Preamplifier and impedance matching circuits
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A preamplifier circuit with a very low noise characteristic can be built by simply combining a FET transistor with a bipolar one. The input impedance of the preamp circuit is almost the same as the gate impedance of the FET transistor (around 1MΩ) The output impedance at the other end is about 1KΩ.
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Class a amplifier
- Class A amplifiers have high voltage gain but low efficiency, as the output transistor constantly conducts current even without an input signal.
- Class B amplifiers improve efficiency by using two transistors in a push-pull configuration, but suffer from crossover distortion as both transistors are briefly off at the same time during signal transitions.
- Class AB amplifiers reduce crossover distortion by applying a small bias voltage, so the transistors conduct slightly more than half of each cycle and efficiency is improved over Class A while minimizing distortion.
Operational Amplifiers
The document discusses ideal operational amplifiers and their characteristics. It describes how an operational amplifier is a differential amplifier that takes the difference between signals at its two inputs and amplifies that difference. An ideal op-amp has infinite voltage gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, infinite bandwidth, and zero offset voltage. However, real op-amps have limitations compared to these ideal characteristics. The document provides examples of calculating gain and bandwidth using typical op-amp specifications. It also briefly mentions some common op-amp applications and types.
Amplifiers 1st SEM Electronic And Communication
An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the power of a signal. The amount of amplification is measured by its gain, which is the ratio of output to input voltage. There are different types of amplifiers including AC coupled, DC coupled, large signal, small signal, audio frequency, wide band, and radio frequency amplifiers. AC coupled amplifiers block DC voltage between stages using capacitors, while DC coupled amplifiers allow signals with zero frequency to pass. Large signal amplifiers provide high power output and are used as the last stage. Small signal amplifiers handle low input signals in the linear operating region.
AMPLIFIERS.pptx
This document provides an overview of amplifiers, including their history, classification, and applications. It discusses how amplifiers work to increase the power of an input signal, and how gain is measured. The first practical amplifier was the vacuum tube in 1906, though transistors replaced them starting in the 1960s. There are three main types of amplifiers: voltage, current, and power amplifiers. Common applications include audio frequency amplifiers, radio frequency amplifiers, and operational amplifiers.
Electrical signal processing and transmission
The document discusses operational amplifiers and electrical signal processing. It begins by defining an operational amplifier as a differential amplifier that amplifies the difference between voltages at its two input terminals. It then discusses key characteristics of op-amps like input resistance, output resistance, and bandwidth. The document also covers op-amp configurations like inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, and instrumentation amplifiers. It discusses applications of op-amps in signal amplification, integration, differentiation and noise reduction. Finally, it provides an overview of optical communication systems and how data is transmitted using optical fibers.
Lesson4
Resonant Circuits as Filters,Transformers,A Simple Amplifier,Common Collector Amplifier,The SW+ Driver
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS USED IN RADIO STATION
Radio stations use various communication systems to broadcast audio signals. The communication process involves an information source like a broadcaster that is converted to electrical signals using input transducers. Transmission equipment like oscillators, amplifiers and antennas transmit the signal over the airwaves. Receiving equipment including antennas, tuners, detectors and amplifiers receive the signal and convert it back to sound using a speaker. AM radio uses simple amplitude modulation to transmit audio but is susceptible to noise, while FM radio provides higher quality stereo audio using frequency modulation and is more resistant to noise.
Similar to Preamplifier and impedance matching circuits (20)
To construct the operational amplifier by using discrete components and stud...
To construct the operational amplifier by using discrete components and stud...
Lecture 2 bjt amplifier p2 (updated 10 october2016)
Lecture 2 bjt amplifier p2 (updated 10 october2016)
More from karoline Enoch
Thermogravimetric analysis.pptx
In thermogravimetric analysis, the change in weight in
relation to a change in temperature in a controlled environment is measured. Heat is used in TGA to force
reactions and physical changes in materials. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a reliable method to determine
endotherms, exotherms, measure oxidation processes, thermal stability, decomposition points of explosives,
characteristics of polymers, solvent residues, the level of organic and inorganic components of a mixture,
degradation temperatures of a material, and the absorbed moisture content of materials. Materials analyzed by
thermogravimetric analysis include explosives, petroleum, chemicals, biological samples, polymers, composites,
plastics, adhesives, coatings, organic materials, and pharmaceuticals.The thermogravimetric analysis instrument usually consists of a high-precision balance and sample pan.
