Amplifier
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An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal. Feedback is defined as part of the output signal being returned to the input. Positive feedback occurs when the feedback signal is in phase with the original input signal, while negative feedback occurs when they are out of phase. Positive feedback is used in oscillators to generate an output frequency and in amplifiers to produce smooth signals from noisy inputs, but it increases gain and the risk of oscillation while reducing frequency response and increasing distortion.
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Basics of amplifier.ppt
This document provides an overview of amplifiers:
1. An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the magnitude of a signal applied to its input. Amplifiers are commonly used to amplify small input signals to drive speakers, lamps, or other loads.
2. Amplifiers can be classified by their configuration (common emitter, base, or collector), class of operation (A, B, C, or AB), and frequency of operation (DC, AF, RF, VHF, UHF, or SHF). Different types of amplifier gain include voltage, current, and power gain.
3. Power amplifiers are amplifiers that deliver relatively high power, usually to a low resistance
Op amp(operational amplifier)
This document presents an overview of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with an introduction to op-amps, followed by their circuit symbol, pin diagram, important terms and equations. It describes the ideal properties of an op-amp, as well as non-ideal behaviors. Applications discussed include analog to digital converters, current sources, and zero crossing detectors. Advantages are listed as versatility and uses in various circuits. Disadvantages include limitations in power and load resistance.
Feedback amplifiers
i made this feedback amplifiers presentation for engineering students who are pursuing 2nd year i hope it'll be helpful for them.
Feedback amplifiers
This document discusses negative feedback in amplifiers. It defines feedback as part of the output signal being returned to the input. Negative feedback occurs when the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal. There are four types of feedback classified by the sampling and mixing networks: voltage series, current series, current shunt, and voltage shunt. Negative feedback provides advantages like stabilized gain and operating point but results in reduced gain. It has applications in electronic amplifiers, regulated power supplies, and wideband amplifiers.
Op amp
This presentation contains the basic information you need to know about operational amplifier.
I have tried to cover all the basic info. If anything is left out or you have any suggestions i will appreciate it.
Half wave Rectifier & Full wave Rectifier with their descriptions.
This document summarizes half wave and full wave rectifiers. It describes that a rectifier converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) through a process called rectification. There are two main types - half wave and full wave rectifiers. A half wave rectifier only conducts during the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, while a full wave rectifier conducts during both half cycles using two diodes or a diode bridge. Full wave rectifiers have higher efficiency and output than half wave rectifiers but require more diodes. The document provides circuit diagrams and explanations of operation for both half wave and full wave rectifier configurations.
Operational amplifier
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is an integrated circuit that can amplify or compare signals. It consists of transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Op-amps are used to build amplifiers, summers, integrators, differentiators, and comparators. They obey golden rules to make the difference between their input pins zero. Op-amps are also used in analog to digital converters, which sample analog signals and convert them to digital signals for processing.
Module4: opamp as a V-I & I-V Converter
This document discusses operational amplifier applications, including as voltage to current and current to voltage converters. It describes voltage to current converters with floating loads and grounded loads, using inverting amplifiers. Applications of voltage to current converters include diode match finders, zener diode testers, relay drivers, and LED drivers. Current to voltage converters are also discussed. Their applications include sensing current through photocells, in light intensity meters, and in digital to analog converters. The document was authored by Mr. C.R. Shinde of the Electrical Engineering Department at Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre in Nashik, India.
Recommended
Basics of amplifier.ppt
This document provides an overview of amplifiers:
1. An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the magnitude of a signal applied to its input. Amplifiers are commonly used to amplify small input signals to drive speakers, lamps, or other loads.
2. Amplifiers can be classified by their configuration (common emitter, base, or collector), class of operation (A, B, C, or AB), and frequency of operation (DC, AF, RF, VHF, UHF, or SHF). Different types of amplifier gain include voltage, current, and power gain.
3. Power amplifiers are amplifiers that deliver relatively high power, usually to a low resistance
Op amp(operational amplifier)
This document presents an overview of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with an introduction to op-amps, followed by their circuit symbol, pin diagram, important terms and equations. It describes the ideal properties of an op-amp, as well as non-ideal behaviors. Applications discussed include analog to digital converters, current sources, and zero crossing detectors. Advantages are listed as versatility and uses in various circuits. Disadvantages include limitations in power and load resistance.
