transcription and rna
•Download as PPT, PDF•
6 likes•58,552 views
The document discusses transcription and protein synthesis. It explains that DNA contains the genetic code to make proteins, and transcription is the process of copying this code from DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. Translation then uses the mRNA code to assemble amino acids in the cytoplasm. The key steps are: 1) DNA unzips and mRNA nucleotides pair with the DNA template, 2) mRNA exits the nucleus where ribosomes read its code 3) Transfer RNA delivers amino acids to the ribosome based on mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. Mutations can occur during transcription or DNA replication and result in substitutions, deletions or insertions of genetic code.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Eukaryotic transcription
Transcription in eukaryotes: A brief view
Transcription is the process by which single stranded RNA is synthesized by double stranded DNA. Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes has many similarities while at the same time both showing their individual characteristics due to the differences in organization. RNA Polymerase (RNAP or RNA Pol) is different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Coupled transcription is seen in prokaryotes but not in Eukaryotes. In eukaryotes the pre-RNA should be spliced first to be translated.
In Eukaryotic transcription, synthesis of RNA occurs in the 3’→5’ direction. The 3’ end is more reactive due to the hydroxide group. 5’ end containing phosphate groups meanwhile, is not very reactive when it comes to adding new nucleotides. In Eukaryotes, the whole genome is not transcribed at once. Only a part of the genome is transcribed which also acts as the first, principle stage of genetic regulation.
Eukaryotes have five nuclear polymerases:
• RNA Polymerase I: This produces rRNA (23S, 5.8S, and 18S) which are the major components in a ribosome. This also produces pre-rRNA in yeasts.
• RNA Polymerase II: Helps in the production of mRNA (messenger RNA), snRNA (small, nuclear RNA), miRNA. This is the most studied type and requires several transcription factors for its binding
• RNA Polymerase III: This synthesizes tRNA (transfer RNA), 5S rRNA and other small RNAs required in the cytosol and nucleus.
• RNA Polymerase IV: Synthesizes siRNA (small interfering RNA) in plants.
• RNA Polymerase V: This is the least studied polymerase and synthesizes siRNA-directed heterochromatin in plants.
Eukaryotic transcription can be broadly divided into 4 stages:
• Pre-Initiation
• Initiation
• Elongation
• Termination
Transcription is an elaborate process which cells use to copy the genetic information stored in DNA into RNA. This pre-RNA is modified into mRNA before being transcribed to proteins. Transcription is the first step to utilizing the genetic information in a cell. Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes employ this process with the basic phases remaining the same. However eukaryotic transcription is more complex indicating the changes transcription has undergone towards perfection during evolution.
Gene mutations ppt
Gene mutations can occur when there is a change in the DNA code, such as a substitution, insertion, or deletion of nucleotide bases. Substitution mutations, where one base is swapped for another, typically have the smallest effect since only one amino acid may change. Insertion and deletion mutations, which add or remove bases, can have larger effects by disrupting the reading frame of the entire DNA sequence. An example is sickle cell anemia, a substitution mutation that causes red blood cells to take on a sickle shape.
difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
In prokaryotes the transcription is simple while in eukaryotes the transcription is complicated or complex.
Occurrences
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus.
3. In prokaryotes mRNA is transcribed directly from the template DNA strand while in eukaryotes 1st pre-mRNA is formed and then processed to yield mature mRNA.
DNA Transcription and RNA Processing
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
DNA, CHROMOSOMES & GENES
This document discusses DNA and genetics. It begins by describing the basic components and structure of DNA, including nucleotides, bases, and the double helix formation. It then explains how DNA stores and transmits genetic information through transcription and translation into RNA and proteins. The document also covers DNA replication, genes, mutations, chromosomes, mitosis, meiosis, inheritance patterns, and genetic diseases. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of DNA and the fundamentals of genetics.
Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
Translation in prokaryotes
The document summarizes the process of translation. It describes:
1) The machinery involved including mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and other proteins.
2) The three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves binding of the ribosome and first tRNA. Elongation is the repetitive addition of amino acids by tRNA and peptide bond formation. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors trigger the release of the complete protein.
3) Key processes within each step like activation of amino acids, charging of tRNA, translocation during elongation, and hydrolysis of the peptide bond during termination.
Gene expression and regulation
Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including changes to DNA, transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, translation, protein activity, and protein stability. Regulation occurs through factors that activate or repress expression, altering chromatin structure, controlling transcription initiation, splicing mRNA, degrading mRNA, regulating translation, modifying proteins, and marking proteins for degradation. Understanding gene regulation is important for development, differentiation, and cellular adaptation to environmental conditions.
Recommended
Eukaryotic transcription
Transcription in eukaryotes: A brief view
Transcription is the process by which single stranded RNA is synthesized by double stranded DNA. Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes has many similarities while at the same time both showing their individual characteristics due to the differences in organization. RNA Polymerase (RNAP or RNA Pol) is different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Coupled transcription is seen in prokaryotes but not in Eukaryotes. In eukaryotes the pre-RNA should be spliced first to be translated.
In Eukaryotic transcription, synthesis of RNA occurs in the 3’→5’ direction. The 3’ end is more reactive due to the hydroxide group. 5’ end containing phosphate groups meanwhile, is not very reactive when it comes to adding new nucleotides. In Eukaryotes, the whole genome is not transcribed at once. Only a part of the genome is transcribed which also acts as the first, principle stage of genetic regulation.
Eukaryotes have five nuclear polymerases:
• RNA Polymerase I: This produces rRNA (23S, 5.8S, and 18S) which are the major components in a ribosome. This also produces pre-rRNA in yeasts.
• RNA Polymerase II: Helps in the production of mRNA (messenger RNA), snRNA (small, nuclear RNA), miRNA. This is the most studied type and requires several transcription factors for its binding
• RNA Polymerase III: This synthesizes tRNA (transfer RNA), 5S rRNA and other small RNAs required in the cytosol and nucleus.