The pan holds the sample
material and is located in a
furnace or oven that is
heated or cooled during the
experiment. A thermocouple
is used to accurately control
and measure the
temperature within the oven.
The mass of the sample is
constantly monitored during
the analysis. An inert or
reactive gas may be used to
purge and control the
environment. The analysis is
performed by gradually
raising the temperature and plotting the
substances weight against temperature. A
computer is utilized to control the
instrument and to process the output
curves.
UV VISIBLE SPECTROSCOPY
Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. UV spectroscopy is a type of absorption spectroscopy in which light of the ultra-violet region (200-400 nm) is absorbed by the molecule which results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state to a higher energy state.Basically, spectroscopy is related to the interaction of light with matter.
As light is absorbed by matter, the result is an increase in the energy content of the atoms or molecules.
When ultraviolet radiations are absorbed, this results in the excitation of the electrons from the ground state towards a higher energy state.
Molecules containing π-electrons or nonbonding electrons (n-electrons) can absorb energy in the form of ultraviolet light to excite these electrons to higher anti-bonding molecular orbitals.
The more easily excited the electrons, the longer the wavelength of light they can absorb. There are four possible types of transitions (π–π*, n–π*, σ–σ*, and n–σ*), and they can be ordered as follows: σ–σ* > n–σ* > π–π* > n–π* The absorption of ultraviolet light by a chemical compound will produce a distinct spectrum that aids in the identification of the compound.
Nanotribolgy for medical devices
Medical devices are heavily regulated because of their
intended uses in human beings. Generally medical devices
are classified into different categories depending upon the
degree of potential risks and regulated accordingly.Many medical devices are involved with relative moving parts,
either in contact to the native tissues or within the biomaterials,
and often under loading. Important issues, such as friction and
wear of the moving parts, not only affect the functions of these
devices but also the potential adverse effects on the natural tissues.
Biotribology deals with the application of tribological principles,
such as friction, wear and lubrication between relatively motions
surfaces, to medical and biological systems. Biotribology plays an important role in a number of medical devices
Protein based nanostructures for biomedical applications
Proteins are kind of natural molecules that show unique
functionalities and properties in biological materials and
manufacturing feld. Tere are numerous nanomaterials
which are derived from protein, albumin, and gelatin. Tese
nanoparticles have promising properties like biodegradability, nonantigenicity, metabolizable, surface modifer, greater
stability during in vivo during storage, and being relatively
easy to prepare and monitor the size of the particles.
These particles have the ability to attach covalently with
drug and ligand
Schering bridge and its derivation
A Schering Bridge is a bridge circuit used for measuring an unknown electrical capacitance and its dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a capacitor is the the ratio of its resistance to its capacitive reactance. The Schering Bridge is basically a four-arm alternating-current (AC) bridge circuit whose measurement depends on balancing the loads on its arms .
Maxwell bridge and its types
A Maxwell bridge is a modification to a Wheatstone bridge used to measure an unknown inductance (usually of low Q value) in terms of calibrated resistance and inductance or resistance and capacitance. When the calibrated components are a parallel resistor and capacitor, the bridge is known as a Maxwell-Wien bridge. It is named for James C. Maxwell, who first described it in 1873.
It uses the principle that the positive phase angle of an inductive impedance can be compensated by the negative phase angle of a capacitive impedance when put in the opposite arm and the circuit is at resonance; i.e., no potential difference across the detector (an AC voltmeter or ammeter)) and hence no current flowing through it. The unknown inductance then becomes known in terms of this capacitance.
Kelvin bridge and kelvin double bridge
The Kelvin bridge is a modification of the Wheatstone bridge that allows for more accurate measurement of low resistances below 1 ohm. It addresses errors that occur in Wheatstone bridge measurements of low resistances due to the resistance of connecting leads. The Kelvin bridge divides the lead resistance in half by connecting the galvanometer between the leads rather than at the resistance being measured. The Kelvin double bridge further improves accuracy by using two sets of ratio arms to effectively cancel out any remaining lead resistance effects.
