The recent advancements in the wireless arena and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For example, jamming and device tampering at the physical layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer; routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses. Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
MANETs have unique characteristics like dynamic topology, wireless radio medium, limited resources and lack of centralized administration; as a result, they are vulnerable to different types of attacks in different layers of protocol stack. wormhole attack detection in wireless sensor networks
NetSim Webinar on Network Attacks and DetectionDESHPANDE M
Webinar Contents:
Why use a Network Simulator
Introduction to NetSim
Introduction to Sinkhole Attack : Attack scenario in MANET using NetSim
Intrusion Detection System: Detection mechanism in MANET using NetSim
Analyzing Metrics
Areas of R & D in MANET
Q & A
PREVENTION OF WORMHOLE ATTACK IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIJNSA Journal
Ubiquitous and pervasive applications, where the Wireless Sensor Networks are typically deployed, lead to the susceptibility to many kinds of security attacks. Sensors used for real time response capability also make it difficult to devise the resource intensive security protocols because of their limited battery, power, memory and processing capabilities. One of potent form of Denial of Service attacks is Wormhole attack that affects on the network layer. In this paper, the techniques dealing with wormhole attack are investigated and an approach for wormhole prevention is proposed. Our approach is based on the analysis of the two-hop neighbors forwarding Route Reply packet. To check the validity of the sender, a unique key between the individual sensor node and the base station is required to be generated by suitable scheme.
MANETs have unique characteristics like dynamic topology, wireless radio medium, limited resources and lack of centralized administration; as a result, they are vulnerable to different types of attacks in different layers of protocol stack. wormhole attack detection in wireless sensor networks
NetSim Webinar on Network Attacks and DetectionDESHPANDE M
Webinar Contents:
Why use a Network Simulator
Introduction to NetSim
Introduction to Sinkhole Attack : Attack scenario in MANET using NetSim
Intrusion Detection System: Detection mechanism in MANET using NetSim
Analyzing Metrics
Areas of R & D in MANET
Q & A
PREVENTION OF WORMHOLE ATTACK IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKIJNSA Journal
Ubiquitous and pervasive applications, where the Wireless Sensor Networks are typically deployed, lead to the susceptibility to many kinds of security attacks. Sensors used for real time response capability also make it difficult to devise the resource intensive security protocols because of their limited battery, power, memory and processing capabilities. One of potent form of Denial of Service attacks is Wormhole attack that affects on the network layer. In this paper, the techniques dealing with wormhole attack are investigated and an approach for wormhole prevention is proposed. Our approach is based on the analysis of the two-hop neighbors forwarding Route Reply packet. To check the validity of the sender, a unique key between the individual sensor node and the base station is required to be generated by suitable scheme.
A Novel Approach to Detect & Prevent Wormhole Attack over MANET & Sensor n/w ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) mobile node is responsible for route establishment using
wireless link where each node may behave like both as a host and router. MANET encounters number of
security threats because of its open entrusted environment, with little security arrangement, security over
MANET can be enhance up to some satisfactory level because of its inherent characteristics. Among some of
the prominent security threats wormhole attack is considered to be a very serious security threat over MANET.
In wormhole two selfish node which is geographically very far away to each other makes tunnel between each
other to hide their actual location and give the illusion that they are true neighbours and attract other nodes to
make conversation through the wormhole tunnel. Many researchers focused on detecting wormhole attack and
its prevention mechanism. It seems that in the previous technique there is a need to improve their results in the
brink of false negative rate, routing overhead etc. The present paper has proposed the hybrid model in order to
detect and prevent the wormhole attack. This approach has been work with neighbour node and hop count
method.
Keywords: Mobile Ad hoc Network, Selfish node, Malicious node, AODV
A Combined Approach for Worm-Hole and Black-Hole Attack Detection in MANETIJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network is a kind of wireless network, in this network all nodes are connected through the wireless links and perform cooperative communication.Due to limited radio range of these devices any time can leave or join the network. Therefore the routing techniques are responsible for the network organization and communication flow. Due to this the performance of MANET is low as compared with the traditional wired communication networks. In addition of that network is suffers from the probability of attacks. Thus in this paper MANET routing strategy and their attacks are investigated and learned. In addition of that in order to secure the communication recent approaches of security in MANET also investigated. Finally a new algorithm for prevention of malicious attack in MANET is suggested. Additionally the based on the concluded facts, future extension of the proposed work is also suggested.
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are most usefully in current environments. It’s required high performance, networks load and Throughput. In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks Routing is the hot topic for research. Basically two types routing protocols are work in the mobile Ad-hoc Networks: 1) Proactive and 2) Reactive. Researchers have projected different routing algorithm. Important work has been done on routing in ad hoc networks, some of the important works so far were the destination-sequence distance vector (DSDV) protocol, the temporally ordered routing protocol (TORA), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) and ad hoc on demand routing protocol (AODV). These algorithms use Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) for find optimum route source to destination.ThesisScientist.com
Black hole Attack Avoidance Protocol for wireless Ad-Hoc networksijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes or a temporary network set up by wireless mobile nodes moving arbitrary in the places that have no network infrastructure in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Thus the nodes find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. However, due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. Various attacks and one of those attacks is the Black Hole Attack against network integrity absorbing all data packets in the network. Since the data packets do not reach the destination node on account of this attack, data loss will occur. Therefore, it is a severe attack that can be easily employed against routing in mobile ad hoc networks. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the black hole attack. . Virtual Infrastructure achieves reliable transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Black Hole Attack is the major problem to affect the Virtual Infrastructure. In this paper, approach on analyzing and improving the security of AODV, which is one of the popular routing protocols for MANET. Our aim is to ensuring the avoidance against Black hole attack.