Feedback amplifiers
i made this feedback amplifiers presentation for engineering students who are pursuing 2nd year i hope it'll be helpful for them.
Feedback amplifiers
This document discusses negative feedback in amplifiers. It defines feedback as part of the output signal being returned to the input. Negative feedback occurs when the feedback signal is out of phase with the input signal. There are four types of feedback classified by the sampling and mixing networks: voltage series, current series, current shunt, and voltage shunt. Negative feedback provides advantages like stabilized gain and operating point but results in reduced gain. It has applications in electronic amplifiers, regulated power supplies, and wideband amplifiers.
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This document summarizes half wave and full wave rectifiers. It describes that a rectifier converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC) through a process called rectification. There are two main types - half wave and full wave rectifiers. A half wave rectifier only conducts during the positive half cycle of the input AC signal, while a full wave rectifier conducts during both half cycles using two diodes or a diode bridge. Full wave rectifiers have higher efficiency and output than half wave rectifiers but require more diodes. The document provides circuit diagrams and explanations of operation for both half wave and full wave rectifier configurations.
Operational amplifier
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is an integrated circuit that can amplify or compare signals. It consists of transistors, resistors, and capacitors. Op-amps are used to build amplifiers, summers, integrators, differentiators, and comparators. They obey golden rules to make the difference between their input pins zero. Op-amps are also used in analog to digital converters, which sample analog signals and convert them to digital signals for processing.
Module4: opamp as a V-I & I-V Converter
This document discusses operational amplifier applications, including as voltage to current and current to voltage converters. It describes voltage to current converters with floating loads and grounded loads, using inverting amplifiers. Applications of voltage to current converters include diode match finders, zener diode testers, relay drivers, and LED drivers. Current to voltage converters are also discussed. Their applications include sensing current through photocells, in light intensity meters, and in digital to analog converters. The document was authored by Mr. C.R. Shinde of the Electrical Engineering Department at Matoshri College of Engineering & Research Centre in Nashik, India.
Power amplifiers
Power amplifiers are concerned with efficiency, maximum power capability, and impedance matching to the output device rather than small-signal factors like amplification, linearity, and gain. There are several classes of power amplifiers including Class A, B, AB, C, and D which differ based on the conduction angle of the output and location of the Q-point. Efficiency increases as the conduction angle decreases from Class A to Class B to Class C. Transformers can be used to improve efficiency and increase the output swing of Class A amplifiers. Push-pull configurations are used for Class B amplifiers to generate a full output cycle from two transistors.
Filters
Filters are electrical circuits that pass specified frequency bands while attenuating signals outside that band. They are classified as active or passive. Active filters have advantages like smaller size and weight due to integrated components, and they do not load signal sources. However, they have limitations like finite bandwidth and sensitivity to temperature changes. Common filters include low pass, high pass, band pass, band stop, and all pass filters. State variable filters can produce multiple filter responses and are called universal filters.
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The document presented an overview of operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs) given by Group 12. It defined an OP-AMP as an integrated circuit that amplifies input voltage through high gain. It described OP-AMP characteristics like high open-loop gain, large input resistance, and small output resistance. Common OP-AMP applications presented included comparators, integrators, differentiators, filters, and oscillators. Circuit diagrams were provided for low-pass filters, high-pass filters, and band-pass filters built using OP-AMPs.
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Introduction
Semiconductor is a solid substance that has conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. Devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits.
Examples: Silicon, Germanium, Carbon
Intrinsic & Extrinsic Semiconductor
Semiconductors are mainly classified into two categories: Intrinsic and Extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor material is chemically very pure and possesses poor conductivity. It has equal numbers of negative carriers (electrons) and positive carriers (holes). Where as an extrinsic semiconductor is an improved intrinsic semiconductor with a small amount of impurities added.
The Doping of Semiconductors
The addition of a small percentage of foreign atoms in the regular crystal lattice of silicon or germanium produces dramatic changes in their electrical properties, producing n-type and p-type semiconductors.
Pentavalent impurities
Impurity atoms with 5 valence electrons produce n-type semiconductors by contributing extra electrons.
