Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
introduction, historical background, history of polio vaccine, definition, epidemiology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and its phase, clinical presentation - preparalytic and paralytic stages. acute stage, convalescent stage, recovery stage, residual stage or post polio syndrome. investigations, medical treatment, surgical management , rehabilitation
In this presentation you will find summary for poliomyelitis. what is polio ? what are the causes ? and what will be the prevention?
here you'll also find about the rehabilitation program for polio as well..
Dear Doctor,
Its humbling that you liked the presentation and would like to use it for your purpose. Kindly find your requested presentation attached with this email.
The shortlink for your future reference is http://go.drankush.com/PolioFinal
We would always appreciate if you would place this reference as a due credit in your work and while sharing for others use.
Ankush, Amroskar S, Bhamaikar V, Barreto J. "Polio Final Presentation" Accessed from http://go.drankush.com/PolioFinal
-----------------------------------------------------
As we near eradication of this dreaded disease - "POLIO", we would like to share the following presentation we made for our Pediatrics seminar in 2012.
Best attempts have been made to cover most of the topic, keeping the size under 100 slides.
Hope you like it.
Ankush
Shahin Amroskar
Varsha Bhamaikar
Joyce Barreto
introduction, historical background, history of polio vaccine, definition, epidemiology, mode of transmission, pathogenesis and its phase, clinical presentation - preparalytic and paralytic stages. acute stage, convalescent stage, recovery stage, residual stage or post polio syndrome. investigations, medical treatment, surgical management , rehabilitation
In this presentation you will find summary for poliomyelitis. what is polio ? what are the causes ? and what will be the prevention?
here you'll also find about the rehabilitation program for polio as well..
Dear Doctor,
Its humbling that you liked the presentation and would like to use it for your purpose. Kindly find your requested presentation attached with this email.
The shortlink for your future reference is http://go.drankush.com/PolioFinal
We would always appreciate if you would place this reference as a due credit in your work and while sharing for others use.
Ankush, Amroskar S, Bhamaikar V, Barreto J. "Polio Final Presentation" Accessed from http://go.drankush.com/PolioFinal
-----------------------------------------------------
As we near eradication of this dreaded disease - "POLIO", we would like to share the following presentation we made for our Pediatrics seminar in 2012.
Best attempts have been made to cover most of the topic, keeping the size under 100 slides.
Hope you like it.
Ankush
Shahin Amroskar
Varsha Bhamaikar
Joyce Barreto
THESE SLIDES ARE PREPAREED TO UNDERSTAND about communicable diseases IN EASY WAY Important links- NOTES- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ youtube channel https://www.youtube.com/c/MYSTUDENTSU... CHANEL PLAYLIST- ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY-https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPM3VTGVUXIeswKJ3XGaD2p COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPyslPNdIJoVjiXEDTVEDzs CHILD HEALTH NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gANcslmv0DXg6BWmWN359Gvg FIRST AID- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMvGqeqH2ZTklzFAZhOrvgP HCM- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAM7mZ1vZhQBHWbdLnLb-cH9 FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPFxu78NDLpGPaxEmK1fTao COMMUNICABLE DISEASES- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOWo4IwNjLU_LCuhRN0ZLeb ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAPkI6LvfS8Zu1nm6mZi9FK6 MSN- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAOdyoHnDLAoR_o8M6ccqYBm HINDI ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAN4L-FJ3s_IEXgZCijGUA1A ENGLISH ONLY- https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL93S13oM2gAMYv2a1hFcq4W1nBjTnRkHP facebook profile- https://www.facebook.com/suresh.kr.lrhs/ FACEBOOK PAGE- https://www.facebook.com/My-Student-S... facebook group NURSING NOTES- https://www.facebook.com/groups/24139... FOR MAKING EASY NOTES YOU CAN ALSO VISIT MY BLOG – BLOGGER- https://mynursingstudents.blogspot.com/ Instagram- https://www.instagram.com/mystudentsu... Twitter- https://twitter.com/student_system?s=08 #PEM, #polio,#communicablediseases,#ASSESSMENT, #APPEARENCE,#PULSE,#GRIMACE,#REFLEX,#RESPIRATION,#RESUSCITATION,#NEWBORN,#BABY,#VIRGINIA, #CHILD, #OXYGEN,#CYANOSIS,#OPTICNERVE, #SARACHNA,#MYSTUDENTSUPPORTSYSTEM, #rashes,#nursingclasses, #communityhealthnursing,#ANM, #GNM, #BSCNURING,#NURSINGSTUDENTS, #WHO,#NURSINGINSTITUTION,#COLLEGEOFNURSING,#nursingofficer,#COMMUNITYHEALTHOFFICE,#HEALTHPROBLEMS
Polio or poliomyelitis is first known to have occurred nearly 6,000 years ago, as evidenced by the withered and deformed limbs of certain Egyptian mummies.
Polio was epidemic in the United States and the world in the 20th century, especially in the 1940s and 1950s.
Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious viral disease, which mostly affects young children; the virus is transmitted by person-to-person spread mainly through the fecal-oral route, or, less frequently, by a common vehicle (e.g. contaminated food or water) and multiplies in the intestine, from where it can invade the nervous system and can cause paralysis.
Initial symptoms of polio include fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in the neck, and pain in the limbs.
