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Evolution Diversity of Life
“ Nothing in biology makes sense EXCEPT in the light of evolution.”  Theodosius Dobzhansky Evolution Charles Darwin in later years
History of Evolutionary Thought
Early Ideas On Earth’s Organisms ,[object Object],[object Object]
Early Ideas On Earth’s Organisms ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Contributor’s to Darwin’s thinking included: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],:
Contributor’s to Darwin’s thinking included: ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],:
Evolutionary Timeline
Catastrophism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Catastrophism ,[object Object]
Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Hutton’s Theory of Geological Change ,[object Object],[object Object]
Charles Lyell ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Principles of Geology ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution ,[object Object],[object Object],Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!
Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Lamarck’s Mistakes ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
He believed that species disappear due to catastophic events (catastophism) ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
The geologist who believed Earth was much older than thought at the time, and it slowly changed over time ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
By studying fossils he came up with the idea of gradualism ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
He believed in “use and disuse” which explained that giraffes had long necks due to stretching ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Charles Darwin the Naturalist
Voyage of the Beagle ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin’s Voyage of Discovery A reconstruction of the HMS Beagle sailing off Patagonia.
Darwin Left England in 1831 Darwin returned 5 years later in 1836
HMS Beagle’s Voyage
The Galapagos Islands ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Galapagos Islands ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Marine Iguana
Lonesome George Giant Tortoise
Frigate Bird Blue-footed Boobie
The Flightless Cormorant
The Galapagos Islands ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin’s Observations & Conclusions The Struggle for Existence
Voyage of the Beagle ,[object Object]
Darwin’s Observations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin’s Observations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],This species NO longer existed.   What had happened to them?
Evidence for Evolution – The Fossil Record
Definition ,[object Object]
Darwin’s Observations ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin’s Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin’s Observations ,[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin’s Conclusion ,[object Object],[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
Darwin observed, in nature populations tend to ____ in size. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
What limits population growth? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
______ states that individuals who inherit characteristics most fit for their environment are likely to have more offspring. ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
What is the driving force behind evolution? ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ideas That Shaped Darwin’s Thinking Thomas Malthus
Population Growth ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Struggle for Existence ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Population Growth ,[object Object],[object Object]
Population Growth ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Organisms Change Over Time
Common Descent with Modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Natural Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],.
Origin of Species Darwin Presents His Case
Publication of “On The Origin of Species” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Publication of “On The Origin of Species” ,[object Object],[object Object]
Publication of “On The Origin of Species” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Wallace’s Contribution ,[object Object],[object Object]
Publication of “On The Origin of Species” ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Natural Variation and Artificial Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Natural Variation and Artificial Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Natural Variation and Artificial Selection ,[object Object],[object Object]
Origin of Species Concepts and Controversy
Evolution By Natural Selection Concepts ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Survival of the Fittest ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Survival of the Fittest ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Survival of the Fittest ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Survival of the Fittest ,[object Object],[object Object]
Natural Selection ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Descent With Modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Descent With Modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Descent With Modification
Descent With Modification ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Major Problem in Darwin’s Theory ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],.
Opposition to Evolution ,[object Object],[object Object]
Theory of Evolution Today Supporting Evidence
Homologous Structures
Evidence for Evolution - Comparative Embryology Similarities In Embryonic Development
Similarities in DNA Sequence
Evolution of pesticide resistance in response to selection
Evidence for Evolution – Evolution Observed Evolution of drug-resistance in HIV
Evidence for Evolution – Evolution Observed Selection against small guppies results in an increase in average size
Evolutionary Time Scales Macroevolution:   Long time scale events that create and destroy species.
Microevolution: Short time scale  events (generation-to-generation) that change the genotypes and phenotypes of populations Evolutionary Time Scales
Evidence of Evolution ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Fossil Record ,[object Object],[object Object]
Geographic Distribution of Living Species ,[object Object]
Homologous Body Structures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Homologous Body Structures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Homologous Body Structures
Homologous Body Structures ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Similarities In Early Development ,[object Object],[object Object]
Human Fetus – 5 weeks
Chicken Turtle Rat
Review
Darwin's Theory ,[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin's Theory ,[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin's Theory ,[object Object],[object Object]
Darwin's Theory ,[object Object],[object Object]
Evolution Simulation ,[object Object]
Lamark’s explanation for the modification of species depended on ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
The idea that processes occurring now on Earth are much the same as those that occurred long ago is called ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
The observation that organisms arise in locations where similar, extinct organisms lived is called ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
The similarities in the Galapagos finches implied ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Difference in reproductive success is ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Great similarity between species implies ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Features that were useful in ancestors but are no longer useful are called ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Similar features in different species that originated in a shared ancestor are called ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A humming bird and a humming moth have a number of superficial features in common with each other.  This is an example of ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