Trivalent impurities
Impurity atoms with 3 valence electrons produce p-type semiconductors by producing a "hole" or electron deficiency.
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The addition of pentavalent impurities such as antimony, arsenic or phosphorous contributes free electrons, greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor. Phosphorous may be added by diffusion of phosphine gas (PH3).
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This is a presentation of Electronic Devices and Circuits course on Amplifiers with Feedback circuits.
AMPLIFIER:
an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction.
FEEDBACK:
process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known as feedback.
Unit 1 cro ppt
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1. The document discusses diodes, their structure and types including PN junction diode, LED, photodiode, and Zener diode.
2. It explains how diodes allow current to flow in one direction during forward bias when positive voltage is applied to the p-type side, and restricts current in reverse bias.
3. Applications of diodes discussed include different types of rectifiers (half wave, full wave, bridge) which convert AC to DC, and clippers which shape input waveforms.
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Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback Circuit
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Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback
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1) The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including their basic function of converting continuous analog signals to discrete digital numbers.
2) It describes several types of ADCs - flash, successive approximation, dual slope, and delta-sigma - along with their relative speeds and costs.
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Am transmitter
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
Feedback Amplifier_Nt Pixel
The document discusses feedback in amplifiers. It defines feedback as part of the output signal being returned to the input. There are two types of feedback: positive feedback where the feedback signal is in phase with the input, and negative feedback where they are out of phase. An amplifier without feedback simply has a gain A, while one with feedback has a lower gain determined by the feedback factor. Negative feedback has advantages like stabilizing gain but reduces gain, and has applications in electronic amplifiers, power supplies, and wideband amplifiers.
Eeg381 electronics iii chapter 2 - feedback amplifiers
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and the four basic feedback topologies:
1) Series-shunt feedback for voltage amplifiers
2) Shunt-series feedback for current amplifiers
3) Series-series feedback for transconductance amplifiers
4) Shunt-shunt feedback for transresistance amplifiers
It also covers negative feedback voltage amplifiers, including calculating closed-loop gain, gain desensitivity, and bandwidth extension due to feedback. An example problem is worked through to demonstrate these concepts.
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Power amplifiers
Power amplifiers are concerned with efficiency, maximum power capability, and impedance matching to the output device rather than small-signal factors like amplification, linearity, and gain. There are several classes of power amplifiers including Class A, B, AB, C, and D which differ based on the conduction angle of the output and location of the Q-point. Efficiency increases as the conduction angle decreases from Class A to Class B to Class C. Transformers can be used to improve efficiency and increase the output swing of Class A amplifiers. Push-pull configurations are used for Class B amplifiers to generate a full output cycle from two transistors.
Filters
Filters are electrical circuits that pass specified frequency bands while attenuating signals outside that band. They are classified as active or passive. Active filters have advantages like smaller size and weight due to integrated components, and they do not load signal sources. However, they have limitations like finite bandwidth and sensitivity to temperature changes. Common filters include low pass, high pass, band pass, band stop, and all pass filters. State variable filters can produce multiple filter responses and are called universal filters.
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The document presented an overview of operational amplifiers (OP-AMPs) given by Group 12. It defined an OP-AMP as an integrated circuit that amplifies input voltage through high gain. It described OP-AMP characteristics like high open-loop gain, large input resistance, and small output resistance. Common OP-AMP applications presented included comparators, integrators, differentiators, filters, and oscillators. Circuit diagrams were provided for low-pass filters, high-pass filters, and band-pass filters built using OP-AMPs.
Semiconductors
Introduction
Semiconductor is a solid substance that has conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. Devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits.
Examples: Silicon, Germanium, Carbon
Intrinsic & Extrinsic Semiconductor
Semiconductors are mainly classified into two categories: Intrinsic and Extrinsic. An intrinsic semiconductor material is chemically very pure and possesses poor conductivity. It has equal numbers of negative carriers (electrons) and positive carriers (holes). Where as an extrinsic semiconductor is an improved intrinsic semiconductor with a small amount of impurities added.
The Doping of Semiconductors
The addition of a small percentage of foreign atoms in the regular crystal lattice of silicon or germanium produces dramatic changes in their electrical properties, producing n-type and p-type semiconductors.