• RNA Polymerase IV: Synthesizes siRNA (small interfering RNA) in plants.
• RNA Polymerase V: This is the least studied polymerase and synthesizes siRNA-directed heterochromatin in plants.
Eukaryotic transcription can be broadly divided into 4 stages:
• Pre-Initiation
• Initiation
• Elongation
• Termination
Transcription is an elaborate process which cells use to copy the genetic information stored in DNA into RNA. This pre-RNA is modified into mRNA before being transcribed to proteins. Transcription is the first step to utilizing the genetic information in a cell. Both Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes employ this process with the basic phases remaining the same. However eukaryotic transcription is more complex indicating the changes transcription has undergone towards perfection during evolution.
Gene mutations ppt
Gene mutations can occur when there is a change in the DNA code, such as a substitution, insertion, or deletion of nucleotide bases. Substitution mutations, where one base is swapped for another, typically have the smallest effect since only one amino acid may change. Insertion and deletion mutations, which add or remove bases, can have larger effects by disrupting the reading frame of the entire DNA sequence. An example is sickle cell anemia, a substitution mutation that causes red blood cells to take on a sickle shape.
difference between Transcription in eukaryotes and prokaryotes
In prokaryotes the transcription is simple while in eukaryotes the transcription is complicated or complex.
Occurrences
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in nucleus.
3. In prokaryotes mRNA is transcribed directly from the template DNA strand while in eukaryotes 1st pre-mRNA is formed and then processed to yield mature mRNA.
DNA Transcription and RNA Processing
This presentation explains DNA transcription and RNA Processing.
It gives details about prokaryotic DNA transcription and eukaryotic DNA transcription. it also explains post-transcriptional modification both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
DNA, CHROMOSOMES & GENES
This document discusses DNA and genetics. It begins by describing the basic components and structure of DNA, including nucleotides, bases, and the double helix formation. It then explains how DNA stores and transmits genetic information through transcription and translation into RNA and proteins. The document also covers DNA replication, genes, mutations, chromosomes, mitosis, meiosis, inheritance patterns, and genetic diseases. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of DNA and the fundamentals of genetics.
Transcription dna2011
The document summarizes RNA synthesis and post-transcriptional modifications. It discusses how RNA is synthesized from a DNA template in the 5' to 3' direction by RNA polymerases. It also describes the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription, such as eukaryotes having multiple RNA polymerases and transcription occurring separately from translation. Specific transcription factors that regulate gene expression by binding to regulatory DNA sequences are also mentioned.
Translation in prokaryotes
The document summarizes the process of translation. It describes:
1) The machinery involved including mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and other proteins.
2) The three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves binding of the ribosome and first tRNA. Elongation is the repetitive addition of amino acids by tRNA and peptide bond formation. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached and release factors trigger the release of the complete protein.
3) Key processes within each step like activation of amino acids, charging of tRNA, translocation during elongation, and hydrolysis of the peptide bond during termination.
Gene expression and regulation
Gene expression is regulated at multiple levels, including changes to DNA, transcription, RNA processing, mRNA degradation, translation, protein activity, and protein stability. Regulation occurs through factors that activate or repress expression, altering chromatin structure, controlling transcription initiation, splicing mRNA, degrading mRNA, regulating translation, modifying proteins, and marking proteins for degradation. Understanding gene regulation is important for development, differentiation, and cellular adaptation to environmental conditions.
Genetic code
Deciphering of genetic code and its salient features for undergraduates in biology, biochemistry and medicine
Dna replication
This document summarizes DNA replication. It describes the key requirements for replication like dNTPs, template DNA, primers, and magnesium ions. It explains that replication is semi-conservative, with each parental strand serving as a template for the daughter strands. It discusses the different models of replication and evidence from Meselson and Stahl's experiment supporting the semi-conservative model. It also provides details about replication proteins, the replication fork, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication.
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in details , with newest informations available with proper diagram
Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
This document summarizes translation mechanisms in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. It discusses that translation is the process of protein synthesis from mRNA, involving ribosomes, tRNAs, and enzymes. The three main steps of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination - are described for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Key differences between the two systems are the use of Shine-Dalgarno sequences and initiation factors in prokaryotes versus Kozak sequences and more complex initiation factor involvement in eukaryotes. Termination and ribosome recycling mechanisms are also compared between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Central Dogma Of Dna
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It covers DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how mutations can occur during these processes. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules from one original. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur during replication, transcription or translation and result in changes to the amino acid sequence or reading frame of proteins.
Dna translation
slide 2 central dogma
slide 3 key molecules used in translation
slide 4,5,6,7 all the key molcules with detail explanation
slide 8 phases of translation
slide 9 initiation and its process
slide 10 explanation initiation
slide 11 elongation and translocation
slide 12 process and steps of elongation and tRNA recharge in detail
slide 13 termination and its stages.
slide 14 diagrammatic representation of all the steps of termination with discrption
slide 15 thank you
Regulation of Gene Expression
Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome, are "turned on" (expressed). Thanks to gene regulation, each cell type in your body has a different set of active genes – despite the fact that almost all the cells of your body contain the exact same DNA. These different patterns of gene expression cause your various cell types to have different sets of proteins, making each cell type uniquely specialized to do its job. [Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-eukaryotes/a/overview-of-eukaryotic-gene-regulation]
TRANSLATION
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA and is translated by the ribosome into proteins. This involves transfer RNA molecules that associate amino acids with their codons. Translation begins with initiation factors recruiting the small ribosomal subunit to the start codon. Elongation then occurs through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome and translocation of transfer RNAs. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached. Translation is highly conserved and essential for protein synthesis in all organisms.