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Darwin evolution revised with turning point qs

Editor's Notes

  1. From 1830 to 1833 his multi-volume Principles of Geology was published. The work's subtitle was "An attempt to explain the former changes of the Earth's surface by reference to causes now in operation", and this explains Lyell's impact on science. He drew his explanations from field studies conducted directly before he went to work on the founding geology text. [3] He was, along with the earlier John Playfair , the major advocate of James Hutton 's idea of uniformitarianism , that the earth was shaped entirely by slow-moving forces still in operation today, acting over a very long period of time. This was in contrast to catastrophism , a geologic idea of abrupt changes, which had been adapted in England to support belief in Noah's flood Cuvier was a major figure in natural sciences research in the early 19th century, and was instrumental in establishing the fields of comparative anatomy and paleontology through his work in comparing living animals with fossils. He is well known for establishing extinction as a fact, being the most influential proponent of catastrophism in geology in the early 19th century, and opposing the evolutionary theories of Lamarck Between 1798 and 1826 Malthus published six editions of his famous treatise, An Essay on the Principle of Population , updating each edition to incorporate new material, to address criticism, and to convey changes in his own perspectives on the subject. He wrote the original text in reaction to the optimism of his father and his father's associates (notably Rousseau) regarding the future improvement of society. Malthus also constructed his case as a specific response to writings of William Godwin (1756–1836) and of the Marquis de Condorcet (1743–1794). Malthus regarded ideals of future improvement in the lot of humanity with skepticism, considering that throughout history a segment of every human population seemed relegated to poverty. He explained this phenomenon by arguing that population growth generally expanded in times and in regions of plenty until the size of the population relative to the primary resources caused distress
  2. Hutton also advocated uniformitarianism for living creatures too – evolution , in a sense  – and even suggested natural selection as a possible mechanism affecting them: "...if an organised body is not in the situation and circumstances best adapted to its sustenance and propagation, then, in conceiving an indefinite variety among the individuals of that species, we must be assured, that, on the one hand, those which depart most from the best adapted constitution, will be the most liable to perish, while, on the other hand, those organised bodies, which most approach to the best constitution for the present circumstances, will be best adapted to continue, in preserving themselves and multiplying the individuals of their race." – Investigation of the Principles of Knowledge , volume 2. [38] Hutton gave the example that where dogs survived through "swiftness of foot and quickness of sight... the most defective in respect of those necessary qualities, would be the most subject to perish, and that those who employed them in greatest perfection... would be those who would remain, to preserve themselves, and to continue the race". Equally, if an acute sense of smell were "more necessary to the sustenance of the animal... the same principle [would] change the qualities of the animal, and.. produce a race of well scented hounds, instead of those who catch their prey by swiftness". The same "principle of variation" would influence "every species of plant, whether growing in a forest or a meadow". He came to his ideas as the result of experiments in plant and animal breeding , Lamarck stressed two main themes in his biological work. The first was that the environment gives rise to changes in animals. He cited examples of blindness in moles, the presence of teeth in mammals and the absence of teeth in birds as evidence of this principle. The second principle was that life was structured in an orderly manner and that many different parts of all bodies make it possible for the organic movements of animals. [14] Although he was not the first thinker to advocate organic evolution, he was the first to develop a truly coherent evolutionary theory Alfred Russel Wallace , OM , FRS (8 January 1823 – 7 November 1913) was a British naturalist , explorer, geographer, anthropologist and biologist. He is best known for independently proposing a theory of evolution due to natural selection that prompted Charles Darwin to publish his own theory. Wallace did extensive fieldwork, first in the Amazon River basin and then in the Malay Archipelago , where he identified the Wallace Line that divides the Indonesian archipelago into two distinct parts, one in which animals closely related to those of Australia are common, and one in which the species are largely of Asian origin. He was considered the 19th century's leading expert on the geographical distribution of animal species and is sometimes called the "father of biogeography ". [1] Wallace was one of the leading evolutionary thinkers of the 19th century and made a number of other contributions to the development of evolutionary theory besides being co-discoverer of natural selection. These included the concept of warning colouration in animals, and the Wallace effect , a hypothesis on how natural selection could contribute to speciation by encouraging the development of barriers against hybridization .