Bachelor and M...ijsrd.com
In this work there is illustrated an ontological model of educational programs in computer science for bachelor and master degrees in Computer science and for master educational program “Computer science as second competence†by Tempus project PROMIS.
Understanding IoT Management for Smart Refrigeratorijsrd.com
Lately the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is being more elaborated and devices and databases are proposed thereby to meet the need of an Internet of Things scenario. IoT is being considered to be an integral part of smart house where devices will be connected to each other and also react upon certain environmental input. This will eventually include the home refrigerator, air conditioner, lights, heater and such other home appliances. Therefore, we focus our research on the database part for such an IoT’ fridge which we called as smart Fridge. We describe the potentials achievable through a database for an IoT refrigerator to manage the refrigerator food and also aid the creation of a monthly budget of the house for a family. The paper aims at the data management issue based on a proposed design for an intelligent refrigerator leveraging the sensor technology and the wireless communication technology. The refrigerator which identifies products by reading the barcodes or RFID tags is proposed to order the required products by connecting to the Internet. Thus the goal of this paper is to minimize human interaction to maintain the daily life events.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF DOUBLE WISHBONE SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING FINITE ELEMENT...ijsrd.com
Double wishbone designs allow the engineer to carefully control the motion of the wheel throughout suspension travel. 3-D model of the Lower Wishbone Arm is prepared by using CAD software for modal and stress analysis. The forces and moments are used as the boundary conditions for finite element model of the wishbone arm. By using these boundary conditions static analysis is carried out. Then making the load as a function of time; quasi-static analysis of the wishbone arm is carried out. A finite element based optimization is used to optimize the design of lower wishbone arm. Topology optimization and material optimization techniques are used to optimize lower wishbone arm design.
Web Usage Mining: A Survey on User's Navigation Pattern from Web Logsijsrd.com
With an expontial growth of World Wide Web, there are so many information overloaded and it became hard to find out data according to need. Web usage mining is a part of web mining, which deal with automatic discovery of user navigation pattern from web log. This paper presents an overview of web mining and also provide navigation pattern from classification and clustering algorithm for web usage mining. Web usage mining contain three important task namely data preprocessing, pattern discovery and pattern analysis based on discovered pattern. And also contain the comparative study of web mining techniques.
APPLICATION OF STATCOM to IMPROVED DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE OF POWER SYSTEMijsrd.com
Application of FACTS controller called Static Synchronous Compensator STATCOM to improve the performance of power grid with Wind Farms is investigated .The essential feature of the STATCOM is that it has the ability to absorb or inject fastly the reactive power with power grid . Therefore the voltage regulation of the power grid with STATCOM FACTS device is achieved. Moreover restoring the stability of the power system having wind farm after occurring severe disturbance such as faults or wind farm mechanical power variation is obtained with STATCOM controller . The dynamic model of the power system having wind farm controlled by proposed STATCOM is developed . To validate the powerful of the STATCOM FACTS controller, the studied power system is simulated and subjected to different severe disturbances. The results prove the effectiveness of the proposed STATCOM controller in terms of fast damping the power system oscillations and restoring the power system stability.
Making model of dual axis solar tracking with Maximum Power Point Trackingijsrd.com
Now a days solar harvesting is more popular. As the popularity become higher the material quality and solar tracking methods are more improved. There are several factors affecting the solar system. Major influence on solar cell, intensity of source radiation and storage techniques The materials used in solar cell manufacturing limit the efficiency of solar cell. This makes it particularly difficult to make considerable improvements in the performance of the cell, and hence restricts the efficiency of the overall collection process. Therefore, the most attainable maximum power point tracking method of improving the performance of solar power collection is to increase the mean intensity of radiation received from the source used. The purposed of tracking system controls elevation and orientation angles of solar panels such that the panels always maintain perpendicular to the sunlight. The measured variables of our automatic system were compared with those of a fixed angle PV system. As a result of the experiment, the voltage generated by the proposed tracking system has an overall of about 28.11% more than the fixed angle PV system. There are three major approaches for maximizing power extraction in medium and large scale systems. They are sun tracking, maximum power point (MPP) tracking or both.