Mutation gene and chromosomal
Mutations are sudden changes in the genetic material of an organism that can be caused by mutagens like chemicals, radiation, or errors in DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which alter the DNA sequence of a gene, and chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to chromosomes like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations of DNA segments. Gene mutations can be point mutations, which substitute a single nucleotide, or frameshift mutations, which insert or delete nucleotides and alter the reading frame. Chromosomal mutations can cause diseases like Down syndrome, which results from trisomy of chromosome 21.
Transcription of DNA
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
Transcription and the various stages of transcription
Transcription and its stages, the enzymes involved, the steps of transcription, the regulators of transcription, post translation modifications, formation of the types of RNA, applied concept
Central dogma of molecular biology
This ppt covers:
Central dogma, discoverer of central dogma, Reason why its called central dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein, functions of protein, Types of RNA, DNA replication, Protein synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Exceptions of central dogma, Reverse transcription , prions, genetic code, mutation with types and causes
Presentation on Chemical Compositions of RNA and it's types
RNA is present in all living cells and comes in various types. It is found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA and is involved in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) acts as an intermediary between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the most abundant type and forms the major structural component of ribosomes. Different RNA types have distinct structures and functions important for protein synthesis and genetic inheritance in cells.
Operon Modal of Gene Regulation
Each cell of a multicellular organism contain the same genetic material, but the expression of the gene is different in different type of cell group. On the basis of expression requirement they are grouped in to
Structural Gene- Mostly expressed once in a life
Vital Gene- Involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration and need to be expressed all the time
Functional Gene- Genes are not expressed all the time. They are switched on an off at need
The regulation of Gene required in case of functional gene and its explained by Francois Jacob, Jacques Monod and Andre Lwoff (Nobal Prize in 1961)
Prokaryotic translation machinery by kk
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
Transcription of DNA to RNA
RNA has the function of copying genetic information from DNA and transporting it to be used for protein synthesis. It differs from DNA in that RNA is single-stranded, contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, and contains the base uracil instead of thymine. The length of mRNA is much shorter than DNA as it only contains the code for a single protein, while DNA contains the full genome.
EUKARYOTIC GENE STRUCTURE
EUKARYOTIC GENE STRUCTURE
CENTRAL DOGMA
EXONS INTRONS
PROMOTOR & TERMINATOR SEQUENCE
ENHANCER SILENCER
UPSTREAM&DOWNSTREAM
Transcription and Translation PowerPoint
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA complementary copy of the DNA strand. Translation is the process of using the mRNA to produce a polypeptide by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. During transcription, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined to form mature mRNA. If the parent DNA strand is A A T G C A G T, the complementary mRNA strand will be U U A C G U C A.
Protein synthesis ppt
Protein synthesis is a two-step process of transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA in the nucleus is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the genetic code out of the nucleus. In translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match amino acids to the mRNA codons and join the amino acids together to form a protein. The mRNA meets with ribosomes in the cytoplasm where tRNA brings amino acids to be polymerized into proteins according to the DNA instructions carried in the mRNA. Proteins perform important functions in the body such as fighting disease, building tissues, acting as enzymes, and forming cell membranes.
Transcription
The document discusses DNA and RNA, including their similarities and differences. It then covers various types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), the process of transcription, including initiation, elongation and termination, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. Finally, it discusses post-transcriptional modification of RNA, such as capping, polyadenylation and splicing of mRNA in eukaryotes. The document is from a lecture on biochemistry delivered by Rajesh Chaudhary.
Transcription
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template by RNA polymerase. It involves initiation at a promoter region, elongation as nucleotides are added to the growing RNA strand, and termination. While similar to DNA replication, transcription only uses one DNA strand as a template and does not require primers.
More Related Content
What's hot
Genetic code
Deciphering of genetic code and its salient features for undergraduates in biology, biochemistry and medicine
Dna replication
This document summarizes DNA replication. It describes the key requirements for replication like dNTPs, template DNA, primers, and magnesium ions. It explains that replication is semi-conservative, with each parental strand serving as a template for the daughter strands. It discusses the different models of replication and evidence from Meselson and Stahl's experiment supporting the semi-conservative model. It also provides details about replication proteins, the replication fork, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic replication.
Translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
translation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes in details , with newest informations available with proper diagram
Translation in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
This document summarizes translation mechanisms in prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. It discusses that translation is the process of protein synthesis from mRNA, involving ribosomes, tRNAs, and enzymes. The three main steps of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination - are described for both prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. Key differences between the two systems are the use of Shine-Dalgarno sequences and initiation factors in prokaryotes versus Kozak sequences and more complex initiation factor involvement in eukaryotes. Termination and ribosome recycling mechanisms are also compared between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Central Dogma Of Dna
The document describes the central dogma of molecular biology, which is the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to proteins. It covers DNA replication, transcription, translation, and how mutations can occur during these processes. DNA replication is semi-conservative and produces two identical DNA molecules from one original. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code. Mutations can occur during replication, transcription or translation and result in changes to the amino acid sequence or reading frame of proteins.
Dna translation
slide 2 central dogma
slide 3 key molecules used in translation
slide 4,5,6,7 all the key molcules with detail explanation
slide 8 phases of translation
slide 9 initiation and its process
slide 10 explanation initiation
slide 11 elongation and translocation
slide 12 process and steps of elongation and tRNA recharge in detail
slide 13 termination and its stages.
slide 14 diagrammatic representation of all the steps of termination with discrption
slide 15 thank you
Regulation of Gene Expression
Gene regulation is how a cell controls which genes, out of the many genes in its genome, are "turned on" (expressed). Thanks to gene regulation, each cell type in your body has a different set of active genes – despite the fact that almost all the cells of your body contain the exact same DNA. These different patterns of gene expression cause your various cell types to have different sets of proteins, making each cell type uniquely specialized to do its job. [Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-regulation/gene-regulation-in-eukaryotes/a/overview-of-eukaryotic-gene-regulation]
TRANSLATION
Messenger RNA carries genetic code from DNA and is translated by the ribosome into proteins. This involves transfer RNA molecules that associate amino acids with their codons. Translation begins with initiation factors recruiting the small ribosomal subunit to the start codon. Elongation then occurs through peptide bond formation catalyzed by the ribosome and translocation of transfer RNAs. Termination occurs when a stop codon is reached. Translation is highly conserved and essential for protein synthesis in all organisms.
