Prisms
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Describes optical prisms. For comments please contact ne at solo.hermelin@gmail.com. For more presentation on different topics visit my website at http://www.solohermelin.com. This presentation is in the Optics folder.
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Prisms
- 1. 1 Optics - Prisms SOLO HERMELIN Updated: 27.05.06http://www.solohermelin.com
- 2. 2 Table of Content SOLO Optics - Prisms Prisms Dispersing Prisms Reflecting Prisms Penta Prism Porro Prism Porro-Abbe Prism Amici-roof Prism Dove Prism Abbe-Koenig Prism Corner Cube, Corner Reflector Carl Zeiss Prism System Schmidt Rotator Prism Pechan Rotator Prism Rhomboid Prism Pellin-Broca Prism, Abbe Prism Amici Prism
- 3. 3 Table of Content (continue( SOLO Optics - Prisms Polarizing Prisms References Nicol Prism Glan-Foucault, Glan-Taylor, Glan-Thompson Prisms Dichroic Prism Methods of Achieving Polarization
- 4. 4 SOLO Prisms Type of prisms: A prism is an optical device that refract, reflect or disperse light into its spectral components. They are also used to polarize light by prisms from birefringent media. Optics - Prisms 2. Reflective 1. Dispersive 3. Polarizing
- 5. 5 SOLO Prisms ( ) ( )2211 itti θθθθδ −+−= 21 it θθα += αθθδ −+= 21 ti 202 sinsin ti nn θθ =Snell’s Law 10 ≈n ( ) ( )[ ]1 1 2 1 2 sinsinsinsin tit nn θαθθ −== −− ( )[ ] ( )[ ]11 21 11 1 2 sincossin1sinsinsincoscossinsin ttttt nn θαθαθαθαθ −−=−= −− Snell’s Law 110 sinsin ti nn θθ = 11 sin 1 sin it n θθ = 10 ≈n ( )[ ]1 2/1 1 221 2 sincossinsinsin iit n θαθαθ −−= − ( )[ ] αθαθαθδ −−−+= − 1 2/1 1 221 1 sincossinsinsin iii n The ray deviation angle is Optics - Prisms
- 6. 6 SOLO Prisms ( )[ ] αθαθαθδ −−−+= − 1 2/1 1 221 1 sincossinsinsin iii n Optics - Prisms
- 7. 7 Optics - PrismsSOLO Prisms ( )[ ] αθαθαθδ −−−+= − 1 2/1 1 221 1 sincossinsinsin iii n αθθδ −+= 21 ti Let find the angle θi1 for which the deviation angle δ is minimal; i.e. δm. This happens when 01 0 11 2 1 =−+= ii t i d d d d d d θ α θ θ θ δ Taking the differentials of Snell’s Law equations 22 sinsin ti n θθ = 11 sinsin ti n θθ = 2222 coscos iitt dnd θθθθ = 1111 coscos ttii dnd θθθθ = Dividing the equations 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 cos cos cos cos −− = i t i t t i t i d d d d θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ 2 22 1 22 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 sin sin /sin1 /sin1 sin1 sin1 sin1 sin1 t i t i i t t i n n n n θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ − − = − − = − − = − − 1 1 2 −= i t d d θ θ 21 it θθα += 1 2 1 −= i t d d θ θ 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 cos cos cos cos i t t i θ θ θ θ = 21 ti θθ = 1≠n
- 8. 8 SOLO Prisms ( )[ ] αθαθαθδ −−−+= − 1 2/1 1 221 1 sincossinsinsin iii n We found that if the angle θi1 = θt2 the deviation angle δ is minimal; i.e. δm. Using the Snell’s Law equations 22 sinsin ti n θθ = 11 sinsin ti n θθ = 21 ti θθ = 21 it θθ = This means that the ray for which the deviation angle δ is minimum passes through the prism parallel to it’s base. Find the angle θi1 for which the deviation angle δ is minimal; i.e. δm (continue – 1(. Optics - Prisms
- 9. 9 SOLO Prisms ( )[ ] αθαθαθδ −−−+= − 1 2/1 1 221 1 sincossinsinsin iii n Using the Snell’s Law 11 sinsin ti n θθ = 21 ti θθ = 21 it θθ = This equation is used for determining the refractive index of transparent substances. 21 it θθα += αθθδ −+= 21 ti mδδ = 2/1 αθ =t αθδ −= 12 im ( ) 2/1 αδθ += mi ( )[ ] 2/sin 2/sin α αδ + = m n Find the angle θi1 for which the deviation angle δ is minimal; i.e. δm (continue – 2(. Optics - Prisms
- 10. 10 SOLO Prisms The refractive index of transparent substances varies with the wavelength λ. ( )[ ]{ } αθαθλαθδ −−−+= − 1 2/1 1 221 1 sincossinsinsin iii n Optics - Prisms
- 11. 11 SOLO http://physics.nad.ru/Physics/English/index.htm Prisms Color λ0 (nm) υ [THz] Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet 780 - 622 622 - 597 597 - 577 577 - 492 492 - 455 455 - 390 384 – 482 482 – 503 503 – 520 520 – 610 610 – 659 659 - 769 1 nm = 10-9 m, 1 THz = 1012 Hz ( )[ ]{ } αθαθλαθδ −−−+= − 1 2/1 1 221 1 sincossinsinsin iii n In 1672 Newton wrote “A New Theory about Light and Colors” in which he said that the white light consisted of a mixture of various colors and the diffraction was color dependent. Isaac Newton 1542 - 1727 Optics - Prisms Return to Table of Content