Pentavalent impurities
Impurity atoms with 5 valence electrons produce n-type semiconductors by contributing extra electrons.
Trivalent impurities
Impurity atoms with 3 valence electrons produce p-type semiconductors by producing a "hole" or electron deficiency.
N-Type Semiconductor
The addition of pentavalent impurities such as antimony, arsenic or phosphorous contributes free electrons, greatly increasing the conductivity of the intrinsic semiconductor. Phosphorous may be added by diffusion of phosphine gas (PH3).
P-Type Semiconductor
The addition of trivalent impurities such as boron, aluminum or gallium to an intrinsic semiconductor creates deficiencies of valence electrons,called "holes". It is typical to use B2H6 diborane gas to diffuse boron into the silicon material.
Diodes
A device that blocks current in one direction while letting current flow in another direction is called a diode. Diodes can be used in a number of ways. For example, a device that uses batteries often contains a diode that protects the device if you insert the batteries backward. The diode simply blocks any current from leaving the battery if it is reversed -- this protects the sensitive electronics in the device.
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This document discusses amplitude modulation (AM) as a type of modulation used to transmit information signals. Modulation involves varying a high frequency carrier signal by an information signal in order to transmit the information signal over long distances. In AM, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in accordance with the instantaneous amplitude of the modulating or information signal. This creates two new sideband frequencies above and below the carrier frequency equal to the modulation frequency. The carrier and sidebands together make up the modulated signal. Only a portion of the transmitted power is present in the sidebands containing the information, while the rest is wasted in the carrier.
Oscillators
The document discusses different types of oscillators. It begins by describing the basic concept and principles of operation for oscillators. RC and LC oscillators are analyzed in more detail. RC oscillators like the Wien bridge and phase-shift oscillators are described as generating signals in the kHz range using RC timing circuits. LC oscillators like the Colpitts, Hartley, and crystal oscillators can generate higher frequency signals from hundreds of kHz to hundreds of MHz using LC tuned circuits or crystals in the feedback network. The key conditions for oscillation are also summarized.
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This is a presentation of Electronic Devices and Circuits course on Amplifiers with Feedback circuits.
AMPLIFIER:
an electronic device for increasing the amplitude of electrical signals, used chiefly in sound reproduction.
FEEDBACK:
process of injecting a fraction of output energy of some device back to the input is known as feedback.
Unit 1 cro ppt
The cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO) displays waveforms by plotting voltage over time. It consists of a cathode-ray tube (CRT) and various circuits. The CRT uses an electron gun to generate a focused electron beam that is deflected by electric fields to scan a fluorescent screen, creating the visual display. The vertical amplifier inputs the signal to be analyzed and the delay line synchronizes it with the timebase. The timebase generator produces a sawtooth voltage for the horizontal deflection of the beam across the screen. Triggering circuits synchronize the timebase to capture the desired part of the waveform. CROs can be analog for direct manual measurement or digital/storage for digital readout and retaining traces.
Diode ,its types & its Application
1. The document discusses diodes, their structure and types including PN junction diode, LED, photodiode, and Zener diode.
2. It explains how diodes allow current to flow in one direction during forward bias when positive voltage is applied to the p-type side, and restricts current in reverse bias.
3. Applications of diodes discussed include different types of rectifiers (half wave, full wave, bridge) which convert AC to DC, and clippers which shape input waveforms.
Transistor biasing
There are four main methods of transistor biasing: base resistor method, emitter bias method, biasing with collector feedback resistor, and voltage-divider bias method. The document then focuses on explaining the base resistor method and voltage-divider bias method in more detail. For the base resistor method, a resistor is used to provide base current, but it has poor stability. For the voltage-divider bias method, two resistors are used to provide stable biasing of the transistor by controlling the base-emitter voltage. This method is widely used due to its stability from the emitter resistor preventing changes in collector current.
Instrumentation amplifier
The document discusses the instrumentation amplifier (IA). It begins by introducing the IA, noting its high input impedance, precisely adjustable gain using a single resistor, and high common mode rejection. It then describes the two stages of an IA: the first offers high input impedance and sets the gain, while the second is a differential amplifier with feedback and grounding that offers very high input impedance. Applications discussed include using a thermistor in a bridge circuit with an IA to indicate temperature.