Dc bridge types ,derivation and its application
The DC Bridge is used for measuring the unknown electrical resistance. This can be done by balancing the two legs of the bridge circuit. The value of one of the arm is known while the other of them is unknown
Ac bridge and its application
The bridge uses for measuring the value of unknown resistance, inductance and capacitance, is known as the AC Bridge. The AC bridges are very convenient and give the accurate result of the measurement.The construction of the bridges is very simple. The bridge has four arms, one AC supply source and the balance detector. It works on the principle that the balance ratio of the impedances will give the balance condition to the circuit which is determined by the null detector.
Photodynamic therapy and mechanism
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a two-stage treatment that combines light energy with a drug (photosensitizer) designed to destroy cancerous and precancerous cells after light activation. Photosensitizers are activated by a specific wavelength of light energy, usually from a laser.
Photo theraphy ,principle and mechanism
Phototherapy is a type of medical treatment that involves exposure to fluorescent light bulbs or other sources of light like halogen lights, sunlight, and light emitting diodes (LEDs) to treat certain medical conditions
Lasers in opthalmology
Lasers are widely used in ophthalmology to treat various eye conditions. The main types of laser-tissue interactions are photothermal, photochemical, and photoionizing effects. Different laser wavelengths are absorbed selectively by tissues like melanin, haemoglobin, and macular xanthophyll, allowing targeted treatment. Common lasers used in retina include argon, frequency-doubled Nd:YAG, krypton red, and diode lasers. Therapeutic applications include treating retinal tears, diabetic retinopathy, and choroidal neovascular membranes. Precise laser delivery systems like slit lamps and indirect ophthalmoscopes allow treatment of anterior and posterior segment diseases.
Lasers in urology
he ability of the laser to ablate prostatic tissue with minimal hemorrhage has concentrated most of the interest in urologically applied lasers to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) [Anson et al. 1994]. Despite tremendous advances in the surgical and minimally invasive treatment of BPH, transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is still considered the ‘gold standard’. The risks of TURP are always mentioned when discussing the reasons for seeking alternative treatment modalities for BPH. Bleeding certainly remains a concern, especially in patients on some form of anticoagulation (heparin, coumarin related compounds, antiplatelet agents) or those with prostates in excess of 60–80 g. On the other hand, with the availability of transurethral resection in saline (TURiS), the TURP syndrome is nowadays considered by many to be a relatively rare complication
Lasers in dermatology
Lasers have been used successfully to treat a variety of vascular lesions including superficial vascular malformations (port-wine stains), facial telangiectases, haemangiomas, pyogenic granulomas, Kaposi sarcoma and poikiloderma of Civatte. Lasers that have been used to treat these conditions include argon, APTD, KTP, krypton, copper vapour, copper bromide, pulsed dye lasers and Nd:YAG. Argon (CW) causes a high degree of non-specific thermal injury and scarring and is now largely replaced by yellow-light quasi-CW and pulsed laser therapies.
The pulsed dye laser is considered the laser of choice for most vascular lesions because of its superior clinical efficacy and low-risk profile. It has a large spot size (5 to 10mm) allowing large lesions to be treated quickly. Side effects include postoperative bruising (purpura) that may last 1-2 weeks and transient pigmentary changes. Crusting, textural changes and scarring are rarely seen.
Lasers in dentistry
The term LASER is an acronym for ‘Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation’. As its first application in dentistry by Miaman, in 1960, the laser has seen various hard and soft tissue applications. In the last two decades, there has been an explosion of research studies in laser application. In hard tissue application, the laser is used for caries prevention, bleaching, restorative removal and curing, cavity preparation, dentinal hypersensitivity, growth modulation and for diagnostic purposes, whereas soft tissue application includes wound healing, removal of hyperplastic tissue to uncovering of impacted or partially erupted tooth, photodynamic therapy for malignancies, photostimulation of herpetic lesion. Use of the laser proved to be an effective tool to increase efficiency, specificity, ease, and cost and comfort of the dental treatment.
Photolithography and its procedure
Photolithography, also called optical lithography or UV lithography, is a process used in microfabrication to pattern parts on a thin film or the bulk of a substrate (also called a wafer). It uses light to transfer a geometric pattern from a photomask (also called an optical mask) to a photosensitive (that is, light-sensitive) chemical photoresist on the substrate. A series of chemical treatments then either etches the exposure pattern into the material or enables deposition of a new material in the desired pattern upon the material underneath the photoresist. In complex integrated circuits, a CMOS wafer may go through the photolithographic cycle as many as 50 times.
Photolithography shares some fundamental principles with photography in that the pattern in the photoresist etching is created by exposing it to light, either directly (without using a mask) or with a projected image using a photomask. This procedure is comparable to a high precision version of the method used to make printed circuit boards. Subsequent stages in the process have more in common with etching than with lithographic printing. This method can create extremely small patterns, down to a few tens of nanometers in size. It provides precise control of the shape and size of the objects it creates and can create patterns over an entire surface cost-effectively. Its main disadvantages are that it requires a flat substrate to start with, it is not very effective at creating shapes that are not flat, and it can require extremely clean operating conditions. Photolithography is the standard method of printed circuit board (PCB) and microprocessor fabrication. Directed self-assembly is being evaluated as an alternative to photolithography
Piezoelectric transducer and its working
The document discusses piezoelectric transducers. It explains that piezoelectric transducers use piezoelectric materials that generate a voltage when pressure or stress is applied. Piezoelectric transducers convert mechanical energy into electrical energy and are used to measure physical quantities like force, pressure, and stress. Common piezoelectric materials include quartz crystals and ceramic materials that are polarized to gain piezoelectric properties. When stress is applied, the ions in the material move and generate an electrical charge that can be measured.
Photoelectric transducers and its classification
The photoelectric transducer converts the light energy into electrical energy. It is made of semiconductor material. The photoelectric transducer uses a photosensitive element, which ejects the electrons when the beam of light absorbs through it.
Piezoresistive sensing
Piezoresistive pressure sensors are one of the very-first products of MEMS technology. Those products are widely used in biomedical applications, automotive industry and household appliances.
The sensing material in a piezoresistive pressure sensor is a diaphragm formed on a silicon substrate, which bends with applied pressure. A deformation occurs in the crystal lattice of the diaphragm because of that bending. This deformation causes a change in the band structure of the piezoresistors that are placed on the diaphragm, leading to a change in the resistivity of the material. This change can be an increase or a decrease according to the orientation of the resistors.
Capacitive sensing technology
capacitive sensing (sometimes capacitance sensing) is a technology, based on capacitive coupling, that can detect and measure anything that is conductive or has a dielectric different from air. Many types of sensors use capacitive sensing, including sensors to detect and measure proximity, pressure, position and displacement, force, humidity, fluid level, and acceleration. Human interface devices based on capacitive sensing, such as trackpads, can replace the computer mouse. Digital audio players, mobile phones, and tablet computers use capacitive sensing touchscreens as input devices. Capacitive sensors can also replace mechanical buttons.
A capacitive touchscreen typically consists of a capacitive touch sensor along with at least two complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit (IC) chips, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) controller and a digital signal processor (DSP). Capacitive sensing is commonly used for mobile multi-touch displays, popularized by Apple's iPhone in 2007.
apacitive sensors are constructed from many different media, such as copper, indium tin oxide (ITO) and printed ink. Copper capacitive sensors can be implemented on standard FR4 PCBs as well as on flexible material. ITO allows the capacitive sensor to be up to 90% transparent (for one layer solutions, such as touch phone screens). Size and spacing of the capacitive sensor are both very important to the sensor's performance. In addition to the size of the sensor, and its spacing relative to the ground plane, the type of ground plane used is very important. Since the parasitic capacitance of the sensor is related to the electric field's (e-field) path to ground, it is important to choose a ground plane that limits the concentration of e-field lines with no conductive object present.
Designing a capacitance sensing system requires first picking the type of sensing material (FR4, Flex, ITO, etc.). One also needs to understand the environment the device will operate in, such as the full operating temperature range, what radio frequencies are present and how the user will interact with the interface.
There are two types of capacitive sensing system: mutual capacitance,[5] where the object (finger, conductive stylus) alters the mutual coupling between row and column electrodes, which are scanned sequentially; and self- or absolute capacitance where the object (such as a finger) loads the sensor or increases the parasitic capacitance to ground. In both cases, the difference of a preceding absolute position from the present absolute position yields the relative motion of the object or finger during that time. The technologies are elaborated in the following section.