- 12. 12 SOLO Dispersing Prisms Pellin-Broca Prism Abbe Prism Ernst Karl Abbe 1840-1905 At Pellin-Broca Prism an incident ray of wavelength λ passes the prism at a dispersing angle of 90°. Because the dispersing angle is a function of wavelength the ray at other wavelengths exit at different angles. By rotating the prism around an axis normal to the page different rays will exit at the 90°. At Abbe Prism the dispersing angle is 60°. Optics - Prisms
- 13. 13 SOLO Dispersing Prisms (continue – 1) Amici Prism Optics - Prisms Return to Table of Content
- 14. 14 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Optics - Prisms
- 15. 15 SOLO Reflecting Prisms BED∠−= 180δ 360=∠+∠+∠+ ABEBEDADEα 1 90 i ABE θ+=∠ 2 90 t ADE θ+=∠ 3609090 12 =++∠+++ it BED θθα 12180 itBED θθα −−−=∠ αθθδ ++=∠−= 21180 tiBED The bottom of the prism is a reflecting mirror Since the ray BC is reflected to CD DCGBCF ∠=∠ Also CGDBFC ∠=∠ CDGFBC ∠=∠ FBCt ∠−= 901θ CDGi ∠−= 902θ 21 it θθ = 202 sinsin ti nn θθ =Snell’s Law Snell’s Law 110 sinsin ti nn θθ = 21 ti θθ = αθδ += 1 2 i CDGFBC ∆∆ ~ Optics - Prisms Return to Table of Content
- 16. 16 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Penta Prism Optics - Prisms Roof Penta Prism Penta Prism is a five (penta) sided prism that deflects the light by 90º without inverting or reversing it. The two reflecting sides are coated (mirrors). It is used for range finding, alignment, surveying optical tooling. In the RoofPenta Prism one of the reflecting surface is replaced by a “roof” constitute of two surfaces that intersect at an angle of 90º. The reflecting sides are coated (mirrors). It is used in the viewfinder of a single lens reflecting camera. Return to Table of Content
- 17. 17 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Porro Prism Optics - Prisms Double Porro Prism Porro prism is a right-angle prism in which the light enters and exits normal to the large rectangular phase preventing dispersion. Porro prism are used in pairs in binoculars Porro prism are fabricated with rounded corners to save space and weight. Return to Table of Content
- 18. 18 SOLO Porro-Abbe Prism Optics - Prisms Ernst Karl Abbe 1840-1905 Reflecting Prisms A Porro-Abbe prism is sometimes called a double right angle prism. Two of the are used to make an erected system for telescopes and some binoculars.. Return to Table of Content
- 19. 19 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Amici-roof Prism Optics - Prisms Return to Table of Content
- 20. 20 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Dove Prism invented by H.W. Dove Optics - Prisms In the Dove Prism for a rotation of θ around optical axis we obtain a 2 θ image rotation. Double Dove Prisms Return to Table of Content
- 21. 21 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Abbe-Koenig Prism Optics - Prisms Ernst Karl Abbe 1840-1905 The Abbe-Koenig prism is a reflecting prism used to rotate the image by 180º is used in binoculars and some telescopes. The prism is named after Ernst Abbe and Albert Koenig. Koenig Prism Return to Table of Content
- 22. 22 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Optics - Prisms Corner Cube, Corner Reflector The Corner Cube has three mutually perpendicular surfaces and a hypotenuse face. The light enters through the hypotenuse is reflected by each of the three surfaces in turn and emerges through the hypotenuse surface parallel to the entering ray. Carl Zeiss Prism System The system is composed by three single prisms which invert and rotate the image, but does not deviate the line of sight. The line of sight is displaced by a distance depending on the relative position of the first and second prism. Return to Table of Content
- 23. 23 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Optics - Prisms Schmidt Rotator Prism (Folded Dove Prism) Schmidt Type Rotator Tunnel Prism Return to Table of Content
- 24. 24 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Optics - Prisms Pechan Rotator Prism Return to Table of Content
- 25. 25 SOLO Reflecting Prisms Optics - Prisms Rhomboid Prism The Rhomboid Prism deviates the light, but does not change the angle even if the prism is rotated about all axes. (a) The Rhomboid Prism (b) and its mirrors equivalent Both displace the optical axis without deviation or reorientation of the image. Return to Table of Content