Negative amplifiers and its types Positive feedback and Negative feedback
Negative amplifiers
What is Feedback?
Positive feedback
Negative feedback
Feedback Circuit
Principles of Negative Voltage Feedback In Amplifiers
Gain of Negative Voltage Feedback Amplifier
Advantages of Negative Voltage Feedback
Principles of Negative Current Feedback
Current Gain with Negative Current Feedback
Analog to digital converters, adc
1) The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including their basic function of converting continuous analog signals to discrete digital numbers.
2) It describes several types of ADCs - flash, successive approximation, dual slope, and delta-sigma - along with their relative speeds and costs.
3) The document then focuses on the ATD10B8C ADC present on the MC9S12C32 microcontroller, outlining its key features, registers, and how to set it up and use it to take single-channel or multi-channel conversions.
Op amps
Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are high-gain electronic voltage amplifiers used for mathematical computations. They have differential inputs that amplify the difference between the voltages and provide an output proportional to that difference. Op-amps aim to have infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, and other ideal characteristics. They are made up of stages like input, intermediate, level shifting, and output stages. Common applications include audio amplification, instrumentation, and analog computing.
Differential amplifier
Differential amplifiers amplify the difference between two input signals while rejecting input signals that are common to both inputs. They have advantages like excellent stability, versatility, and immunity to noise and interference. The differential gain (Ad) is the gain with which the difference between the two input signals (V1-V2) is amplified to produce the output (Vo). The common mode gain (Ac) is the gain resulting from any common signals applied to both inputs. Differential amplifiers have high differential gain, low common mode gain, and high common mode rejection ratio (CMRR), which is the ratio of Ad/Ac expressed in decibels and indicates the ability to reject common mode signals.
Invering and non inverting amplifiers
this presentation is based on basic description of inverting and non-inverting amplifiers using op-amps and their medical use, hope it helps students :)
Final
This document covers negative feedback amplifiers, including the concept of feedback, different feedback topologies, and analysis of feedback amplifiers. It discusses four main feedback topologies: voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt. For each topology, it explains the feedback mechanism, provides an approximate h-parameter equivalent circuit, and analyzes how feedback affects characteristics like gain, input and output resistance, bandwidth, and distortion. The document is intended to guide students through key topics relating to negative feedback amplifiers.
Presentation on half and full wave ractifier.ppt
Kawsar Ahmed presented on half wave and full wave rectifiers. The half wave rectifier only conducts current during one half of the AC cycle, resulting in a lower output. The full wave rectifier uses two diodes or a bridge configuration to conduct current over both halves of the AC cycle, doubling the output. A center tap full wave rectifier uses two diodes and a center tapped transformer, while a bridge rectifier eliminates the need for a center tap and uses four diodes. Both full wave rectifiers provide an output with less ripple and higher efficiency than the half wave rectifier.
Silicon control rectifier
The document is a presentation on silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) given by five students. It introduces SCRs, explaining that they are power electronic devices that can convert AC to DC and control power to a load. The presentation describes the basic structure and operation of SCRs, including how applying a voltage to the gate terminal allows current to flow. It also covers the characteristics curve and applications of SCRs in areas like rectification, power supplies, motor controls and battery charging. In conclusion, SCRs are widely used power components due to their ability to easily switch high currents and their low cost.
Am transmitter
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
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This document discusses feedback amplifiers and the four basic feedback topologies:
1) Series-shunt feedback for voltage amplifiers
2) Shunt-series feedback for current amplifiers
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4) Shunt-shunt feedback for transresistance amplifiers
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This document discusses feedback and oscillator circuits. It describes the effects of negative feedback on amplifiers, including lower gain but higher input impedance, more stable gain, improved frequency response, and lower output impedance. There are four types of feedback connections: voltage-series, voltage-shunt, current-series, and current-shunt. Oscillators require positive feedback where the overall gain equals one. Common oscillator circuits include phase-shift, Wien bridge, tuned, crystal, and unijunction oscillators.