A REVIEW PAPER ON PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION TEST OF 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINE USI...ijsrd.com
In day today's relevance, it is mandatory to device the usage of diesel in an economic way. In present scenario, the very low combustion efficiency of CI engine leads to poor performance of engine and produces emission due to incomplete combustion. Study of research papers is focused on the improvement in efficiency of the engine and reduction in emissions by adding ethanol in a diesel with different blends like 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% and 30% by volume. The performance and emission characteristics of the engine are tested observed using blended fuels and comparative assessment is done with the performance and emission characteristics of engine using pure diesel.
Study and Review on Various Current Comparatorsijsrd.com
This paper presents study and review on various current comparators. It also describes low voltage current comparator using flipped voltage follower (FVF) to obtain the single supply voltage. This circuit has short propagation delay and occupies a small chip area as compare to other current comparators. The results of this circuit has obtained using PSpice simulator for 0.18 μm CMOS technology and a comparison has been performed with its non FVF counterpart to contrast its effectiveness, simplicity, compactness and low power consumption.
Reducing Silicon Real Estate and Switching Activity Using Low Power Test Patt...ijsrd.com
Power dissipation is a challenging problem for today's system-on-chip design and test. This paper presents a novel architecture which generates the test patterns with reduced switching activities; it has the advantage of low test power and low hardware overhead. The proposed LP-TPG (test pattern generator) structure consists of modified low power linear feedback shift register (LP-LFSR), m-bit counter, gray counter, NOR-gate structure and XOR-array. The seed generated from LP-LFSR is EXCLUSIVE-OR ed with the data generated from gray code generator. The XOR result of the sequence is single input changing (SIC) sequence, in turn reduces the switching activity and so power dissipation will be very less. The proposed architecture is simulated using Modelsim and synthesized using Xilinx ISE9.2.The Xilinx chip scope tool will be used to test the logic running on FPGA.
Defending Reactive Jammers in WSN using a Trigger Identification Service.ijsrd.com
In the last decade, the greatest threat to the wireless sensor network has been Reactive Jamming Attack because it is difficult to be disclosed and defend as well as due to its mass destruction to legitimate sensor communications. As discussed above about the Reactive Jammers Nodes, a new scheme to deactivate them efficiently is by identifying all trigger nodes, where transmissions invoke the jammer nodes, which has been proposed and developed. Due to this identification mechanism, many existing reactive jamming defending schemes can be benefited. This Trigger Identification can also work as an application layer .In this paper, on one side we provide the several optimization problems to provide complete trigger identification service framework for unreliable wireless sensor networks and on the other side we also provide an improved algorithm with regard to two sophisticated jamming models, in order to enhance its robustness for various network scenarios.
DESIGN OF FIXTURE OF CONNECTING ROD FOR BORING OPERATIONijsrd.com
Connecting rod is very important part of engine. It should be accurately machined with the acceptable tolerance. Also the fluctuations of dimensions in work-piece to work piece should be minimum so that it will be easier to assemble in engine. But it has been observed that the required dimensions for the bolt diameter and smaller end diameter for the connecting rod are not continuously achievable by using the existing fixture. The diameters required of the bolts and the smaller end of the said connecting rod are 10±0.05 mm and 24±0.01 mm respectively The aim of this project is to design and development of a new fixture for machining (Boring) operation using designing software's i.e. Pro E and analysis using ANSYS ,which can eliminate the said problems. And the production rate will also increase up to 15% which is quite objective. So for that, a new hydraulic fixture is designed and observed that dimensional accuracy, increased production rate up to 15% and more output per day with boring operation. Which defines process is satisfactory enough and validates the project.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptx
A Review: Microwave Energy for materials processing
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 09, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 572
A Review: Microwave Energy for Materials Processing
Akshay Pathania1 Dheeraj Gupta2
1,2
Department of Mechanical Engineering
1
Marwadi Group of Institutions, Rajkot, India 2
Thapar University, Patiala, India
Abstract— Microwave energy is a latest largest growing
technique for material processing. This paper presents a
review of microwave technologies used for material
processing and its use for industrial applications.