Mutation gene and chromosomal
Mutations are sudden changes in the genetic material of an organism that can be caused by mutagens like chemicals, radiation, or errors in DNA replication. There are two main types of mutations: gene mutations, which alter the DNA sequence of a gene, and chromosomal mutations, which involve changes to chromosomes like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations of DNA segments. Gene mutations can be point mutations, which substitute a single nucleotide, or frameshift mutations, which insert or delete nucleotides and alter the reading frame. Chromosomal mutations can cause diseases like Down syndrome, which results from trisomy of chromosome 21.
Transcription of DNA
For MBBS, BDS and General Biochemistry students, coding strand, sense strand, anti-sense strand, promoter, enhancers, silencers, TATA box, Goldberg Hogness box, alternative spilicing, post-transcriptional modification
Transcription and the various stages of transcription
Transcription and its stages, the enzymes involved, the steps of transcription, the regulators of transcription, post translation modifications, formation of the types of RNA, applied concept
Central dogma of molecular biology
This ppt covers:
Central dogma, discoverer of central dogma, Reason why its called central dogma, DNA, RNA, Protein, functions of protein, Types of RNA, DNA replication, Protein synthesis, Transcription, Translation, Exceptions of central dogma, Reverse transcription , prions, genetic code, mutation with types and causes
Presentation on Chemical Compositions of RNA and it's types
RNA is present in all living cells and comes in various types. It is found in both the cytoplasm and nucleus of cells. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries genetic information from DNA and is involved in protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA) acts as an intermediary between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the most abundant type and forms the major structural component of ribosomes. Different RNA types have distinct structures and functions important for protein synthesis and genetic inheritance in cells.
Operon Modal of Gene Regulation
Each cell of a multicellular organism contain the same genetic material, but the expression of the gene is different in different type of cell group. On the basis of expression requirement they are grouped in to
Structural Gene- Mostly expressed once in a life
Vital Gene- Involved in of vital biochemical processes such as respiration and need to be expressed all the time
Functional Gene- Genes are not expressed all the time. They are switched on an off at need
The regulation of Gene required in case of functional gene and its explained by Francois Jacob, Jacques Monod and Andre Lwoff (Nobal Prize in 1961)
Prokaryotic translation machinery by kk
Introduction
Definition
Factors required for Translation
Formation of aminoacyl t-RNA
1)Activation of amino acid
2) Transfer of amino acid to t-RNA
Translation involves following steps:-
1)Initiation
2)Elongation
3)Termination
Conclusion
Reference
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
Transcription of DNA to RNA
RNA has the function of copying genetic information from DNA and transporting it to be used for protein synthesis. It differs from DNA in that RNA is single-stranded, contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose, and contains the base uracil instead of thymine. The length of mRNA is much shorter than DNA as it only contains the code for a single protein, while DNA contains the full genome.
EUKARYOTIC GENE STRUCTURE
EUKARYOTIC GENE STRUCTURE
CENTRAL DOGMA
EXONS INTRONS
PROMOTOR & TERMINATOR SEQUENCE
ENHANCER SILENCER
UPSTREAM&DOWNSTREAM
Transcription and Translation PowerPoint
Transcription is the process of making mRNA from DNA. It involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA complementary copy of the DNA strand. Translation is the process of using the mRNA to produce a polypeptide by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. During transcription, introns are removed from pre-mRNA and exons are joined to form mature mRNA. If the parent DNA strand is A A T G C A G T, the complementary mRNA strand will be U U A C G U C A.
Protein synthesis ppt
Protein synthesis is a two-step process of transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA in the nucleus is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the genetic code out of the nucleus. In translation, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match amino acids to the mRNA codons and join the amino acids together to form a protein. The mRNA meets with ribosomes in the cytoplasm where tRNA brings amino acids to be polymerized into proteins according to the DNA instructions carried in the mRNA. Proteins perform important functions in the body such as fighting disease, building tissues, acting as enzymes, and forming cell membranes.
What's hot (20)
Transcription and the various stages of transcription
Transcription and the various stages of transcription
Presentation on Chemical Compositions of RNA and it's types
Presentation on Chemical Compositions of RNA and it's types
Viewers also liked
Transcription
The document discusses DNA and RNA, including their similarities and differences. It then covers various types of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA), the process of transcription, including initiation, elongation and termination, and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. Finally, it discusses post-transcriptional modification of RNA, such as capping, polyadenylation and splicing of mRNA in eukaryotes. The document is from a lecture on biochemistry delivered by Rajesh Chaudhary.
Transcription
Transcription is the process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA template by RNA polymerase. It involves initiation at a promoter region, elongation as nucleotides are added to the growing RNA strand, and termination. While similar to DNA replication, transcription only uses one DNA strand as a template and does not require primers.
Transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a single gene. Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
Eukaryotic transcription
Eukaryotic transcriptionMarudhar Kesari Jain College for Women Vaniyambadi - 635 751, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.
This document summarizes eukaryotic transcription by RNA polymerases. It discusses the three types of RNA polymerases (I, II, and III) found in eukaryotic cells, what genes each polymerase transcribes, and the basic stages and mechanisms of transcription (initiation, elongation, termination). It also describes the promoters, processing, and other regulatory elements involved in eukaryotic transcription.Transcription
1. RNA plays many roles in cells including functioning as biological catalysts and carrying genetic information.
2. RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template through the process of transcription. In transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes RNA in a 5' to 3' direction complementary to the DNA template.
3. Transcription is regulated through the use of promoters, which are DNA sequences that signal the start of transcription, as well as other transcriptional control elements.