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14699775563. feedback amplifiers
The document discusses feedback amplifiers and the concepts of positive and negative feedback. It states that negative feedback reduces amplifier gain but provides benefits like lower distortion, increased stability and improved input/output impedances. Feedback can be connected in either voltage or current series/shunt configurations, each affecting the input and output impedances differently. Negative feedback also increases an amplifier's bandwidth and makes its gain less sensitive to component variations. The Barkhausen criterion for oscillation is that the open-loop gain must be unity with a phase shift of 0° or 360° around the feedback loop.
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Eeg381 electronics iii chapter 2 - feedback amplifiers
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baocaosu
This document discusses feedback amplifiers. It describes positive and negative feedback amplifiers, with negative feedback amplifiers being more commonly used. Negative feedback amplifiers have benefits like increased input impedance, decreased output impedance, improved frequency response, reduced noise, and reduced distortion. The document categorizes different types of negative feedback amplifiers based on whether they use voltage or current feedback in series or shunt configurations. It explains how negative feedback impacts properties like gain, gain stability, and input and output impedances. In the end, it answers questions about the type of feedback needed for oscillators and operational amplifiers.
a159298350984.pdf
A novel dual-band, dual-polarized antenna-duplexer scheme is intended to use for
WLAN 802.11a and ISM band applications using Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technology. The antenna consists of two planar SIW cavities of different dimensions where a smaller sized
diamond-shaped cavity is inserted inside the larger rectangular cavity to share the common aperture
area. The diamond-ring shaped slots are etched in each cavity for radiation. The larger diamondring slot is excited with a microstrip feedline to operate at 5.2 GHz while the smaller slot is excited
with a coaxial probe to operate at 5.8 GHz. The antenna produces linear polarization at 5.2 GHz
(5.1–5.3 GHz) due to the merging of TE110 and TE120 cavity modes while circular polarization
around 5.8 GHz due to orthogonally excited TM100and TM010modes (5.68–5.95 GHz). The slots
are excited in an orthogonal fashion to maintain a better decoupling between the ports (i.e. –23 dB).
The performance of the antenna has been verified in free space as well as in the vicinity of the
human body. The antenna offers the gain of 6.2 dBi /6.6 dBi in free space and 5.8 dBi / 6.4 dBi
on-body at lower-/ higher frequency-bands, respectively. Also, the specific absorption rate (SAR)
is obtained<0.245 W/Kg for 0.5 W input power averaged over 10 mW/g mass of the tissue. The
proposed design is a low-profile, compact single-layered design, which is a suitable option for
off-body communication.
Working of an amplifer
1. AMPLIFIER
2. PARTS OF AMPLIFIER
3. AMPLIFIER TYPES
4. OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER
5. CLASSES OF AMPLIFIER
6. ADVANTAGES OF AMPLIFIER
7. USES OF AMPLIFIER
feedback amplifier
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and provides details on:
1. Feedback amplifiers can be positive or negative, with negative feedback reducing gain and improving performance. Negative feedback subtracts part of the output from the input.
2. The basic structure of a single-loop feedback amplifier feeds part of the output back to the input. This reduces gain but improves stability, bandwidth, noise, and distortion compared to a basic amplifier.
3. Amplifiers are classified based on their input and output signals as voltage, current, transconductance, or transresistance amplifiers depending on whether the input is voltage or current and the output relationship.
Ch 2 feedback amplifier
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and provides details on:
1. Feedback amplifiers can be positive or negative, with negative feedback reducing gain and improving performance. Negative feedback subtracts part of the output from the input.
2. The basic structure of a single-loop feedback amplifier feeds part of the output back to the input. This reduces gain but improves bandwidth, noise, distortion, and impedance levels.
3. Amplifiers are classified based on their input (voltage or current) and output relationships into voltage, current, transconductance, and transresistance types. Feedback configurations can be series or shunt.
Feedbacck Amplifier
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on feedback amplifiers given by Abhishek Anand. It defines feedback amplifiers as amplifiers that have a feedback path from the output to the input. It describes the two main types as positive feedback, which increases overall gain, and negative feedback, which reduces gain but improves frequency response, distortion, and drift. Examples of feedback configurations include series-shunt, shunt-series, and series-series. Applications of negative feedback are discussed, including stabilizing gain against variations and reducing nonlinear distortion and noise.
