DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. An amino acid chain is called a polypeptide. DNA is found in the nucleus, while proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells by ribosomes. The process of protein synthesis begins with transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. There are three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: mRNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes, rRNA makes up ribosomes, and tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

1. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

2. DNA and Genes

3. DNA DNA contains genes , sequences of nucleotide bases These Genes code for polypeptides (proteins) Proteins are used to build cells and do much of the work inside cells

4. Genes & Proteins Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds 20 different amino acids exist

5. Amino Acid Structure

6. Polypeptides Amino acid chains are called polypeptides

7. DNA Begins the Process DNA is found inside the nucleus Proteins , however, are made in the cytoplasm of cells by organelles called ribosomes Ribosomes may be free in the cytosol or attached to the surface of rough ER

8. Starting with DNA DNA ‘s code must be copied and taken to the cytosol In the cytoplasm, this code must be read so amino acids can be assembled to make polypeptides (proteins) This process is called PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

9. What macromolecule builds cells? Lipids Proteins Carbohydrates Nucleic Acids 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

10. What are proteins made of? DNA RNA Amino Acids Nucleic Acids 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

11. How many amino acids exist? 10 20 30 46 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

12. A chain of amino acids is a: Protein Polypeptide Both A & B None of the Above 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 20

13. Where are proteins made? Cytosol Mitochondria ER Ribosomes Nucleus 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

14. RNA

15. Roles of RNA and DNA DNA is the MASTER PLAN RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the Master Plan

16. RNA Differs from DNA RNA has a sugar ribose DNA has a sugar deoxyribose

17. Other Differences RNA contains the base uracil (U ) DNA has thymine (T) RNA molecule is single-stranded DNA is double-stranded DNA

18. Structure of RNA

19. Three Types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) copies DNA’s code & carries the genetic information to the ribosomes Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) , along with protein, makes up the ribosomes Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized .

20. Messenger RNA Long Straight chain of Nucleotides Made in the Nucleus Copies DNA & leaves through nuclear pores Contains the Nitrogen Bases A, G, C, U ( no T )

21. Messenger RNA (mRNA) Carries the information for a specific protein Made up of 500 to 1000 nucleotides long Sequence of 3 bases called codon AUG – methionine or start codon UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons

22. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) rRNA is a single strand 100 to 3000 nucleotides long Globular in shape Made inside the nucleus of a cell Associates with proteins to form ribosomes Site of protein Synthesis

23. The Genetic Code A codon designates an amino acid An amino acid may have more than one codon There are 20 amino acids, but 64 possible codons Some codons tell the ribosome to stop translating

24. The Genetic Code Use the code by reading from the center to the outside Example: AUG codes for Methionine

25. Name the Amino Acids GGG? UCA? CAU? GCA? AAA?

26. Remember the Complementary Bases On DNA: A-T C-G On RNA: A-U C-G

27. Transfer RNA (tRNA) Clover-leaf shape Single stranded molecule with attachment site at one end for an amino acid Opposite end has three nucleotide bases called the anticodon

28. Transfer RNA amino acid attachment site U A C anticodon

29. Codons and Anticodons The 3 bases of an anticodon are complementary to the 3 bases of a codon Example: Codon ACU Anticodon UGA UGA ACU

30. What sugar is found in RNA? Glucose Sucrose Ribose Deoxyribose 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

31. What are the 4 nitrogenous bases in RNA? A G C T A G C U A G T U G C T U 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

32. DNA has __ strand(s), RNA has ____ strand(s). 2 , 2 2 , 3 1 , 2 2 , 1 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

33. The type of RNA that transfers amino acids to ribosomes. snRNA mRNA rRNA tRNA 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

34. The tyoe of RNA that makes up the ribosome. snRNA mRNA rRNA tRNA 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

35. The type of RNA that copies DNA’s code. snRNA mRNA rRNA tRNA 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

36. What is a sequence of three nitrogen bases called? DNA RNA Codon Antiparrallel 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

37. What mRNA would be made from this DNA sequence: ATCGGCTAA TAGCCGATT ATCGGCTAA UAGCCGAUU TUGCCGUTT 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

38. Transcription and Translation

39. Pathway to Making a Protein DNA mRNA tRNA (ribosomes) Protein

40. Protein Synthesis The production or synthesis of polypeptide chains (proteins) Two phases: Transcription & Translation mRNA must be processed before it leaves the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

41. DNA  RNA  Protein Eukaryotic Cell Nuclear membrane Transcription RNA Processing Translation DNA Pre-mRNA mRNA Ribosome Protein

42. Transcription The process of copying the sequence of one strand of DNA, the template strand mRNA copies the template strand Requires the enzyme RNA Polymerase

43. Template Strand

44. Question: What would be the complementary RNA strand for the following DNA sequence? DNA 5’- GCGTATG -3’

45. Answer: DNA 5’-GCGTATG-3’ RNA 3’-CGCAUAC-5’

46. Transcription During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and separates the DNA strands RNA Polymerase then uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into RNA

47. Transcription Promoters are regions on DNA that show where RNA Polymerase must bind to begin the Transcription of RNA Called the TATA box Specific base sequences act as signals to stop Called the termination signal

48. RNA Polymerase

49. mRNA Processing After the DNA is transcribed into RNA, editing must be done to the nucleotide chain to make the RNA functional Introns , non-functional segments of DNA are snipped out of the chain

50. mRNA Editing Exons , segments of DNA that code for proteins, are then rejoined by the enzyme ligase A guanine triphosphate cap is added to the 5” end of the newly copied mRNA A poly A tail is added to the 3’ end of the RNA The newly processed mRNA can then leave the nucleus

51. CAP Tail New Transcript Result of Transcription

52. mRNA Transcript mRNA leaves the nucleus through its pores and goes to the ribosomes

53. Translation Translation is the process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain Ribosomes read mRNA three bases or 1 codon at a time and construct the proteins

54. Transcription Translation

55. Ribosomes Made of a large and small subunit Composed of rRNA (40%) and proteins (60%) Have two sites for tRNA attachment --- P and A

56. Step 1- Initiation mRNA transcript start codon AUG attaches to the small ribosomal subunit Small subunit attaches to large ribosomal subunit mRNA transcript

57. Ribosomes P Site A Site Large subunit Small subunit mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G

58. Step 2 - Elongation As ribosome moves , two tRNA with their amino acids move into site A and P of the ribosome Peptide bonds join the amino acids

59. Initiation mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G A anticodon hydrogen bonds codon 2-tRNA G aa2 A U 1-tRNA U A C aa1

60. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 1-tRNA 2-tRNA U A C G aa1 aa2 A U A anticodon hydrogen bonds codon peptide bond Elongation 3-tRNA G A A aa3

61. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 1-tRNA 2-tRNA U A C G aa1 aa2 A U A peptide bond Ribosomes move over one codon (leaves) 3-tRNA G A A aa3

62. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 2-tRNA G aa1 aa2 A U A peptide bonds 3-tRNA G A A aa3 A C U 4-tRNA G C U aa4

63. mRNA A U G C U A C U U C G 2-tRNA G aa1 aa2 A U A peptide bonds 3-tRNA G A A aa3 A C U (leaves) Ribosomes move over one codon 4-tRNA G C U aa4

64. mRNA G C U A C U U C G aa1 aa2 A peptide bonds 3-tRNA G A A aa3 4-tRNA G C U aa4 A C U U G A 5-tRNA aa5

65. mRNA G C U A C U U C G aa1 aa2 A peptide bonds 3-tRNA G A A aa3 4-tRNA G C U aa4 A C U Ribosomes move over one codon U G A 5-tRNA aa5

66. mRNA A C A U G U aa1 aa2 U primary structure of a protein aa3 200-tRNA aa4 U A G aa5 C U aa200 aa199 terminator or stop codon Termination

67. End Product –The Protein! The end products of protein synthesis is a primary structure of a protein A sequence of amino acid bonded together by peptide bonds aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa200 aa199

68. Messenger RNA (mRNA) methionine glycine serine isoleucine glycine alanine stop codon protein A U G G G C U C C A U C G G C G C A U A A mRNA start codon Primary structure of a protein aa1 aa2 aa3 aa4 aa5 aa6 peptide bonds codon 2 codon 3 codon 4 codon 5 codon 6 codon 7 codon 1