Transcription in prokaryotes
This document discusses transcription in prokaryotes. It begins by outlining the aims of understanding the transcription process, gene structure, promoter and terminator structures, and how transcription is terminated. The transcription process involves three steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation occurs at the promoter region, which contains -10 and -35 boxes. Elongation involves RNA polymerase moving along the DNA and synthesizing RNA. Termination can occur via Rho-independent terminators that form hairpin loops, or Rho-dependent terminators involving the Rho protein. The gene structure contains a promoter region, RNA coding sequence, and terminator region.
Transcription in eukaryotes
The document summarizes transcription in eukaryotes. It discusses that eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases - Pol I, Pol II, and Pol III. Pol II is responsible for transcribing protein-encoding genes and requires general transcription factors for initiation. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination phases. The RNA polymerase forms a pre-initiation complex at the promoter and then adds nucleotides during elongation. Termination occurs after RNA processing and polyadenylation.
Transcription
1. The document discusses transcription, the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template.
2. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA - which have different functions like encoding proteins, transporting amino acids, and constituting ribosomes.
3. Transcription involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. Initiation requires promoters, elongation uses RNA polymerase to add nucleotides, and termination ends RNA synthesis.
Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes def
1. The protein DPF3b recognizes acetylation marks on histones that are important for muscle growth and heart development. This discovery expands our understanding of epigenetic regulation of genes.
2. RNA polymerase plays a key role in transcription by unwinding DNA and forming a transcription bubble to access the DNA sequence. The process of transcription initiation occurs in three steps and is conserved across organisms.
3. Understanding the mechanisms of gene expression could lead to new treatments for diseases and predictive biomarkers by discovering novel regulatory proteins.
DNA Transcription- Part-1
The document discusses DNA transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription involves initiation at a promoter region, elongation of RNA polymerase along the DNA, and termination. Initiation requires binding of RNA polymerase and sigma factor to the promoter. Elongation follows base pairing rules. Termination can be rho-dependent or independent. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex, occurring in the nucleus with three RNA polymerases and more elaborate promoter and regulatory elements that control transcription.
Protein Synthesis
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology and the processes of protein synthesis - transcription and translation. It explains that DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, and mRNA is then translated into proteins by ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Transcription involves RNA polymerase copying the DNA code into mRNA. Translation involves tRNAs matching their anticodons to the mRNA codons and adding the corresponding amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code is universal and degenerate, with multiple codons coding for each amino acid.
Viewers also liked (11)
Similar to transcription and rna
Transcriptionand translation
Transcription is the process of copying information from DNA to mRNA. Translation is the process of using the mRNA code to assemble a protein. The genetic code links codons, which are three nucleotide sequences in mRNA, to specific amino acids. tRNA molecules match codons to their corresponding amino acids and deliver them to the ribosome for protein assembly.
Transcription and Translation.pptx
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. During transcription, a copy of mRNA is generated from DNA in the nucleus. This mRNA is then used as a template during translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes use the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids specified by the mRNA codons. Three key events occur during translation - initiation, elongation, and termination to produce the final protein product.
Protein Synthesis
The document discusses how genetic information passes from DNA to proteins. It explains that the DNA code is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into proteins. During translation, the mRNA codons bind to complementary tRNA anticodons, which bring amino acids. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which then folds into a functional protein that carries out the genetic trait specified by the DNA.
Sec. 4 the dna connection
The document describes the process of protein synthesis through translation of messenger RNA (mRNA) in three steps: 1) A ribosome attaches to an mRNA molecule and brings an amino acid that binds to the first codon on the mRNA. 2) A transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule arrives with a matching anticodon that binds to the codon, and another tRNA brings a second amino acid. 3) The two amino acids form a peptide bond, and the ribosome moves along the mRNA, repeating the process until a stop codon is reached and a full polypeptide is synthesized.
Protein synthesis with turning point
DNA contains genes that code for proteins. Proteins are made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. There are 20 different amino acids. An amino acid chain is called a polypeptide. DNA is found in the nucleus, while proteins are made in the cytoplasm of cells by ribosomes. The process of protein synthesis begins with transcription of DNA into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. There are three main types of RNA involved in protein synthesis: mRNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes, rRNA makes up ribosomes, and tRNA transfers amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
Protein Synthesis
The document describes the process of protein synthesis through translation of mRNA. Messenger RNA is transcribed from DNA in the nucleus and binds to a ribosome on the endoplasmic reticulum. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon base pairing between mRNA and tRNA. Peptide bonds form between amino acids as the ribosome moves along the mRNA, elongating the growing polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached and protein synthesis is complete.
Central Dogma-Cell Theory.pptx
This document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. It describes the processes of replication, transcription, and translation. Replication copies DNA, transcription creates RNA from a DNA template, and translation uses RNA to build proteins using codons that specify amino acids. The genetic code is universal, and mutations can occur through errors in these processes or due to mutagens like radiation.
AP Biology Ch. 14 part 2 Translation
1. The document outlines the process of translation, which involves mRNA, tRNA, and ribosomes working together to produce proteins from genetic instructions.
2. Translation occurs in three stages - initiation, elongation, and termination. During initiation, the ribosome and first tRNA bind to the mRNA start codon. Elongation adds additional amino acids one by one. Termination releases the finished protein.
3. Point mutations like substitutions, insertions, or deletions can potentially alter the genetic code and change the resulting protein sequence, but some changes may have no effect depending on redundancy in the genetic code.
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis from DNA to proteins. It describes how nucleic acids like DNA and RNA carry genetic information through their sequence of nucleotides. DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus, then mRNA is translated by ribosomes in the cytoplasm to produce proteins based on the mRNA's codon sequences. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to each codon, and the amino acids are joined through peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain.
Genetic code and translation
The genetic code is universal and specifies how nucleotides in DNA and mRNA are translated to amino acids in proteins. It uses 64 codons consisting of 3 nucleotides each to encode the 20 standard amino acids. The code is degenerate, with most amino acids specified by multiple codons. It also has start and stop codons to initiate and terminate translation. Wobble base pairing in the third codon position allows fewer tRNAs to recognize all codons.
The Central Dogma: An Introduction
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology: DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein. It describes the processes of DNA replication, transcription of DNA to mRNA, and translation of mRNA to proteins using tRNAs and ribosomes. Mutations are explained as changes to the DNA sequence that can alter protein production through frameshift or substitution errors. Recent research has found transcriptional exclusion of mutated alleles at the single-cell level.
12.3 DNA - RNA - Amino Acid - Protein
RNA and protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, DNA is used as a template to produce mRNA through the enzymatic action of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and binds to ribosomes for translation. During translation, tRNA brings amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codon sequence. The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide or protein chain. Translation stops when a stop codon is reached.
Gene expression&regulation part ii
The document summarizes the process of translation, which involves mRNA being decoded by ribosomes to produce a specific amino acid sequence. It describes the three stages of translation - initiation, elongation, and termination. Key components like mRNA, ribosomes, tRNAs, and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are discussed. The roles of these components in reading the genetic code contained in mRNA and synthesizing polypeptide chains are explained over multiple paragraphs.
Biology lecture 5
The document discusses protein synthesis which involves two main phases - transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves the DNA being used as a template to produce mRNA. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm where translation occurs, involving ribosomes and tRNA to link amino acids together using the mRNA as a template to produce a protein.
Lecture 3 protein synthesis
This document discusses the process of protein synthesis, which involves transcription of DNA into mRNA, amino acid activation through attachment to tRNA, and translation of mRNA codons into polypeptide chains. It describes the four main stages: amino acid synthesis, transcription, amino acid activation, and translation. Transcription involves unwinding of DNA and synthesis of complementary mRNA. Translation involves ribosomes reading mRNA codons and linking corresponding amino acids through attachment to tRNA until a polypeptide is formed. The genetic code uses triplets of nucleotides to specify each amino acid in the protein chain.
Transcription and translation
This document provides an overview of transcription and translation. It discusses how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into proteins. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making a complementary mRNA copy of a DNA sequence. The mRNA then undergoes processing before being exported to the cytoplasm. Translation takes place on ribosomes, where tRNA brings amino acids specified by mRNA codons to form a polypeptide chain. The genetic code maps codons to their corresponding amino acids.
Protein Syntheis
A gene is selected for protein production and RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA at that gene. It uses one DNA strand as a template to produce mRNA through transcription. The primary mRNA transcript is processed to remove introns, leaving exons that are spliced together. The mature mRNA then binds to ribosomes for translation, where tRNA matches its anticodon to mRNA codons and carries the corresponding amino acids. The ribosome catalyzes peptide bond formation between amino acids specified by mRNA to produce the protein.
Molecular basis of Inheritance.
This document discusses the central dogma of molecular biology, which states that DNA is transcribed into RNA, and RNA is translated into protein. It describes the multi-step processes of transcription and translation. Transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase making an mRNA copy of a DNA gene segment. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm and involves ribosomes using the mRNA to assemble a polypeptide chain according to the genetic code. The genetic code is universal across all living things and specifies which triplet codons encode for each amino acid.
Ch 24 & 25 notes
The document describes the chemical makeup and structure of DNA and RNA. It also explains the processes of DNA replication, transcription, translation, and protein synthesis. DNA is made up of nucleotides containing deoxyribose, phosphate and one of four nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G). RNA also contains nucleotides but with ribose instead of deoxyribose and uracil replacing thymine. DNA replication involves unwinding the DNA double helix, complementary base pairing between nucleotides, and joining of the new DNA strands. Transcription and translation are required to produce proteins. Transcription copies DNA into mRNA which is then read by ribosomes during translation, where tRNA brings amino acids to be joined into polypeptides based
3.5 transcription & translation
DNA and RNA both contain nucleotides with sugars, bases, and phosphates. DNA contains deoxyribose and thymine, while RNA contains ribose and uracil. DNA exists as two strands, while RNA exists as a single strand. The genetic code uses three-base sequences called codons to specify the twenty amino acids. Transcription produces mRNA from DNA, and translation uses mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes and amino acids to assemble polypeptides specified by mRNA codons. Originally it was believed one gene specified one polypeptide, but exceptions to this rule have been discovered.
Similar to transcription and rna (20)
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
Synthesis of Proteins or the Formation of the Conga Line
More from Dr-HAMDAN
Hemoglobin and insulin
Hemoglobin is composed of four globin molecules and four heme groups that reversibly bind oxygen. Each heme group contains an iron atom held at the center of a porphyrin ring. Hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to tissues via oxygen binding to the heme groups. Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. It is composed of two polypeptide chains that form a hexamer structure. Insulin causes cells to uptake glucose from the blood for energy storage.
Simple lipids
This document discusses simple lipids, including their classification and properties. It notes that simple lipids include fats, oils, and waxes, which are esters of fatty acids with alcohols like glycerol or high molecular weight alcohols. Key points covered include:
- Lipids are insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents. They serve important functions like energy storage, insulation, and as structural components of cell membranes.
- Simple lipids specifically contain fatty acid esters of glycerol (fats and oils) or higher alcohols (waxes). They are classified as either saturated or unsaturated based on the number of double bonds in their fatty acid chains.
Protein det
1) Protein concentration can be calculated using absorbance assays which measure how much ultraviolet light is absorbed by protein solutions.
2) The Beer-Lambert law states that absorbance is directly proportional to analyte concentration. Proteins absorb UV light with maxima at 280nm and 200nm due to aromatic amino acids and peptide bonds.
3) Serial and doubling dilutions are used to successively decrease the concentration of solutions. Serial dilutions decrease the concentration by the same amount each time while doubling dilutions halve the concentration at each step.