Feedback amplifiers.pptx
An amplifier that uses negative feedback is called a feedback amplifier. The document discusses the basic components and effects of feedback amplifiers. A feedback amplifier consists of a source, amplifier, sampling network, and mixer network. Negative feedback improves the stability, frequency response, and reduces harmonic distortion of an amplifier. It also allows the input and output resistances to be changed. Positive feedback is used in oscillators instead of amplifiers to cause instability and oscillations.
Audio amplifier prj
This document provides an overview of an audio amplifier project. It is dedicated to the authors' parents, teachers, and friends for their support. It thanks the project advisor and other teachers for their assistance. The main objective is to understand how amplifiers work. The purpose is to gain knowledge of amplifiers and their need. It then describes what an amplifier is and some key specifications to characterize amplifiers, including gain, bandwidth, efficiency, linearity, noise, slew rate, and stability. It also provides a brief definition of an audio amplifier.
Bio amplifiers - basics
A Bioamplifier is an electrophysiological device, a variation of the instrumentation amplifier, used to gather and increase the signal integrity of physiologic electrical activity for output to various sources. It may be an independent unit, or integrated into the electrodes.
Frequency Response.pptx
This document discusses the frequency response of audio frequency amplifiers. It explains that an ideal amplifier would provide consistent amplification across all audio frequencies from 20Hz to 20KHz. However, real amplifiers have cut-off frequencies where the gain deviates from ideal. The frequency response curve plots gain against input frequency to determine the upper and lower cut-off frequencies, which define the bandwidth. Below the lower cut-off frequency and above the upper cut-off frequency, the gain drops to 70.7% of the maximum. The document also covers decibel measurements of gain and the significance of octaves and decades in measuring frequency changes.
E ② chapter one - feedback amplifier
This document discusses feedback amplifiers and provides an overview of Chapter 1 of the course Applied Electronics II. It introduces feedback concepts and discusses advantages and disadvantages of feedback. It analyzes the ideal feedback system and derives the transfer function. Properties of negative feedback systems are discussed, including gain sensitivity, bandwidth extension, noise sensitivity, reduction of nonlinear distortion, and control of impedance levels. Feedback configurations and problems with positive feedback are also examined. The chapter aims to analyze feedback circuits and determine characteristics including input and output resistances and loop gain stability.
Deterimining Loop gain in Feedback Amplifiers
This document discusses negative feedback amplifiers. It defines feedback amplifiers as those with a feedback path from the output to the input. Negative feedback decreases the overall gain but improves performance and stability. The key aspects covered are:
- Negative feedback improves properties like gain stability, linearity and bandwidth while reducing sensitivity to variations.
- There are four basic feedback topologies depending on whether voltage or current is mixed or sampled in the feedback path.
- The loop gain, which quantifies the feedback, can be determined by breaking the feedback loop and applying a test signal.
- Negative feedback provides benefits like desensitized gain, reduced nonlinear distortion and noise, and control of input/output impedances by trading
Feedback in amplifier
An amplifier is one of the most important applications of transistor. Generally, transistor in CE configuration was used for faithful amplification of signal due to high gain, high input impedance and high power gain. But it has been observed that feedback in an amplifier introduces significant improvement in gain and gives amplified output in required form.
amplifier ppt.pptx
This document discusses amplifiers and operational amplifiers. It begins by defining amplifiers as electronic devices that increase the power of a signal by taking energy from a power supply. Amplifiers are then classified as either small signal or large signal amplifiers, depending on the power or voltage gain. Operational amplifiers are introduced as analog building blocks that can perform mathematical operations like integration and differentiation through external feedback components. Key parameters of amplifiers like gain are defined. Operational amplifiers consist of two high impedance inputs and one output, and can have voltage, current, transconductance, or transresistance gain classifications.
Feedback concept
This document discusses negative feedback in electronic circuits. It defines negative feedback as returning a fraction of the output of a circuit to its input to minimize error. With negative feedback, the feedback signal is out of phase with the input, reducing amplifier gain but improving output. Key benefits of negative feedback include higher input impedance, lower output impedance, stabilization of voltage gain, improved frequency response, more linear operation, and reduced noise and distortion. There are four main types of negative feedback connections: voltage series, voltage shunt, current series, and current shunt. These differ based on whether the feedback signal is the output voltage or current, and whether it is connected in series or parallel with the input.