- 26. 26 SOLO http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html Polarization can be achieved with crystalline materials which have a different index of refraction in different planes. Such materials are said to be birefringent or doubly refracting. Nicol Prism The Nicol Prism is made up from two prisms of calcite cemented with Canada balsam. The ordinary ray can be made to totally reflect off the prism boundary, leving only the extraordinary ray.. Polarizing Prisms Optics - Prisms http://microscopy.fsu.edu Return to Table of Content
- 27. 27 SOLO Polarizing Prisms A Glan-Foucault prism deflects polarized light transmitting the s-polarized component. The optical axis of the prism material is perpendicular to the plane of the diagram. A Glan-Taylor prism reflects polarized light at an internal air-gap, transmitting only the p-polarized component. The optical axes are vertical in the plane of the diagram. A Glan-Thompson prism deflects the p-polarized ordinary ray whilst transmitting the s-polarized extraordinary ray. The two halves of the prism are joined with Optical cement, and the crystal axis are perpendicular to the plane of the diagram. Optics - Prisms Return to Table of Content
- 28. 28 SOLO Prisms Dichroic Prism Optics - Prisms Return to Table of Content
- 29. 29 SOLO http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html Methods of Achieving Polarization Polarization by Birefrigerence (continue – 4) Polarization can be achieved with crystalline materials which have a different index of refraction in different planes. Such materials are said to be birefringent or doubly refracting. Nicol Prism The Nicol Prism is made up from two prisms of calcite cemented with Canada balsam. The ordinary ray can be made to totally reflect off the prism boundary, leving only the extraordinary ray.. Optics - Prisms
- 30. 30 SOLO http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html Methods of Achieving Polarization Polarization by Birefrigerence (continue – 4) Polarization can be achieved with crystalline materials which have a different index of refraction in different planes. Such materials are said to be birefringent or doubly refracting. Wollaston Prism William Hyde Wollaston 1766-1828 Optics - Prisms
- 33. 33 SOLO Polarizations Prisms Overview http://www.unitedcrystals.com/POverview.html Optics - Prisms
- 34. 34 SOLO Polarizations Prisms Overview http://www.unitedcrystals.com/POverview.html Optics - Prisms Return to Table of Content
- 35. 35 SOLO References OPTICS 1. Waldman, G., Wootton, J., “Electro-Optical Systems Performance Modeling”, Artech House, Boston, London, 1993 2. Wolfe, W.L., Zissis, G.J., “The Infrared Handbook”, IRIA Center, Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Office of Naval Research, 1978 3. “The Infrared & Electro-Optical Systems Handbook”, Vol. 1-7 4. Spiro, I.J., Schlessinger, M., “The Infrared Technology Fundamentals”, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1989
- 36. 36 SOLO References [1] M. Born, E. Wolf, “Principle of Optics – Electromagnetic Theory of Propagation, Interference and Diffraction of Light”, 6th Ed., Pergamon Press, 1980, [2] C.C. Davis, “Laser and Electro-Optics”, Cambridge University Press, 1996, OPTICS
- 37. 37 SOLO References Foundation of Geometrical Optics [3] E.Hecht, A. Zajac, “Optics ”, 3th Ed., Addison Wesley Publishing Company, 1997, [4] M.V. Klein, T.E. Furtak, “Optics ”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1986
- 38. 38 OPTICSSOLO References Optics Polarization A. Yariv, P. Yeh, “Optical Waves in Crystals”, John Wiley & Sons, 1984 M. Born, E. Wolf, “Principles of Optics”, Pergamon Press,6th Ed., 1980 E. Hecht, A. Zajac, “Optics”, Addison-Wesley, 1979, Ch.8 C.C. Davis, “Lasers and Electro-Optics”, Cambridge University Press, 1996 G.R. Fowles, “Introduction to Modern Optics”,2nd Ed., Dover, 1975, Ch.2 M.V.Klein, T.E. Furtak, “Optics”, 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, 1986 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization W.C.Elmore, M.A. Heald, “Physics of Waves”, Dover Publications, 1969 E. Collett, “Polarization Light in Fiber Optics”, PolaWave Group, 2003 W. Swindell, Ed., “Polarization Light”, Benchmark Papers in Optics, V.1, Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., 1975 http://www.enzim.hu/~szia/cddemo/edemo0.htm (Andras Szilagyi( Return to Table of Content
- 39. January 4, 2015 39 SOLO Technion Israeli Institute of Technology 1964 – 1968 BSc EE 1968 – 1971 MSc EE Israeli Air Force 1970 – 1974 RAFAEL Israeli Armament Development Authority 1974 – 2013 Stanford University 1983 – 1986 PhD AA