Advantages in using microwave energy for processing
material include rapid heating, high heating efficiency,
heating uniformity and clean energy. The microwave
heating has various characteristics and due to which it has
been become popular for heating low temperature
applications to high temperature applications. In recent
years this novel technique has been successfully utilized for
the processing of metallic materials. Many researchers have
reported microwave energy for sintering, joining and
cladding of metallic materials. The aim of this paper is to
show the use of microwave energy not only for non-metallic
materials but also the metallic materials. The ability to
process metals with microwave could assist in the
manufacturing of high performance metal parts desired in
many industries, for example in automotive and aeronautical
industries.
Key words: Microwave, Cladding, Hybrid heating
I. INTRODUCTION
In almost every industry, heating is most often used for
manufacturing. For the effective application of
manufactured material it is required to provide optimal and
effective heating to material. Many conventional methods
have been used in industries for this purpose which have
some advantages and some limitations over it. Microwave
energy is a latest technique which can be used effectively to
process the metallic materials. Initially microwave energy
was mainly used for communication purpose. Afterwards,
technician Percy Spencer has been realized that microwave
energy can be used for heating applications and later, it has
been used for food processing and processing of polymers,
ceramics, minerals, inorganic materials etc. But the major
limitation of microwave radiations is that, it cannot interact
with metallic materials at room temperature and due to this
fact it is very difficult to heat them. Hence, researchers have
invented different methods to couple the electromagnetic
waves with metals. After year 1999, this novel technique has
been used to process metallic materials as well in different
form and initially it was used for sintering of metallic
materials. Afterwards the work has been expanded in the
area of melting, joining, and alloying of metals through
microwave processing. The properties achieved by
microwave processing were remarkably excellent and the
component has been processed in a shorter duration than the
conventional methods. The application of microwaves in
surface engineering has been recently explored and very few
works has been reported. Microwave energy is mostly used
for food processing for last 40 years; it is now being
aggressively inspected and assessed for wide range of
applications in material processing. Microwave material
processing is comparatively new technology and alternative
that provides new approaches for enhancement in materials
properties with economic advantages through energy
savings and accelerated product developments [1]. Till year
1999, this novel technique was only confined to process
some ceramics, polymeric, inorganic, food processing,
rubber industry etc. due easy interaction microwaves with
materials. However, it is very difficult to heat bulk metallic
materials at room temperature due to low skin (in terms of
few microns) depth or poor absorption of microwave
radiation by metallic materials. The researchers accepted the
challenge and they have diversified the domain of heating
and processing of metallic materials as per their need and
the developed product exhibits better properties than a
conventional one.
Microwave is a radio wave and radio wave is one
of the electromagnetic wave. Since electromagnetic wave is
spread by the interaction of electric field and magnetic field
it can also be extent in vacuum. Electromagnetic wave is a
wave that has two components, such as wavelength and
frequency. Wave length is about the length of top to top of
the wave, frequency is number of waves that appears in a
second. Microwave has been applied to radar surveillance
system, communication, radio telescope for astronomy, and
also to GPS positioning system known as car navigation
system. Another application of microwave is heating.
Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with wavelengths 1
mm to 1 m and equivalent frequencies from 300 MHz to 300
GHz. For microwave heating 0.915 GHz to 2.45 GHz
frequencies are commonly used.
A. The range of usable frequencies for microwave
processing
Microwaves form a part of unceasing electromagnetic
spectrum that encompasses from low frequency alternating
current to cosmic rays. These microwaves transmits through
empty space at the velocity of light and their frequency
range from 300 MHz to 300 GHz. In this scale the radio
frequency range is divided into bands as shown in Table 1.
Frequency
Band
Designation
Frequency
limits
4
VLF very low
frequency
3 KHz to 30
KHz
5 LF low frequency
30 KHz to 300
KHz
6 MF medium frequency
300 KHz to 3
MHz
7 HF high frequency
3 MHz to 30
MHz
8
VHF very high
frequency
30 MHz to 300
MHz
9
UHF ultrahigh
frequency
300 MHz to 3
GHz
10
SHF super high
frequency
3 GHz to 30
GHz
11
EHF extremely high
frequency
30 GHz to 300
GHz
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B. Characteristics of microwave heating
Internal Heating: Microwaves reach the object as
same as speed of light. It goes into object as wave
and getting absorbed after that object generates
heat.