Oscillators
This document discusses feedback in amplifiers. It explains that feedback can be either positive or negative depending on whether the feedback voltage is in or out of phase with the input signal. Negative feedback is used in amplifiers to reduce gain but improve stability, bandwidth, and reduce noise and distortion. Positive feedback is used in oscillators to increase gain above unity and produce sustained oscillations. The Barkhausen criterion states that for oscillations the feedback must be positive and the net phase shift around the loop must be an integral multiple of 2π.
Feedback-Amplifiers.pdf
Presentation about feedback amplifiers . It gives information about feedback amplifiers and their operation ...
bio-amplifiers-basics.pptx
1. Biological amplifiers, also known as bio-amplifiers, are specifically designed to process low-amplitude bioelectric signals and increase their power.
2. An ideal bio-amplifier must have high input impedance, isolation and protection circuits, high common mode rejection ratio, and maintain a constant gain across its bandwidth.
3. Bio-amplifiers are used to amplify biological signals measured from electrodes placed on the human body, such as electrocardiograms and electromyograms, before further analysis.
To design a common base amplifier using multisim
This document provides instructions for designing a common base amplifier and band pass filter using Multisim. It describes the characteristics of a common base amplifier as having a voltage gain of 10 times that of a common emitter amplifier, and a current gain of 1. It then lists the components used in simulating the common base amplifier circuit in Multisim. The document also explains that a band pass filter accepts a specific frequency band and rejects other frequencies, and provides the formulas used to calculate component values for a 93.0 MHz band pass filter based on resonance frequency. It simulates this band pass filter circuit in Multisim and confirms the output resonance frequency is 93.0 MHz.
Frequency response(1)
This document discusses the frequency response of operational amplifiers. It defines frequency response as a measure of the output spectrum of a system in response to an input stimulus over a range of frequencies. It describes how open-loop gain, frequency compensation, closed-loop gain, gain-bandwidth product, and slew rate characterize the non-ideal frequency response of op-amps. Frequency compensation modifies the gain and phase characteristics to increase bandwidth by adding resistance-capacitance networks. The gain-bandwidth product provides a measure of an op-amp's useful bandwidth.
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Amplifier
- 2. • Safayet Hossain Student of CSE dept of Daffodil International University,Bangladesh
- 4. WHAT IS AN AMPLIFIER? An amplifier is an electronic device that increases the voltage, current, or power of a signal. Amplifiers are used in wireless communications and broadcasting, and in audio equipment of all kinds. They can be categorized as either weak-signal amplifiers or power amplifiers.
- 5. DEFINITION OF FEEDBACK Feedback is defined as the process in which a part of output signal (voltage or current) is returned back to the input. In the feedback process a part of output is sampled and fed back to the input. The fed back signal can be in phase with or out of phase with the original input signal. The amplifier that operates on the principle of feedback is known as feedback amplifier.
- 6. • If the original input signal and the feedback signal are in phase, the feedback is called as positive feedback. • However if these two signals are out of phase then the feedback is called as negative feedback. TYPES OF FEEDBACK 1. Positive feedback 2. Negative feedback.
- 7. APPLICATIONS OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK Positive feedback is used in oscillators where an output of a frequency is needed. It is also used to generate hysteresis in an amplifier, which allows an amplifier to produce smooth signals from noisy inputs. Due to the controlled use of positive feedback, sufficient amplification can be derived from a single vacuum tube or valve (centre).
- 8. • Gain is reduced. • Bandwidth is increased. • Input impedance goes up. Output impedance goes down. Distortion goes down. • Signal to noise ration improves. • Stability may be reduced, if the amplifier compensation isn't correct. APPLICATIONS OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- 9. ADVANTAGES OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER There are numerous advantages for Negative feedback amplifier over positive feedback. And having only one. The amplifier with positive feedback increases the overall Gain. While the negative feedback amplifier reduces gain considerably.
- 10. 1. Very prone to oscillation. 2. Poor freq. response. 3. More distortion. 4. More drift. DISADVANTAGES OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER