Geometric optics is the study of image formation by light rays, which travel in straight lines and follow the laws of reflection and refraction. Plane and spherical mirrors, as well as concave and convex lenses, are key components, each having specific image formation properties according to the object's position relative to the mirror or lens. The document outlines the principles, rules, and applications of these optical elements.

1. GEOMETRIC OPTICS

2. DEFINITION:
“The branch of optics that focuses on
the creation of images is called
geometric optics”.

3. RULES OF GEOMETRIC OPTICS:
• Light is a flow of photons with wavelengths.
We'll call these as “light rays.”
• Light rays travel in straight lines in free space.
• Light rays do not interfere with each other as
they cross.
• Light rays obey the laws of reflection and
refraction.
• Light rays travel from the light sources to the
Eye.

4. PRINCIPLE:
The principle objective of geometric
optics is to be able to determine the
location of an
image for certain optical elements
arrange in a specific geometry.

5. This may be accomplished in two
ways:
1. One can sketch key ray paths in a
scale drawing of the geometry.
2. one can calculate the image
distance and properties using a set
of equations.

6. BASICS:
1.REFLECTION:
 PLANE MIRROR
 SPHERICAL MIRROR
2.REFRACTION:
 SPHERICAL LENSES

7. REFLECTION

8. PLANE MIRROR:
A plane mirror is a
mirror with a planar
reflective surface.
For light rays striking a
plane mirror, the
angle of reflection
equals the angle of
incidence.

9. IMAGE FORMATION BY
PLANE MIRROR

10. If you stand in front of a plane mirror you
see your image behind the mirror. The
location of the image can be diagramed
knowing that the surface of the mirror
reflects light with an angle of reflection
equal to the incident angle.

11. PROPERTIES OF IMAGE:
It is formed
• behind the mirror
• it is right side up
• having same size as that of object
• Far behind the surface as the object is in front
of it.
• We refer to the image as virtual image.

12. REFLECTION BY SPHERICAL MIRROR:
DEFINITION:
A reflecting surface having the form of a portion of a
sphere is called a spherical mirror.
TYPES:
1. Concave mirror
2. Convex mirror

13. SPHERICAL MIRROR:
RAY DIAGRAMS POINTS:
• One surface of the curved mirror is
silvered.
• The centre of the sphere is called the
centre of curvature C.
• The geometrical centre of the mirror is
called its pole (P)
• The line joining the pole of the mirror and
its centre of curvature is called the
principal axis.

14. Cont..
• When a parallel beam of light is incident
on a spherical mirror, the point where the
reflected ray converge on the principal
axis is called the principal focus F.

15. The Concave Mirror:
“If the reflecting
surface lies on the
inside of the curve,
is a concave mirror”.

16. RULES:
• Rays parallel to the
principle axis are
reflected towards
the principle focus
of the mirror.
• A ray passing
through the centre
of curvature
retraces its path
after reflection.

17. Cont..
• A ray passing through
the principal focus ,
after reflection is
rendered parallel to
the principal axis.
• A ray of light which
strikes the mirror at its
pole gets reflected
according to the law
of reflection.

18. IMAGE FORMATION IN CONCAVE
MIRROR:

19. CASE 1:
• When the object is placed at the centre of
curvature
the image is of same size, real and inverted
and is at the centre.

20. CASE 2:
• When the object is placed after the centre of
curvature, it is seen that the image is real ,
inverted, small in shape and lies between the
centre C and focus F.

21. CASE 3:
• When the object is placed within the focus of
the mirror it is seen that image is virtual, erect
and enlarged in shape and lies behind the
mirror.

22. CASE 4:
• When the object is between the centre of
curvature and focus ,it is seen that image is
real, inverted and enlarged and lies outside
the centre of curvature.

23. CONVEX MIRROR:
“ If
the reflecting
surface lies on the
outside of the curve,
is a convex mirror”.

24. RULES:
• A ray of light traveling
parallel the principal
axis after reflection
from a convex mirror
appears to come from
its focus behind the
mirror
• A ray of light traveling
towards the centre of
curvature behind the
mirror and is reflected
back its own path.

25. IMAGE FORMATION IN CONVEX
MIRROR:

26. • The object is placed
anywhere in front of the
convex mirror.
• The ray parallel to the
principal axis after
reflection appears to come
from the focus F behind
the mirror.
• Another ray going towards
the centre of curvature C
behind the mirror gets
reflected by the same path.

27. • The two reflected rays
appear to intersect at a
point between F and P
behind the mirror.
• the image appears to be
formed behind the mirror.
• So the image formed by
the convex mirror is
virtual, erect and smaller
in size with respect to
object.

28. USES OF SPHERICAL MIRRORS:
CONVEX MIRROR:
• Sunglasses
• Vehicles
• Security
• Magnifying Glass
CONCAVE MIRROR:
• Vehicle
• Light Concentration

29. IMAGE DISTANCE

30. • All virtual images have negative image
distances
• and all real images have positive image
distances.

31. REFRACTION

32. CONVEX LENS:
“It is a converging lens
such that a beam of
light passing through it
is brought to a point or
focus”.

33. Image Distance:
• An image located behind the lens has a
positive image distance.

34. Concave Lens:
“It is a diverging lens
such that a parallel
beam of light passing
through it is caused
to diverge or spread
out”.

35. Image Distance:
• An image distance marked off in front of
the lens is considered negative

36. USES OF SPHERICAL LENSES:
Uses of concave lens:
• Telescopes
• Spectacles
• Door hole lenses
Uses of convex lens:
• Telescopes
• Spectacles
• Microscopes