Rapid Heating: Rapid heating is possible in
microwave heating because in this type of heating
the heat is generated by the object by its own with
penetration of microwaves by the object. On the
other hand in case of conventional heating the
object’s temperature rises due to heating from
surface to inside which is external heating.
High Heating Efficiency: Microwave penetrates
into the entity at the speed of light and the entity to
be heated generates heat. There is no need to
consider the heat losses of air inside the furnace
due to which we get high heating efficiency.
Heating uniformity and clean energy: Each part
of the microwave heated entity generates heat
internally so even for those objects which have
complicated shapes can be heated uniformly.
Microwave propagates only by the change of
electric field and magnetic fields and it does not
require medium. It can propagate in a vacuum and
reaches the object and penetrates without heating
the air. The heated object absorb the microwave
energy and generates heat. Microwave energy heats
the object without heating the air in furnace that’s
why it is also called clean energy.
Good working and healthy operating
environment: In case of conventional heating with
rise in temperature of object there is also rise in
temperature of furnace or working environment but
in case of microwave heating there is only rise in
temperature of object due to it’s internal heating
and there is no temperature rise in furnace or
working environment.
C. Challenges of microwave with materials
Controlling accelerated heating, Effective transfer of
microwave to material, Timing, Compatibility of microwave
with other process line.
D. Interaction of microwaves with materials
Materials can absorb, reflect or transmit the materials.
Reflection and absorption necessitate interaction of the
microwaves with the material, transmission is the
consequence of partial reflection and incomplete absorption.
Energy in the form of heat is produced in the material
mainly through absorption. Solid, liquid and gases can
interact with microwaves and be heated. Figure 1 below
showed the interaction of microwave with materials [2].
Fig. 1: Interaction of microwave with materials
Metals are excellent reflectors of microwaves and
in general not heated considerably by microwave energy.
Other materials absorb and reflect heat to several degrees
depending on their structure, composition, temperature, and
the frequency of the microwaves. Many ceramics and
polymers do not absorb significantly at 2.45 GHz in room
temperature. However, their absorption can be increased by
increasing the temperature, accumulating absorbing
constituents (e.g. carbon, SiC, binders), fluctuating their
microstructure and defect structure, by changing their form
(e.g. bulk vs powder), or by changing the frequency of the
incident radiation. Interaction of microwaves with material
is a very challenging job. Many researchers have used
various techniques to couple the microwaves with materials.
In interaction of electromagnetic waves with material there
is a volumetric heating as compare to other conventional
techniques. Heat is generated internally within the material
instead of originating externally. Hence there is an inverse
heating profile “inside-out” unlike a conventional heating
“outside-in” as shown in Figure 2 below.
Fig. 2: Heat profile in microwave
II. PERSPECTIVE OF MICROWAVE
Das et al. [3] Showed the prospects of microwave
processing on materials. Microwave processing has been
emerging as an inventive sintering technique for many
traditional ceramics, advanced ceramics, specialty ceramics
and ceramic composites as well as polymer and polymer
composites. Microwave heating has been used for the
development joining, melting, fibre reinforcement, reaction
synthesis of ceramics, synthesis of ceramic powder,
phosphor material, whiskers, microtubes and nanotubes,
3. A Review: Microwave Energy for Materials Processing
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glazing of coating surface. Microwave energy is being used
for the sintering of metallic powders also.
D.Agarwal [4] showed latest global developments
in microwave material processing. Microwave energy is a
novel and very tremendous approach for material processing
other than conventional techniques with many advantages
such as reduced cycle process time which further saved
substantial energy and cost, provide finer microstructure
results in improved mechanical properties of material.
Clark and Sutton [5], reviewed the microwaves in
material processing. In comparison to conventional
furnaces, the material processed in microwave oven
interacts with cold microwaves rather than radiant heat. By
this technology the heating is more volumetric and can be
selective or rapid because material generates heat itself.