More from karoline Enoch (20)
Protein based nanostructures for biomedical applications
Protein based nanostructures for biomedical applications
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Null Bangalore | Pentesters Approach to AWS IAM
#Abstract:
- Learn more about the real-world methods for auditing AWS IAM (Identity and Access Management) as a pentester. So let us proceed with a brief discussion of IAM as well as some typical misconfigurations and their potential exploits in order to reinforce the understanding of IAM security best practices.
- Gain actionable insights into AWS IAM policies and roles, using hands on approach.
#Prerequisites:
- Basic understanding of AWS services and architecture
- Familiarity with cloud security concepts
- Experience using the AWS Management Console or AWS CLI.
- For hands on lab create account on [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
# Scenario Covered:
- Basics of IAM in AWS
- Implementing IAM Policies with Least Privilege to Manage S3 Bucket
- Objective: Create an S3 bucket with least privilege IAM policy and validate access.
- Steps:
- Create S3 bucket.
- Attach least privilege policy to IAM user.
- Validate access.
- Exploiting IAM PassRole Misconfiguration
-Allows a user to pass a specific IAM role to an AWS service (ec2), typically used for service access delegation. Then exploit PassRole Misconfiguration granting unauthorized access to sensitive resources.
- Objective: Demonstrate how a PassRole misconfiguration can grant unauthorized access.
- Steps:
- Allow user to pass IAM role to EC2.
- Exploit misconfiguration for unauthorized access.
- Access sensitive resources.
- Exploiting IAM AssumeRole Misconfiguration with Overly Permissive Role
- An overly permissive IAM role configuration can lead to privilege escalation by creating a role with administrative privileges and allow a user to assume this role.
- Objective: Show how overly permissive IAM roles can lead to privilege escalation.
- Steps:
- Create role with administrative privileges.
- Allow user to assume the role.
- Perform administrative actions.
- Differentiation between PassRole vs AssumeRole
Try at [killercoda.com](https://killercoda.com/cloudsecurity-scenario/)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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Preamplifier and impedance matching circuits
- 2. AMPLIFIER Amplifier is an electronic circuit or device which is used for amplification purpose and used mainly in sound reproduction as well in our electronic industry widely. There are many types of amplifier available by using different components like transistor based amplifier, op- amp based amplifier, transformer based amplifier.
- 3. A preamplifier (preamp or "pre") is an electronic amplifier that converts a weak electrical signal into an output signal strong enough to be noise-tolerant and strong enough for further processing, or for sending to a power amplifier and a loudspeaker. Without this, the final signal would be noisy or distorted. They are typically used to amplify signals from analog sensors such as microphones and pickups. Because of this, the preamplifier is often placed close to the sensor to reduce the effects of noise and interference. PRE AMPLIFIER
- 4. PRE AMPLIFIER • Transistor BC547 • Bread Board • 8ohm Speaker • 100uF capacitor • Power Supply • Resistor 2.2k • Aux wire or audio jack or MIC • Connecting wire • Jumper wire
- 5. Here the capacitor C1 is acting as coupling capacitor. Coupling capacitor is used as a filter to block out the DC component of the input signal, thus also called as DC blocking capacitor. It prevents the headphones or speaker to get damaged by the DC flowing of current. PRE AMPLIFIER
- 6. Transistors can be used either as a switch or as a amplifier. So here this NPN Transistor BC547 is acting as Amplifier. In amplification setup, this transistor allows larger current to be flowed when smaller voltage is applied at its base. So here voltage is applied at its base through the audio input signal by AUX jack and it allows larger current to be passed from the 9v battery source thought the speaker. In that way it is converting Electric energy into audio output.
- 7. Impedance matching is defined as the process of designing the input impedance and output impedance of an electrical load to minimize the signal reflection or maximize the power transfer of the load. An electrical circuit consists of power sources like amplifier or generator and electrical load like a light bulb or transmission line have a source impedance. This source impedance is equivalent to resistance in series with reactance. IMPEDANCE MATCHING
- 9. Consider that, the Resistor (R) and Inductor (L) are in series. And this combination is in parallel with the Capacitor (C). Hence, the Impedance is,
- 10. Separate the imaginary part and real part of the above equation with the help of complex conjugate.
- 12. At ω = ω0, we have resistance for Yin, which should be set to R’.
- 13. Impedance Matching Applications In electrical and electronic circuit design, the main goal of a designer is to achieve maximum power that can deliver from the source to load. In almost all applications, impedance matching is necessary.
- 14. THANK YOU