Carbohdrates 2013
Carbohydrates are an essential organic compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They serve as an important energy source and structural component in organisms. There are several types of carbohydrates including monosaccharides (glucose, fructose), disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose), and polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen). Carbohydrates can form isomers and undergo various reactions like oxidation. They play critical roles in energy storage, membrane structure, and structural support in living things.
lipid clinical importance sdk 2013
Compound lipids contain additional substances like phosphorus, carbohydrates or proteins in addition to fatty acids and alcohols. Phospholipids are important compound lipids that contain phosphoric acid and make up cell membranes. They are classified as glycerophospholipids containing glycerol or sphingophospholipids containing sphingosine. Glycolipids contain carbohydrate residues and sphingosine. Lipoproteins combine lipids and proteins and transport lipids in the bloodstream, classified by density.
Post trans mod-and_protein sorting
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key mechanisms that increase proteomic diversity and regulate cellular activity. PTMs such as phosphorylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination occur through the addition of functional groups to specific amino acids on a protein by enzymes. These modifications can regulate protein activity, stability, localization, and degradation. Proteins are targeted to different intracellular compartments through sorting signals and transport mechanisms like gated transport, transmembrane transport, and vesicular transport.
gene mutation
This document discusses different types of mutations, how they arise, and their effects. It distinguishes between adaptations to the environment versus heritable changes due to mutations in genetic material. Mutations can be defined by their location (e.g. gene, chromosome), type (e.g. point, frameshift), and effects (e.g. missense, nonsense). They can occur spontaneously or be induced by mutagens and may have varying consequences depending on whether they are in somatic or germ-line cells.
signal transduction
1. The document outlines different types of cellular receptors including cell surface receptors like G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors, as well as intracellular receptors.
2. It provides examples of hormone signaling pathways, noting that hormones activate receptors which then trigger intracellular second messenger systems like cAMP, calcium, or phosphorylation to produce cellular effects.
3. The mechanism of insulin signaling is described as an example of receptor tyrosine kinase activation, showing how insulin binding leads to phosphorylation of intracellular targets and downstream effects on processes like glucose uptake and fat/protein synthesis.
protein translation
The document summarizes the process of protein translation, which involves messenger RNA (mRNA) being used as a template to produce a polypeptide chain through the joining of amino acids. Key steps include transcription producing mRNA from DNA, mRNA binding to ribosomes in the cytoplasm, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching codons on mRNA to deliver corresponding amino acids, and the growth of the polypeptide chain through the formation of peptide bonds until a stop codon is reached, terminating translation. The genetic code and roles of various RNAs like rRNA and tRNA in facilitating translation are also outlined.
the cell
This document provides an introduction to molecular biology. It discusses the study of biology at the molecular level, including nucleic acids like DNA and RNA, as well as proteins. Key topics covered include the structures, properties, synthesis and functions of these biomolecules. The central dogma of molecular biology and various applications and tools used in molecular studies are also summarized, such as DNA cloning, PCR, DNA sequencing, and databases. Important events in the history of molecular biology are highlighted. The document concludes with sections on cell theory and the structures and functions of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
molecular mechanisms in cell division
This document provides an overview of cell division including the key phases and molecular mechanisms. It discusses the cell cycle, DNA replication, mitosis and meiosis. Specifically, it describes the phases of interphase (G1, S, G2), mitosis (prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase), and cytokinesis. It also explains DNA replication through replication forks and the role of DNA polymerases. Finally, it notes the importance of cell cycle regulation and checkpoints to ensure proper cell division.
gene regulation sdk 2013
Gene expression in eukaryotes is controlled at multiple levels, including chromatin structure, transcription, RNA processing, and translation. Chromatin structure determines if genes are transcriptionally active or inactive. Transcription is regulated by the interaction of promoters, transcription factors, and enhancers. RNA processing controls splicing and transport of mRNA. Finally, translation and post-translational modifications further regulate gene expression. Overall, eukaryotic gene expression is tightly controlled through complex mechanisms at the chromatin, transcription, RNA, translation, and protein levels.
Amino acid sdk (biochem)
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain an amino group and a carboxyl group. There are over 300 amino acids found in nature, but only 20 are used as building blocks of proteins in the body. Each amino acid contains an alpha carbon atom bonded to an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain. At physiological pH, amino acids exist as zwitterions with both positive and negative charges. Amino acids join together via peptide bonds to form polypeptides and proteins. The 20 standard amino acids are classified based on properties like polarity and acidity of their side chains. Amino acids and proteins are essential for building body tissues and important biomolecules like enzymes, hormones
More from Dr-HAMDAN (13)
Recently uploaded
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar
Artificial Intelligence for XMLDevelopment
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Join Maher Hanafi, VP of Engineering at Betterworks, in this new session where he'll share a practical framework to transform Gen AI prototypes into impactful products! He'll delve into the complexities of data collection and management, model selection and optimization, and ensuring security, scalability, and responsible use.
Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
Mind map of common terms used in context of Generative AI.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 5. In this session, we will cover CI/CD with devops.
Topics covered:
CI/CD with in UiPath
End-to-end overview of CI/CD pipeline with Azure devops
Speaker:
Lyndsey Byblow, Test Suite Sales Engineer @ UiPath, Inc.
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
GraphSummit Singapore | Neo4j Product Vision & Roadmap - Q2 2024
Maruthi Prithivirajan, Head of ASEAN & IN Solution Architecture, Neo4j
Get an inside look at the latest Neo4j innovations that enable relationship-driven intelligence at scale. Learn more about the newest cloud integrations and product enhancements that make Neo4j an essential choice for developers building apps with interconnected data and generative AI.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...