Also heating is instantaneous with power. These features
result in better production uniformity, less floor space, faster
production throughout and reduction in wasteful heating.
A. Microwave Cladding
In the year 2010, Gupta and Sharma have developed a novel
process for deposition of metallic materials on metallic
substrate by using a domestic microwave oven of frequency
2.45 GHz and the process was claimed for Indian Patent [6].
Gupta and Sharma [7] investigated sliding wear
performance of WC10Co2Ni cladding developed through
microwave irradiation on austenitic stainless steel (SS-316).
To couple the microwave with metal, microwave hybrid
heating concept was used in which charcoal was used as a
susceptor. The clads were developed through microwave
hybrid heating in multimode microwave in at 2.45 GHz
frequency and at 900 W. The developed clads samples
showed a microhardness of 1064±99 Hv and the distribution
of microhardness at typical section of clad has been shown
in Figure 3.
Fig. 3: Vicker’s microhardness distribution of WC10Co2Ni
clad
Gupta and Sharma [8] developed a microwave
cladding of nickel based powder (EWAC) on austenitic
stainless steel (SS316) substrate. Microwave cladding was
developed to enrich the surface properties of austenitic steel
(SS-316). Microwave irradiation used as a heating source
for the development of cladding. The developed EWAC
clads were metallurgical bonded with the substrate by partial
mutual diffusion of elements. The microstructure of
developed clads was cellular in nature and typical
microstructure of clad is shown in Figure 4. The
microhardness of clads was 304±48 Hv which was double of
that austenitic stainless steel (SS-316).
Fig. 4: (a) Typical microstructure of clad (b) back scattered
image showed cellular structure in microwave clad
Gupta et al. [9] developed a composite cladding on
austenitic stainless steel (SS-316) through microwave
heating. EWAC (Ni based) + 20% Cr23C6 composite
cladding was done on SS-316. Microwave cladding has been
developed in domestic appliance microwave multimode in
2.45 GHz frequency for the duration of 360 s. Typical
composite clad cross sections showed good metallurgical
bonding with substrate by partial dilution. Results revealed
that clads are free from solidification cracking and exhibits
significant less porosity of the order 0.90%. Hardness of the
developed clads was observed as 425±140 Hv. The
microwave clads developed through this technology can be
effectively used in wear resistant applications.
Gupta and Sharma [10] developed metal ceramic
composite cladding through microwave heating. Flexural
strength and microstructure of developed clads were
investigated. A multimode microwave oven was used to
develop carbide reinforced (tungsten carbide based) metal
matrix composite cladding on austenitic steel. Cladding was
developed through microwave heating at 2.45 GHz for 420
seconds. The schematic arrangement for experiments is
shown in Figure 5.
Fig. 5: Schematic arrangement for 3-point test
Prasad and Gupta [11] did a microwave processed
cladding of nickel based lanthanum oxide composite powder
particle having particle size of 40 μm on mild steel. The
substrates were cut into average dimensions of 10mm ×
10mm × 5mm. Then they were polished with emery paper to
obtain the artificial texture. After that the composite powder
was preplaced manually on mild steel substrate. The sample
was put in microwave oven with 2.45 GHz frequency, 900
W power and exposed for 240 S. The approximately 500 μm
clad thickness has been developed on mild steel. The
average vicker’s microhardness of developed clad was 319
Hv and clads can be effectively used for wear resistant
applications.
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B. Microwave Joining of Metal
Joining of metal can be done by many techniques to make
the high strength joints but microwave energy played a vital
role in this field to join the metals with improved
mechanical properties. There are many techniques to join
the metals like welding, brazing, laser welding etc. but these
all techniques consumes lot of energy and time. Microwave
assisted joints are clean and more efficient than
conventional ones.
Siores et al. [12] discussed pioneering work and
development in the area of microwave applications into
materials welding and joining. Authors also explained the
engagement of microwaves for fast curing adhesives for
joining transparent to microwave radiation materials. The
facility of microwaves in joining a variety of materials was
examined. As primary processing parameters are optimized
the bonding strength attained with each microwave joining
technique for a range of materials.
Singh et al. [13] joined the green composites
through microwave processing. In this research green sisal
fibre fiber reinforced polylactic acid composites were
prepared by a compression molding technique. Two types of
PLA/SF composites were developed with a fiber content of
10 and 20 percent by weight. Microwave energy was used to
join PLA/SF composites in a microwave oven. Green
composites were joined successfully by microwave heating
in different time and intensities. A charcoal improver was
used to accelerate the rate of joining. Results showed that
the microwave energy is a feasible route to join green
composites.
Srinath et al. [14] explained a novel method for
joining of metallic bulk material through microwave
irradiation. Copper in bulk has been joined using microwave
energy in a multimode applicator at 2.45 GHz and 900 W.
Schematic of microwave heating process for joining of
copper is shown in Figure 6. A solid uniform microstructure
with good metallurgical bonds between the sandwich layer
and interface was formed. The hardness was observed to be
78±7 Hv and porosity was observed to be 1.92 %.
Microwave processed copper joints possessed significant
tensile strength with significantly high elongation.
Fig. 6: Schematic of microwave heating process of joining
of metallic powder
Srinath et al. [15] investigated microstructural and
mechanical properties of microwave processed dissimilar
joints. Microwave joining of SS-316 to mild steel in bulk
has been carried out successfully in microwave multimode
applicator at 2.45 GHz and 900 W. To initiate coupling of
microwave with metals principle of microwave hybrid
heating was used using a susceptor medium. Schematic view
of experimental process for microwave joining has been
shown in Figure 7. The volumetric heating nature of
microwave causes complete fusing of the interface layer and
which developed a metallurgical bonding with bulk
interfaces. Bulk joint has a Vickers microhardness 133 Hv
and porosity of bulk joint has been observed to be 0.58 %.
The microwave processed dissimilar joints paraded tensile
strength of 346.6 MPa with an elongation of 13.58 %.
Fig. 7: Schematic view of the experimental process for
microwave joining
C. Microwave Sintering
Sintering is the process of forming a solid mass of material
by heat and pressure without melting it to the point of
liquification. Sintering happens naturally in mineral deposits
or as a manufacturing process used with metals, ceramics,
plastics, and other materials. Sintering can be done by
conventional methods but the microwave assisted sintered
materials have possessed higher properties.
D. Agarwal [16] has developed a sintering of
ceramics and W/Cu composites in microwave oven. The
microwave process is progressively being exploited to create
better and cheaper products mainly specialty ceramics.
Sintering by microwave improved the sintering time,
sintering temperature, total cycle time, density, average
grain size, bending strength and hardness. The microwave
coupling in the occurrence of a defect structure causes
extremely rapid reaction and new reaction formed materials
at much lower temperatures than mostly attained by
conventional heating process.
Roy et al. [17] accomplished the sintering of
metallic powders with microwave energy. As recently the
work has been done on heating/sintering of ceramics or non-
metallic materials by microwave energy but due to the
extensive use of metals in industrial applications it was the
need to process metals with electromagnetic waves. They
were able to sinter a wide range of standard powdered
metals from commercial sources using 2.45-GHz microwave
field with good mechanical properties than those from
conventional heating. They have sintered many powders of
pure metals with microwave energy. The schematic view of
microwave processing is shown in Figure 8.
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Fig. 8: Schematic view of microwave processing
Gupta and Wong [18] used two directional rapid
sintering to improve the overall mechanical performance of
the metallic materials. Aluminum, magnesium and lead free
solder were chosen as candidate materials. Two directional
sintering of aluminum, magnesium and lead free solder was
done in microwave oven with 2.45GHz frequency and 900
W. Sic was used a susceptor to couple microwave with the
materials. The setup is shown in Figure 9.
Fig. 9: Schematic of microwave oven
Saitou [19] established sintering of iron, cobalt,
nickel, copper and stainless steel powders using microwave
radiation. The results of microwave assisted sintering were
compared with the conventional sintering. The sintering was
done in microwave oven with 2.45 GHz frequency.
Microwave energy promoted the sintering of metal powders
but it did not affect the activation energy of sintering.
Microwave sintered samples showed good mechanical
properties as compared to conventional ones.
Agarwal [20] did a sintering, brazing and joining of
metallic material using microwave energy. Many common
steel compositions, pure metals and refractory metals have
been sintered to nearly full density with enhanced
mechanical properties in microwave. In this research author
has taken iron and steel, aluminum, copper, nickel, Mo, Co,
Ti, W, Sn, etc. and their alloys have been sintered in
microwave oven. Further these elements have been brazed
and joined with microwave energy. Various metallic
materials have been microwave processed in microwave
cavity with 2.45 GHz frequency. It has been found that
microwave sintered powders produces superior product. Al,
Cu, Mo, Ni, Ti, Co, WC W, Sn, etc. and their alloys have
also been sintered in microwaves produced approximately
fully dense bodies. Figure 10 showed the microstructure of
sintered Mo sample in microwave for 1 minute at 1600°C.
Fig. 10: Microstructure of microwave sintered Mo powder
Wong and Gupta [21] developed Mg/Cu
nanocomposites using microwave assisted rapid sintering. In
this research magnesium composites containing different
amounts of nano-size Cu particulates were successfully
synthesize during powder metallurgy (PM) technique
including microwave assisted two-directional sintering. Cu
particulates lead to an increase in hardness, 0.2%yield
strength, elastic modulus, ultimate tensile strength and work
fracture of matrix. Tensile properties were increased using
microwave energy.
Upadhyaya et al. [22] sintered W – Ni – Fe alloy
using microwave heating. In this research the effect of
heating mode on the mechanical and microstructure
properties of 92.5W-6.4Ni – 1.1Fe were compared. The
compacts were sintered at 1500°C in (conventional)
radiatively furnace and in 2.45 GHz microwave furnace.
Both samples prepared from conventional method and
microwave processed were compared. It has been found
from results that hardness and tensile properties of
microwave sintered samples was better than conventional
ones. The mechanical and microstructural properties of
microwave sintered alloys were higher than that of
conventional sintered alloys.
Padmavathi et al. [23] studied and compared the
corrosion behavior of microwave sintered austenitic
stainless steel composites with conventionally sintered
austenitic stainless steel. Pure316L and 316L – YAG
composite were sintered in microwave furnace with 2.45
GHz frequency and also in conventional furnace. The results
were compare from which it has been found that microwave
sintered samples have fine microstructure and better
mechanical properties as compared to conventional ones.
Also the corrosion resistance of microwave sintered samples
was enhanced more than conventional sintered samples.
Rajkumar and Aravindan [24] have successfully
sintered a metal matrix composite (copper and graphite)
using microwave. Copper - graphite composite was prepared
through powder metallurgy route. Both copper and graphite
mixed together in which electrolytic copper powder having
average grain size of 12 μm and graphite having an average
grain size of 50 μm. An industrial microwave furnace was
used to process the materials with 2.45 GHz frequency as
shown in Figure 11.
6. A Review: Microwave Energy for Materials Processing
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Fig. 11: Schematic view of microwave oven
There was a significant improvement in the
microhardness of microwave processed (sintered) copper –
graphite composite in different volume fractions and the
developed samples were free from cracks. The finer
microstructure with moderately smaller and round pores
caused due to microwave heating increases the performance
of the composite.
III. CONCLUSION
Microwave material processing is getting more importance
due to environmental concerns and energy inadequacy. This
technique is energy efficient in which microwaves are used
for various applications which offer volumetric heating,
selective heating depends upon microwave – material
interaction rather than conventional heating which use
conductive and radiative heat transfer methods. This novel
technique has been used for melting, sintering, joining of
metals and cladding so far. Some points which refers to the
future scope of this process:
(1) The possibility for other metallic materials for
improvement of surface characteristics can be
possible by microwave cladding.
(2) Other designed suitable metallic powders of
desired properties can be used for microwave
cladding.
(3) Wear and corrosion characteristics can be
improved very significantly by this method.
(4) The possibility of composite cladding can be
explored.
(5) Microwave processing can also be used for other
machining operations like drilling, casting etc.
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