RTOS BASED SECURE SHORTEST PATH ROUTING ALGORITHM IN MOBILE AD- HOC NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
Increase of number of the nodes in the wireless computing environment leads to different issues like power, data rate, QoS, simulators and security. Among these the security is the peak issue faced by most of the wireless networks. Especially networks without having a centralized system (MANETS) is facing severe security issues. One of the major security issues is the wormhole attack while finding the shortest path. The aim of this paper is to propose an algorithm to find a secure shortest path against wormhole attack. Existing algorithms are mainly concentrated on detecting the malicious node but they are hardware specific like directional antennas and synchronized clocks. But the proposed algorithm is both software and hardware specific. RTOS is included to make the ad hoc network a real time application.
Malicious attack detection and prevention in ad hoc network based on real tim...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
This presentation covers Security Issues in Mobile Adhoc Network in brief, highlighting various attacks such as Sleep Deprivation, Wormhole, Blackhole and Eavesdropping in particulars.
Black Hole Attack:
A malicious node advertises the wrong paths as good paths to the source node during the pathfinding process.
When the source selects the path including the attacker node, the traffic starts passing through the adversary node and this node starts dropping the packets selectively or in whole.
Black hole region is the entry point to a large number of harmful attacks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
A Novel Approach to Detect & Prevent Wormhole Attack over MANET & Sensor n/w ...IOSR Journals
Abstract: In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) mobile node is responsible for route establishment using
wireless link where each node may behave like both as a host and router. MANET encounters number of
security threats because of its open entrusted environment, with little security arrangement, security over
MANET can be enhance up to some satisfactory level because of its inherent characteristics. Among some of
the prominent security threats wormhole attack is considered to be a very serious security threat over MANET.
In wormhole two selfish node which is geographically very far away to each other makes tunnel between each
other to hide their actual location and give the illusion that they are true neighbours and attract other nodes to
make conversation through the wormhole tunnel. Many researchers focused on detecting wormhole attack and
its prevention mechanism. It seems that in the previous technique there is a need to improve their results in the
brink of false negative rate, routing overhead etc. The present paper has proposed the hybrid model in order to
detect and prevent the wormhole attack. This approach has been work with neighbour node and hop count
method.
Keywords: Mobile Ad hoc Network, Selfish node, Malicious node, AODV
A Combined Approach for Worm-Hole and Black-Hole Attack Detection in MANETIJERA Editor
Mobile ad hoc network is a kind of wireless network, in this network all nodes are connected through the wireless links and perform cooperative communication.Due to limited radio range of these devices any time can leave or join the network. Therefore the routing techniques are responsible for the network organization and communication flow. Due to this the performance of MANET is low as compared with the traditional wired communication networks. In addition of that network is suffers from the probability of attacks. Thus in this paper MANET routing strategy and their attacks are investigated and learned. In addition of that in order to secure the communication recent approaches of security in MANET also investigated. Finally a new algorithm for prevention of malicious attack in MANET is suggested. Additionally the based on the concluded facts, future extension of the proposed work is also suggested.
Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks are most usefully in current environments. It’s required high performance, networks load and Throughput. In Mobile Ad-hoc Networks Routing is the hot topic for research. Basically two types routing protocols are work in the mobile Ad-hoc Networks: 1) Proactive and 2) Reactive. Researchers have projected different routing algorithm. Important work has been done on routing in ad hoc networks, some of the important works so far were the destination-sequence distance vector (DSDV) protocol, the temporally ordered routing protocol (TORA), dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) and ad hoc on demand routing protocol (AODV). These algorithms use Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) for find optimum route source to destination.ThesisScientist.com
Black hole Attack Avoidance Protocol for wireless Ad-Hoc networksijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes or a temporary network set up by wireless mobile nodes moving arbitrary in the places that have no network infrastructure in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Thus the nodes find a path to the destination node using routing protocols. However, due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. Various attacks and one of those attacks is the Black Hole Attack against network integrity absorbing all data packets in the network. Since the data packets do not reach the destination node on account of this attack, data loss will occur. Therefore, it is a severe attack that can be easily employed against routing in mobile ad hoc networks. There are lots of detection and defense mechanisms to eliminate the intruder that carry out the black hole attack. . Virtual Infrastructure achieves reliable transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Network. Black Hole Attack is the major problem to affect the Virtual Infrastructure. In this paper, approach on analyzing and improving the security of AODV, which is one of the popular routing protocols for MANET. Our aim is to ensuring the avoidance against Black hole attack.
RTOS BASED SECURE SHORTEST PATH ROUTING ALGORITHM IN MOBILE AD- HOC NETWORKSIJNSA Journal
Increase of number of the nodes in the wireless computing environment leads to different issues like power, data rate, QoS, simulators and security. Among these the security is the peak issue faced by most of the wireless networks. Especially networks without having a centralized system (MANETS) is facing severe security issues. One of the major security issues is the wormhole attack while finding the shortest path. The aim of this paper is to propose an algorithm to find a secure shortest path against wormhole attack. Existing algorithms are mainly concentrated on detecting the malicious node but they are hardware specific like directional antennas and synchronized clocks. But the proposed algorithm is both software and hardware specific. RTOS is included to make the ad hoc network a real time application.