End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid regressions. In this session, we share our journey building an E2E testing pipeline for GridMate components (LWC and Aura) using Cypress, JSForce, FakerJS…
Video Streaming: Then, Now, and in the Future
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentationsDevOps and Testing slides at DASA Connect
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdf
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Everything I found interesting about machines behaving intelligently during May 2024
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Recently uploaded (20)
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
FIDO Alliance Osaka Seminar: The WebAuthn API and Discoverable Credentials.pdf
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Generative AI Deep Dive: Advancing from Proof of Concept to Production
Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
Mind map of terminologies used in context of Generative AI
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 5
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using Deplo...
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | Neo4j Product Vision & Roadmap - Q2 2024
GraphSummit Singapore | Neo4j Product Vision & Roadmap - Q2 2024
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...
GridMate - End to end testing is a critical piece to ensure quality and avoid...
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AI
Monitoring Java Application Security with JDK Tools and JFR Events
Monitoring Java Application Security with JDK Tools and JFR Events
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdf
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdf
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
20240605 QFM017 Machine Intelligence Reading List May 2024
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
transcription and rna
- 1. TRANSCRIPTION & RNA SDK February 16, 2013
- 2. Proteins/ Gene Expression • Proteins make up all living materials
- 3. • Proteins are composed of amino acids – there are 20 different amino acids • Different proteins are made by combining these 20 amino acids in different combinations
- 4. • Proteins are manufactured in the ribosomes under the strict control and order of DNA. • The DNA language is made up of letters which are ATGCATATGGAATCAG • These letters forms Words • ATC GCA GGA AUU AUG • These words make sentences •
- 6. DNA, Transcription and Protein Synthesis • DNA contains the genetic information to make amino acids •Amino acids combine to make proteins • These proteins determine the physical traits of an organism and control cellular functions. • Proteins do everything, and DNA gets all the credit!
- 7. • Transcription is the Reading of the DNA and Changing the code to mRNA. • Translation is changing the mRNA into a trait by Using tRNA to interpret the mRNA. Transcription & Translation
- 8. • DNA has regions of coding and non-coding. The regions of DNA that code for proteins or traits are called EXONS, while the regions that do not code for proteins are called INTRONS. Introns & Exons
- 9. Making a Protein—Transcription •First Step: Copying of genetic information from DNA to RNA called Transcription •Part of DNA temporarily unzips and is used as a template to assemble complementary nucleotides into messenger RNA (mRNA).
- 10. • Transcription occurs inside the nucleus in a two step sequence of events. – Pre-mRNA includes both introns and exons for the gene. – mRNA is only the coding portion (exons). • Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosomes. – Reminder: The are three (3) types of RNA • Messenager (mRNA) • Transfer (tRNA) • Ribsomal (rRNA) Site of Transcription&Translation
- 11. Process of Transcription Transcription- process that makes mRNA from DNA 1. DNA unzips into 2 separate strands A. DNA Helicase is the enzyme that breaks H-bond 2. Free floating RNA NITROGEN BASES in the nucleus pair up w/unzipped DNA NITROGEN BASES: A. Cytosine(C) pairs with Guanine(G) * (G) with (C) B. Uracil(U) pairs with Adenine(A) * (A) with (U) C. Thymine (T) pairs with Adenine (A)
- 12. 3. After all the pairing is done: • a single strand of RNA has been produced. 4. Genetic code from DNA is transferred to mRNA 5. The code obtained from DNA lets the mRNA know which amino acids to pick up: • code is a set of 3 nitrogen bases = Codon
- 13. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U This is a molecule of messenger RNA. It was made in the nucleus bytranscription from a DNA molecule. mRNA molecule codon Messenger RNA
- 14. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U A ribosome on the rough endoplasmic reticulum attaches to the mRNA molecule. ribosome Ribosome
- 15. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U It brings an amino acid to the first three bases (codon) on the mRNA. tRNA molecule anticodon U A C A transfer RNA molecule arrives. The three unpaired bases (anticodon) on the tRNA link up with the codon. Transfer RNA
- 16. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U Another tRNA molecule comes into place, bringing a second amino acid. U A C C C G Its anticodon links up with the second codon on the mRNA. Transfer RNA
- 17. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U A peptide bond forms between the two amino acids. Peptide bond C C GU A C Transfer RNA
- 18. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U The first tRNA molecule releases its amino acid and moves off into the cytoplasm. C C G U A C Transfer RNA
- 19. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U C C G The ribosome moves along the mRNA to the next codon. Transfer RNA
- 20. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U Another tRNA molecule brings the next amino acid into place. C C G A A U
- 21. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U A peptide bond joins the second and third amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. C C G C C G Polypeptide chain
- 22. A U G G G C U U A A A G C A G U G C A C G U U The polypeptide chain gets longer. G U C A C G The process continues. This continues until a termination (stop) codon is reached. The polypeptide is then complete. Termination (stop) codon
- 23. DNA and Protein Synthesis - Summary
- 24. Use one of the codon charts on the next page to find the amino acid sequence coded for by the following mRNA strands. CAC/CCA/UGG/UGA ___________/___________/___________/____________ AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA ___________/___________/___________/____________
- 26. AUG/AAC/GAC/UAA ___________/___________/___________/____________Methionine Asparagine Aspartic Acid Stop
- 27. DNA and Mutations Mutations are any changes that take place in DNA: • Can be spontaneous or caused by mutagens • ex: Chemicals, high temperatures, UV light, radiation • Can change the genetic code, and be replicated when forming new body cells. • In sex cells, can be passed on to offspring.
- 28. DNA and Mutations – Lets looks at different mutations THE DOG BIT THE CAT
- 29. DNA and Mutations - Substitution THE DOG BIT THE CAT • Substitution - Replace just one letter: THE DOG BIT THE CAR
- 30. DNA and Mutations - Deletion THE DOG BIT THE CAT Deletion: Delete just one letter (T): THE DOG BIT HEC AT
- 31. DNA and Mutations-Insertions THE DOG BIT THE CAT • Insertion - Add just one letter (E): THE DOE GBI TTH ECA T