Malicious attack detection and prevention in ad hoc network based on real tim...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
A NOVEL TWO-STAGE ALGORITHM PROTECTING INTERNAL ATTACK FROM WSNSIJCNC
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) consists of small nodes with constrain capabilities. It enables numerous
applications with distributed network infrastructure. With its nature and application scenario, security of
WSN had drawn a great attention. In malicious environments for a functional WSN, security mechanisms
are essential. Malicious or internal attacker has gained attention as the most challenging attacks to
WSNs. Many works have been done to secure WSN from internal attacks but most of them relay on either
training data set or predefined thresholds. It is a great challenge to find or gain knowledge about the
Malicious. In this paper, we develop the algorithm in two stages. Initially, Abnormal Behaviour
Identification Mechanism (ABIM) which uses cosine similarity. Finally, Dempster-Shafer theory (DST)is
used. Which combine multiple evidences to identify the malicious or internal attacks in a WSN. In this
method we do not need any predefined threshold or tanning data set of the nodes.
This presentation covers Security Issues in Mobile Adhoc Network in brief, highlighting various attacks such as Sleep Deprivation, Wormhole, Blackhole and Eavesdropping in particulars.
Black Hole Attack:
A malicious node advertises the wrong paths as good paths to the source node during the pathfinding process.
When the source selects the path including the attacker node, the traffic starts passing through the adversary node and this node starts dropping the packets selectively or in whole.
Black hole region is the entry point to a large number of harmful attacks.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Dubai off plan properties are becoming the most popular real estate investment option for property seekers in Dubai. Visit us today to get the latest off plan info.
Cardiología - Anatomía clínica del corazónRamses Abundiz
En las siguientes diapositivas podremos observar la estructura anatómica del corazón. Los libros de referencia son:
- Cardiología de Guadalajara (6a)
- Cardiología de Ruesga (2a)
¡Espero les sea de utilidad!
Definicion
Convencionalmente se acepta que un sujeto padece diarrea crónica cuando este persiste por mas de 4 semanas
Es importante distinguirla de otras alteraciones gastrointestinales como:
Hiperdefecacion (mayor numero de evacuaciones formadas)
Incontinencia fecal (expulsión involuntaria de heces)
El origen de la diarrea crónica pude establecerse en la mayoría de los casos a través de un examen clínico minucioso.
Identificar
Problema disfuncional
Enfermedad organica
Detecting Wormhole Attack in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks: A Surveyijsrd.com
A Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a self organizing, infrastructure less, multi-hop network. The wireless and distributed nature of MANETs poses a great challenge to system security designers. Ad hoc networks are by nature very open to anyone. Anyone with the proper hardware and knowledge of the network topology and protocols can connect to the network. This allows potential attackers to infiltrate the network and carry out attacks on its participants with the purpose of stealing or altering information. A specific type of attack, the Wormhole attack does not require exploiting any nodes in the network and can interfere with the route establishment process. It does not require any cryptographic primitives. This attack targets specifically routing control packets, the nodes that are close to the attackers are shielded from any alternative routes with more than one or two hops to the remote location. All routes are thus directed to the wormhole established by the attackers. The entire routing system in MANET can even be brought down using the wormhole attack.
MLDW- A MultiLayered Detection mechanism for Wormhole attack in AODV based MANETijsptm
Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks amongst all the network layer attacks launched on
MANET. Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it leads to total disruption of the routing
paths on MANET. In this paper, MLDW- a multilayered Intrusion Detection Prevention System approach is
proposed to detect and isolate wormhole attack on MANET. The routing protocol used is Adhoc On Demand
Distance Vector (AODV). MLDW has a layered framework consisting of link latency estimator, intermediate
neighbor node discovery mechanism, packet drop calculator, node energy degrade estimator followed by
isolation technique. MLDW effectiveness is evaluated using ns2 network simulator.
Responsive Parameter based an AntiWorm Approach to Prevent Wormhole Attack in...IDES Editor
The recent advancements in the wireless technology
and their wide-spread deployment have made remarkable
enhancements in efficiency in the corporate and industrial
and Military sectors The increasing popularity and usage of
wireless technology is creating a need for more secure wireless
Ad hoc networks. This paper aims researched and developed
a new protocol that prevents wormhole attacks on a ad hoc
network. A few existing protocols detect wormhole attacks but
they require highly specialized equipment not found on most
wireless devices. This paper aims to develop a defense against
wormhole attacks as an Anti-worm protocol which is based on
responsive parameters, that does not require as a significant
amount of specialized equipment, trick clock synchronization,
no GPS dependencies.
Malicious attack detection and prevention in ad hoc network based on real tim...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with Real Time Operating System (RTOS) based secure wormhole detection and prevention in ad hoc networks. The wormhole attack can form a serious threat to wireless networks, especially against many ad hoc network routing protocols and location based wireless security systems. A wormhole is created in the ad hoc network by introducing two malicious nodes. These two nodes form a worm hole link and message is transmitted through this link. The next part of the work is to detect the wormhole link by defining worm hole detection and prevention algorithm. After detecting suspicious links, one node performs a verification procedure for each suspicious link. The detection procedure and verifying procedure of suspicious worm link are used for further prevention of wormhole attack in the ad hoc network.
Secure dynamic source routing protocol for defending black hole attacks in mo...nooriasukmaningtyas
Wireless Ad Hoc Network is a dynamically organized network on emergency
situations, in which a group of wireless devices send data among themselves
without requiring any base stations for forwarding data. Here the nodes itself
perform the functions of routing. This important characteristic of mobile ad
hoc networks allows the hassle free set up of the network for
communications in different crisis such as battlefield and natural disaster
zones. Multi hop communication in MANET is achieved by the cooperation
of nodes in forwarding data packets. This feature of MANET is largely
exploited to launch a security attack called black hole attack. A light weight
solution called SEC-DSR is proposed to defend the network from black hole
attack and enables communication among nodes even in the presence of
attackers. In this scheme, by analyzing only the control packets used for
routing in the network, the compromised nodes launching the attack are
identified. From the collective judgment by the participating nodes in the
routing path, a secure route free of black hole nodes is selected for
communication by the host. Simulation results validate and ensure the
effectiveness of the proposed solution tested on an ad hoc network with
compromised black hole nodes.
PACKET DROP ATTACK DETECTION TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS: A REVIEWIJNSA Journal
Wireless ad hoc networks have gained lots of attention due to their ease and low cost of deployment. This
has made ad hoc networks of great importance in numerous military and civilian applications. But, the lack
of centralized management of these networks makes them vulnerable to a number of security attacks. One
of the attacks is packet drop attack, where a compromised node drops packets maliciously. Several
techniques have been proposed to detect the packet drop attack in wireless ad hoc networks. Therefore, in
this paper we review some of the packet drop attack detection techniques and comparatively analyze them
basing on; their ability to detect the attack under different attack strategies (partial and or cooperate
attacks), environments and the computational and communication overheads caused in the process of
detection.
One of the most popular areas of research is wireless communication. Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is a network with wireless mobile nodes, infrastructure less and self organizing. With its wireless and distributed nature it is exposed to several security threats. One of the threats in MANET is the wormhole attack. In this attack a pair of attacker forms a virtual link thereby recording and replaying the wireless transmission. This paper presents types of wormhole attack and also includes different technique for detecting wormhole attack in MANET..
An Enhanced Approach to Avoid Black hole Attack in Mobile Ad hoc Networks usi...ijsrd.com
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is very receptive to security attacks due to its open medium, dynamically changing network topology, lack of centralized monitoring. These vulnerabilities are nature of MANET structure that cannot be removed. As a consequence, attacks with malicious intent have been and will be devised to exploit these vulnerabilities and to cripple MANET operations. One of the well known attack on the MANET is the Black Hole attack which is most common in the ondemand routing protocols such as AODV. A black hole attack refers to an attack by a malicious node, which forcibly gains the route from a source to a destination by the falsification of sequence number and hop count of the routing message. This paper represents an enhanced AOMDV routing protocol for avoiding black hole attack in MANET. This routing protocol uses Ad hoc On-demand Multipath Distance Vector (AOMDV) to form link disjoint multi-path during path discovery to provide better path selection in order to avoid malicious nodes in the path using legitimacy table maintained by each node in the network. Nonmalicious nodes steadily isolate the black hole nodes based on the values collected in their legitimacy table and avoid them while making path between source and destination. The effectiveness of our approach is illustrated by simulations conducted using network simulator ns-2.34.
PACKET DROP ATTACK DETECTION TECHNIQUES IN WIRELESS AD HOC NETWORKS: A REVIEWIJNSA Journal
Wireless ad hoc networks have gained lots of attention due to their ease and low cost of deployment. This has made ad hoc networks of great importance in numerous military and civilian applications. But, the lack of centralized management of these networks makes them vulnerable to a number of security attacks. One of the attacks is packet drop attack, where a compromised node drops packets maliciously. Several techniques have been proposed to detect the packet drop attack in wireless ad hoc networks. Therefore, in this paper we review some of the packet drop attack detection techniques and comparatively analyze them basing on; their ability to detect the attack under different attack strategies (partial and or cooperate attacks), environments and the computational and communication overheads caused in the process of detection.
Survey of wormhole attack in wireless sensor networksCSITiaesprime
From the last decade, a wireless sensor network (WSN) has a very important role over the networks. The primary features of WSN include satellite communication, broadcast channel, hostile environment, medical system and data gathering. There are a lot of attacks available in WSN. In wormhole attack scenario is brutal from other attacks, which is smoothly resolved in networks but tough to observe. This survey paper is an experiment to observing threats and also focuses on some different method to identify the wormhole attacks.
Vampire attack a novel method for detecting vampire attacks in wireless ad –h...IJLT EMAS
Ad-hoc wireless networks are dynamic in nature. Adhoc
networks are not depends on any predefined infrastructure.
Whenever there is need of communication at that point these
network can be deployed. In this paper we discuss Vampire
attacks. All protocols susceptible for vampire attack. Vampire
attacks are very easy to carry out throughout the network and
difficult to detect. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are the
foremost promising research direction in sensing and pervasive
computing. Previous security work has focused totally on denial
of service at the routing or medium access management levels.
Earlier, the resource depletion attacks are thought about solely
as a routing drawback, very recently these are classified into new
category as “vampire attacks”. Planned work examines the
resource depletion attacks at the routing protocol layer that
disable networks permanently by quickly debilitating node’s
battery power.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A NEW CLUSTER-BASED WORMHOLE INTRUSION DETECTION ALGORITHM FOR MOBILE AD-HOC ...IJNSA Journal
In multi-hop wireless systems, the need for cooperation among nodes to relay each other's packets exposes them to a wide range of security attacks. A particularly devastating attack is the wormhole attack, where a malicious node records control traffic at one location and tunnels it to another compromised node, possibly far away, which replays it locally. Routing security in ad hoc networks is often equated with strong and feasible node authentication and lightweight cryptography. Unfortunately, the wormhole attack can hardly be defeated by crypto graphical measures, as wormhole attackers do not create separate packets. They simply replay packets already existing on the network, which pass the cryptographic checks. Existing works on wormhole detection have often focused on detection using specialized hardware, such as directional antennas, etc. In this paper, we present a cluster based
counter-measure for the wormhole attack, that alleviates these drawbacks and efficiently mitigates the wormhole attack in MANET. Simulation results on MATLab exhibit the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in detecting wormhole attacks.
Review on Grey- Hole Attack Detection and PreventionIJARIIT
These Grey Hole attacks poses a serious security threat to the routing services by attacking the reactive routing protocols resulting in drastic drop of data packets. AODV (Ad hoc on demand Distance Vector) routing being one of the many protocols often becomes an easy victim to such attacks. The survey also gives up-to-date information of all the works that have been done in this area. Besides the security issues they also described the layered architecture of MANET, their applications and a brief summary of the proposed works that have been done in this area to secure the network from Grey Hole attacks
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Similar to WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay for wireless Ad hoc networks (20)
Due to availability of internet and evolution of embedded devices, Internet of things can be useful to contribute in energy domain. The Internet of Things (IoT) will deliver a smarter grid to enable more information and connectivity throughout the infrastructure and to homes. Through the IoT, consumers, manufacturers and utility providers will come across new ways to manage devices and ultimately conserve resources and save money by using smart meters, home gateways, smart plugs and connected appliances. The future smart home, various devices will be able to measure and share their energy consumption, and actively participate in house-wide or building wide energy management systems. This paper discusses the different approaches being taken worldwide to connect the smart grid. Full system solutions can be developed by combining hardware and software to address some of the challenges in building a smarter and more connected smart grid.
A Survey Report on : Security & Challenges in Internet of Thingsijsrd.com
In the era of computing technology, Internet of Things (IoT) devices are now popular in each and every domains like e-governance, e-Health, e-Home, e-Commerce, and e-Trafficking etc. Iot is spreading from small to large applications in all fields like Smart Cities, Smart Grids, Smart Transportation. As on one side IoT provide facilities and services for the society. On the other hand, IoT security is also a crucial issues.IoT security is an area which totally concerned for giving security to connected devices and networks in the IoT .As, IoT is vast area with usability, performance, security, and reliability as a major challenges in it. The growth of the IoT is exponentially increases as driven by market pressures, which proportionally increases the security threats involved in IoT The relationship between the security and billions of devices connecting to the Internet cannot be described with existing mathematical methods. In this paper, we explore the opportunities possible in the IoT with security threats and challenges associated with it.
In today’s emerging world of Internet, each and every thing is supposed to be in connected mode with the help of billions of smart devices. By connecting all the devises used in our day to day life, make our life trouble less and easy. We are incorporated in a world where we are used to have smart phones, smart cars, smart gadgets, smart homes and smart cities. Different institutes and researchers are working for creating a smart world for us but real question which we need to emphasis on is how to make dumb devises talk with uncommon hardware and communication technology. For the same what kind of mechanism to use with various protocols and less human interaction. The purpose is to provide the key area for application of IoT and a platform on which various devices having different mechanism and protocols can communicate with an integrated architecture.
Study on Issues in Managing and Protecting Data of IOTijsrd.com
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WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay for wireless Ad hoc networks
1. IJSRD - International Journal for Scientific Research & Development| Vol. 2, Issue 09, 2014 | ISSN (online): 2321-0613
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 284
WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring
Round Trip Delay for wireless Ad hoc networks
Anuradha1
Dr. Puneet Goswami2
Gurdeep Singh3
1
M.Tech 2
Professor & HOD
1
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
1,2
Galaxy Global Imperial Technical Campus 3
MMU, Sadopur, Ambala
Abstract— The recent advancements in the wireless arena
and their wide-spread utilization have introduced new
security vulnerabilities. The wireless media being shared is
exposed to outside world, so it is susceptible to various
attacks at different layers of OSI network stack. For
example, jamming and device tampering at the physical
layer; disruption of the medium access control (MAC) layer;
routing attacks like Blackhole, rushing, wormhole; targeted
attacks on the transport protocol like session hijacking, SYN
flooding or even attacks intended to disrupt specific
applications through viruses, worms and Trojan Horses.
Wormhole attack is one of the serious routing attacks
amongst all the network layer attacks launched on MANET.
Wormhole attack is launched by creation of tunnels and it
leads to total disruption of the routing paths on MANET. In
this paper, Wormhole detection algorithm (WDA) is
proposed based on modifying the forwarding packet process
that detects and isolates wormhole nodes in ad hoc on
demand distance vector (AODV) routing protocol.
Keywords: Wormhole, MANET, Attack, Detection
I. INTRODUCTION
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) consists of mobile
hosts that can forward packets for neighbors. Every node
could be router in these networks and is responsible for
organizing and controlling the network. Many critical
applications of MANET, such as military tactical
communication or emergency rescue operations require a
secure cooperative environment [1]. Due to the wireless
nature of communications in MANETs, the security threats
are more than corresponding wired environment. The
unique features of MANET like low profile autonomous
terminals, bandwidth constrained and dynamic configuration
give unsatisfactory results of effects of applying the security
techniques like access control and authentication that are
used in wired networks to wireless and mobile networks.
Thus, achieving security for MANET has gained significant
attention in the past few years.
Among several possible attacks in wireless
networks, wormhole is one of the dangerous attacks. In
wormhole attack, an attacker intercepts packets at one
location and tunnels them to another location within the
wireless network. Any routing protocol that relies on
network topology for routing packets can’t work normally
and is prone to wormhole attack. Because of this reason, the
detection of wormhole attack has become an essential issue.
Wormhole attack when used against an on-demand routing
protocol like AODV or DSR increases the probability of
choosing routes through the wormhole nodes.
This paper is organized as follows: Section 2 discusses the
related work. Section 3 elaborates wormhole attack in detail
and detection algorithm is proposed in Section 4. The
simulation environment details are shown in section 5 and
section 6 concludes our results.
II. RELATED WORK
Some of the previous work for defense against wormhole
attack is listed below. Jen et al. [2] provided a Multipath
wormhole attack model to prevent wormhole attack in
MANETs. MHA (Multipath Wormhole Attack Analysis)
consisted of three steps: 1) considering hop count values of
all routes; 2) choosing a reliable set of paths for transmitting
data; 3) sending data packets randomly by routers through
paths calculated in step 2 according to decreasing the level
of packet as sent by wormhole tunnel. This method
minimizes the level of using the path consisting wormhole
nodes even though it can’t completely avoid wormhole
nodes in the path chosen. The simulations were done on
AODV routing protocol and did not use any specialized
hardware.
Jain et al. [3] presented a novel trusted-base
scheme to detect wormhole attack, where a trust model
based on Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) was used to detect
wormhole attack. In DSR protocol, the control packets store
the address list of each node that it has to traverse. In this
scheme, the wormhole attack is identified by using effort-
return based trust model in which each node following DSR
routing calculated trust levels in other nodes.
Choi et al. [4] introduced wormhole attack
prevention (WAP) model for preventing the wormhole
attack. In this prevention technique, all nodes need to
monitor the neighbor’s behavior by using a special list
known as neighbor list after broadcasting or forwarding
RREQ. From the respond packet, if received, it can detect
the path under wormhole attack. Once wormhole node is
detected, it is the responsibility of source node to record
them in the Wormhole List and avoid them taking part in
routing. Furthermore, the WAP method can detect both
hidden and exposed attack without any external hardware
devices.
In [5], authors developed a simple and efficient
distributed algorithm using communication graph for
wormhole detection in wireless ad hoc and sensor networks
without making unrealistic assumptions. Their algorithm
performed well in relatively dense or regular networks but
gave false positives in sparse or random networks.
Lu et al. [6] presented Multi-Dimensional Scaling
(MDS) scheme in which each node locally collects its
neighborhood information and reconstructs the
neighborhood sub-graph by MDS. Potential wormhole
nodes are detected by validating the legality of the
reconstruction of neighborhood sub-graph. Further, a
2. WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay for wireless Ad hoc networks
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/065)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 285
refinement process is introduced to filter the suspect nodes
and to remove false positives.
Chaurasia et al. [7] proposed an efficient method to
detect a wormhole attack called modified wormhole
detection AODV protocol. Wormhole attack is detected by
using number of hops along different paths from source to
destination and delay of each node along these paths.
Banerjee et al. [8] proposed a cluster based
Wormhole attack avoidance scheme that used DSR as an
underlying protocol. In order to avoid attacking during the
route discovery phase, hierarchical clustering with a novel
hierarchical 32-bit node addressing scheme is used.
Song et al. [9] proposed a statistical approach as
defense against wormhole attack. Each sensor node
collected the recent history of number of neighbors and
detected if the current neighbor count shows abrupt increase
as compared to the normal ones.
III. WORMHOLE ATTACK
Wormhole attack is one of the most severe routing attacks in
wireless networks. In this attack, an attacker node intercept
packets at one location, tunnels them to another node at
some other location of the network, where it is retransmitted
in the network by a colluding attacker [10]. The tunnel can
be established either by using out-of band private wired link
or logical link via packet encapsulation technique. The
colluding attacker nodes create an illusion that two remote
regions of a network are in direct connection through nodes
that appear to be neighbors thus violating security. Based
on the tunneling mechanism used, wormhole attack can be
classified into following two categories:
Out-of-band wormhole: In this, the colluders create
a direct link between the two nodes so it requires
specialized hardware to support the communication
between them. The tunneled packets arrive faster
due to high speed private link than the multi-hop
packets. It enhances capacity of the communication
channel.
In-band wormhole: It does not require any external
communication medium, specialized hardware or
special or special routing protocol. The packets
reach much slower than out-of-band wormhole. It
can be launched by any node in the network to
another colluder and are more likely to occur in
real world. It consumes network bandwidth and
capacity thus degrading network performance.
The existence of wormhole tunnel disrupts the
normal routing procedure in several ways. The attackers can
attract a significant amount of network traffic from their
surroundings. If the attackers do not drop any data packets
and keep the wormhole tunnel active all the times, they are
rendering useful service to the network. But actually they
are responsible for disrupting the normal flow of data
packets by selectively dropping, spoofing or modifying
packets, recording packets for later analysis and generating
unnecessary routing activities by making wormhole link
up/down periodically. The paths attracted by wormhole
nodes are having different advertised and actual routes. The
advertised routes are much shorter than the actual routes
which go through the wormhole tunnel. For instance,
consider the path between nodes S and D in Figure 1. The
advertised route from source to destination traverses nodes
in the order from S to W1 to E to D, but the actual route
taken by packets goes through nodes S, W1, B, W2, E and
D. In this way, actual path between nodes S and D is
different from that of advertised path. As seen from Figure
1, actual path and the advertised path between nodes F and
G stay the same, but overlap with the wormhole tunnel.
Abnormal network behavior exhibited by wormhole tunnel
can be further exploited to devise defense mechanism
against it.
Fig. 1: Wormhole attack
IV. WORMHOLE DETECTION ALGORITHM (WDA)
We have used Ad hoc on-demand distance vector routing
(AODV) protocol for wormhole detection. In our proposed
wormhole detection algorithm, a wormhole tunnel is
suspected between two nodes if the RTD (Round Trip
Delay) between the nodes is greater than the threshold
value. RTD calculated by a node for a packet is the time
difference between the route request (RREQ) packet sent to
the neighboring node and the route reply (RREP) message
received. The source node is responsible for calculating the
RTD between all the successive nodes in the path
established during the route discovery phase. RREP
message format is appended with field RTD_value. Each
intermediate node receiving RREP inserts their RTD values
to assist in calculating delay by the source node.
( )
(
–
)
The delay is expected to increase with increasing
wormhole nodes because more the number of paths getting
attracted towards the wormhole, more traffic pass through
the wormhole tunnel. This will increase the delay at these
tunnel nodes. Thus, delay criterion suits well for detecting
the wormhole attack in this case. Enough space is allocated
for
RTD_value field depending on number of hops.
(
)
A node then forwards the RREP message to the
next hop along the reverse path. Each intermediate node
receiving RREP message will calculate RTD and embed it
into RTD_value field and forward it to the next hop along
the reverse path. When the RREP message reaches the
source node, it contains the RTD values of all the
intermediate nodes. RTD between the adjacent nodes N1
and N2 is calculated by the source node as:
( ) ( ) ( )
S
G
W
2
B
F
W
1
D
Wormhole
Tunnel
E
3. WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay for wireless Ad hoc networks
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/065)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 286
A wormhole is suspected if the RTD between two
nodes is greater than the RTD between the other nodes in
the established path. But RTD can also increase due to
longer delays caused by congestion or queuing delays.
Therefore a confirmation mechanism is needed to detect
whether the long delays caused is due to congestion or
queuing delays. Queue status is used for detecting
congestion at a node level. After successful detection of
wormhole attack, the source node broadcasts an alert
message to its neighborhood with wormhole node id to
isolate wormhole nodes from the network so that their
packets are discarded. The detailed algorithm for processing
RREQ and RREP by a mobile node is outlined as below:
AODV Receive RREQ
{
if (source address and broadcast ID pair already in request
buffer)
discard RREQ
else
add source address and broadcast ID pair to request
buffer
if (no route to source in routing table)
create a route entry for source address
else
{
if (source seqno in RREQ > source seqno in route
entry)
update route entry for source address
if ((source seqno in RREQ = source seqno in route
entry) AND (hop count in RREQ < hop count in
route entry))
update route entry for source address
}
if (a node is destination of RREQ)
{
Calculate size of RTD_value field using
( )
Create a RREP packet with allocating space for
RTD_value field
Unicast RREP to source of request
}
else
{
if ((have unexpired route to destination) AND
(destination seqno in route entry >= destination
seqno in RREQ))
{
Calculate size of RTD_value field using
(
)
Create a RREP packet with allocating space for
RTD_value field
Unicast RREP to source of request
}
else
broadcast RREQ to its neighboring nodes
}
}
AODV Forward RREP
{
if (route to requested destination does not exist)
create a route entry for requested
destination
else if (destination seqno in RREP > destination
seqno in route entry)
update-route entry for requested
destination
else if ((destination seqno in RREP = destination
seqno in route entry) AND (hop count in RREP < hop
count in entry))
update route entry for requested destination
if (route to requesting source exists)
{
Calculates RTD and insert in RTD_Value field
Forward RREP to requesting source
}
}
AODV Receive RREP by source node
{
{
Calculate RTD of successive nodes as
( ) ( ) ( )
for each RTD (N1, N2) pair
{
If RTD (N1, N2) > threshold
Check anamoly
}
else
Create a route entry for destination
}
}
else if (destination seqno in RREP > destination
seqno in route entry){
for each RTD (N1, N2) pair
{
If RTD (N1, N2) > threshold
Check anamoly
}
Update route entry for destination
}
else if ((destination seqno in RREP = destination
seqno in route entry) AND (hop count in RREP <
hop count in entry))
{
for each RTD (N1, N2) pair
{
If RTD (N1, N2) > threshold
Check anamoly
}
Update route entry for destination
}
else
discard RREP
}
AODV check anomaly
4. WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay for wireless Ad hoc networks
(IJSRD/Vol. 2/Issue 09/2014/065)
All rights reserved by www.ijsrd.com 287
{
If delay increases due to congestion
Proceed as normal
Else
{
Wormhole attack is detected and RREP is
discarded
Source node creates wormhole lists and
broadcasts an alert message to isolate
wormhole nodes from the network
}
}
V. SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT
The simulations were carried out using network simulator
(Ns-2), a discrete event driven simulator [11]. This section
presents the topology and different parameters used in the
simulation process. This simulation process considered a
wireless network of nodes which are placed within a 1000m
X 1000m area. CBR (constant bit rate) traffic is generated
among the nodes. The simulation runs for 100 seconds.
Keeping all other parameters constant, pause time and
number of nodes are varied to observe the behavior of
performance metrics.
Parameter Value
Simulation area 1000m x 1000m
Antenna Omni antenna
Number of nodes 25, 35, 45, 55
Speed 5 m/s
Pause Time (sec) 1, 2, 5, 10
Max queue length 50
Traffic CBR (Constant bit rate)
Routing protocol AODV
Transport Layer UDP
Data Packets 512 bytes/packet
Data Rate 2Mbps
Mobility model Random Way Point
Wormhole nodes 2
Table 8.1 Important Simulation Parameters
A. Effect of Wormhole Attack and proposed Algorithm on
PDR
PDR is the ratio of packets received at destination node to
that of packets sent by source node. It decreases with
increase in wormhole nodes. It is clear from Fig. 2 and 3
that PDR of AODV is heavily affected by the wormhole
nodes where as the PDR of Wormhole Detection Algorithm
are immune to it. This graph confirms that while proposed
AODV is secure against wormhole nodes, AODV is not.
Pause time is the time for which mobile nodes wait at a
destination before moving to other destination. Low pause
time signifies high mobility as the node will have to wait for
lesser time duration. Higher pause time leads to slower
detection time and higher accuracy. This is because the
longer the node stays at one place; it can collect enough
neighbor count evidence in that location to declare the
wormhole with more precision. However, if the wormhole-
attacked area is the last one to be visited in the cyclic
monitor, the detection time is higher since it is delayed more
as it spends time in its previous locations. This is mainly
due to the fact that our protocol detects the attacker and
allows the source nodes to avoid it. By avoiding the
attacker, our protocol finds shortest paths, and so, delivers
more packets. PDF drops from 94.35 to 26.10 in presence of
wormhole attack and with our scheme it improves to 81.21
in Figure 2.
Graph 1: PDR vs Pause time
Graph 2: PDR vs Number of nodes
The PDR decreases in the case of AODV that is
subject to an attack. This is due to the fact that the number
of correctly received packet is very less than the number of
transmitted packets. Our proposed algorithm is independent
of number of nodes and shows consistent performance as
nodes varies from 25 to 55 with an average PDF of 84.86
close to PDF of normal AODV.
B. Effect of Wormhole Attack and proposed Algorithm on
Average E2E Delay
Average End-to-End delay is average time taken for
successfully transmitting data packets across MANET from
source to destination which can be calculated by summing
the time taken by all received packets at destination divided
by their total numbers. It includes all kinds of delays like
buffering during the route discovery latency, queuing at the
5. WDA: Wormhole Attack Detection Algorithm based on measuring Round Trip Delay for wireless Ad hoc networks
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interface queue, retransmission delay at the Medium Access
Control, the propagation and the transfer time. The average
end-to-end delay The Average End-to-End Delay should be
less for high performance. E2E delay increases in AODV
under wormhole attack as expected. As pause time
increases from 1 to 5 seconds, E2E delay increases from
206.35 ms to 304.12 ms in normal AODV, 509.97 ms to
560.07 ms in AODV under wormhole attack and 241.55 ms
to 409.65 ms as shown in Fig 4. Our proposed algorithm
does not incur much additional delay. There is abrupt
decrease in average E2E delay as pause time reaches 10
second because more pause time means low mobility.
Whenever node changes its direction or speed, route
maintenance occurs so delay increases.
Graph 3 Average E2E Delay vs Pause time
Graph 4 Average E2E Delay vs Number of nodes
C. Effect of Wormhole Attack and proposed Algorithm on
throughput.
Throughput is the ratio of the total data received from
source to the time it takes till the receiver receives the last
packet. Fig 6 and 7 shows the effect of pause time and
number of nodes on the throughput. There is huge
difference between the throughput for AODV and AODV
under attack. High pause time means less mobility and more
stable network but when pause time increases then the node
will not move and throughput decreases. With AODV,
without attack, its throughput is higher than in the case with
under attack because of the packets discarded by the
wormhole nodes.
The throughput of network drops from 66.10 kbps
to 18.03 kbps with wormhole attack and rises to 56.10 kbps
with proposed algorithm. The throughput of network
increases from 66.95 kbps to 91.85 kbps for normal AODV
as number of nodes increases from 25 to 55, for AODV
under AODV attack throughput decreases from 20.16 kbps
to 17.12 kbps. With our proposed algorithm, throughput
increases from 57.11 kbps to 82.21 kbps.
Graph 5 Throughput vs Pause time
Graph 6 Throughput vs Number of nodes
VI. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
In this paper, we have simulated the self-contained in-band
wormhole attack and detection algorithm. We have also
explained theoretically some metrics affecting wormhole
attack that helps in developing the strategy for the detection
of wormhole attack. Finally, we have presented the
simulation results which shows
Having simulated the wormhole attack, we saw that
the PDR falls drastically in the ad-hoc network. Our
proposed solution tries to eliminate the wormhole effect
with minimum increase in average end to end delay and the
detection accuracy of our solution is quite high. Our
proposed algorithm works well with node mobility, and does
not require any strict clock synchronization and its network
performance is independent of network density and pause
time. The proposed method is equally effective for higher
speed networks such as VANETs.
As part of the future work, we can integrate packet
drop and round trip delay for detecting wormhole attack to
improve the detection ratio. We would like to study
Blackhole, Jellyfish and Sybil attacks in comparison with
wormhole attack. These can be categorized on the basis of
network performance degradation caused by the network.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 2 5 10
E2EDelay
Pause Time
AODV
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