Etiology
Polioviruses are enteroviruses within the Picornaviridae family.
Direct contact. Poliovirus can be transmitted through direct contact with someone infected with the virus.
Ingestion. Less commonly, it can be transmitted through contaminated food and water.
Clinical Manifestations
Most patients infected with poliovirus develop inapparent infections and are frequently asymptomatic.
Nonspecific symptoms. Fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and oropharyngeal hyperemia are observed in mild cases and usually resolve within a few days.
Nonparalytic poliomyelitis. Nonparalytic poliomyelitis is characterized by the symptoms described above in addition to the following: nuchal rigidity, more severe headache, back, and lower extremity pain, and meningitis with lymphocytic pleocytosis (usually).
Assessment and Diagnostic Findings
To confirm the diagnosis, a sample of throat secretions, stool or a colorless fluid that surrounds your brain and spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) is checked for poliovirus.
Viral cultures. Obtain specimens from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), stool, and throat for viral cultures in patients with suspected poliomyelitis infection.
Serum antibody. Obtain acute and convalescent serum for antibody concentrations against the 3 polioviruses.
IG titer. A 4-fold increase in the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titers or a positive anti-immunoglobulin M (IgM) titer during the acute stage is diagnostic.
Medical Management
The treatment of poliomyelitis is mainly supportive.
Physical therapy. Physical therapy is indicated in cases of paralytic disease; in paralytic disease, it provide frequent mobilization to avoid the development of chronic decubitus ulcerations; active and passive motion exercises are indicated during the convalescent stage.
Total hip arthroplasty. Total hip arthroplasty is a surgical therapeutic option for patients with paralytic sequelae of poliomyelitis who develop hip dysplasia and degenerative disease.
Diet. Because patients with poliomyelitis are prone to develop constipation, a diet rich in fiber is usually indicated.
Pharmacologic Management
No antiviral agents are effective against poliovirus.
Poliovirus is a picornaviridae. it has 3 wildtypes, Wildtype 2 has been eradicated from the world. All countries have been declared polio free except Pakistan, Afghanistan and Nigeria. Global Polio Eradication Initiative has been discussed.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
2. Introduction
Greek poliós= "grey", myelós= marrow, and the suffix -
itis= inflammation
First described by British physician Micheal Underwood in 1799
referring to it as "debility of the lower extremities.“
A viral infection most often recognized by acute onset of flaccid
paralysis.
Primarily an infection of human alimentary tract, but may infect
CNS in very small no. (i.e <1%)
Infection results in a spectrum of clinical manifestations……
3. Problem statement
World
A worldwide problem in pre vaccination era
With the wide use of polio vaccine from 1954 disease
being eliminated from most of the developed countries
In 1988 WHA resolved to eradicate the disease globally
Since than no. of endemic countries reduced from 125 in
1988 to 3 in 2012.
Reported cases worldwide decreased by 51% (1352 in
2010 to 650 in 2011)
4. Cont…
India
No reported cases since January 2011 (last
case reported in 13th Jan 2011, Howrah,
West Bengal)
Considered polio-free since February 2012
Attained the status of eradication in 13th
January 2014
6. Agent factors
Agent
Poliovirus: belongs to “Picorna” viruses which are
small RNA-containing viruses.
Three serotypes- 1, 2 & 3 giving no cross
immunity
Long survival in environment….lives upto 4hours
in water and 6 hours in faeces in cold
enviornment.
Readily destroyed by heat (e.g. pasteurization of
milk, and chlorination of water).
7. Reservoir of infection
Man is the only reservoir of infection of poliomyelitis.
Man: cases and carriers
Cases: all clinical forms of disease
Most of the infections are subclinical- dominant role in spread of
infection
Estimated subclinical infection ranges from 75 to 1000 per clinical case
No chronic cases or animal sources documented
Foci of infection
Pharynx: the virus is found in the oropharyngeal secretions.
Small intestine: the virus finds exit in stools.
8. Modes of transmission
Since foci of infection are the throat and small intestines,
poliomyelitis spreads by two routes:
Oral-oral infection: direct droplet infection
Faeco-oral infection:
– Through contaminated foods. Vehicles include milk, water, or any
others that may be contaminated by handling, flies, dust….
– Hand to mouth infection.
Polio virus has the ability to survive in cold environments.
Overcrowding and poor sanitation provide opportunities for
exposure to infection
9. Period of communicability
Estimated to about 2 weeks
Cases: 7 to 10 days before and after the onset of symptoms.
Virus is excreted commonly for 2 to 3 weeks, sometimes as
long as 3 to 4 months in faeces.
In polio cases, infectivity in the pharyngeal foci is around one
week, and in the intestinal foci 6-8 weeks.
Incubation Period: 7-14 days
10. Host factors
Age:
All age groups; children(6 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS most susceptible)
more than 95% reported in infancy and childhood with over 50% of them
in infancy.
Sex:
no sex ratio differences, but in some countries, males are infected more
frequently than females in a ratio 3:1.
Risk factors:
Fatigue, trauma,im injections, tonsillectomy, immunizing agents like alum
containing DPT vaccine and excessive muscular exercise…
Immunity:
Immunity by maternal antibodies till the age of 6months
Immunity conferred by natural infection fairly solid but doesn’t protects
against the reinfection by other strains
11. Environmental factors
Rainy season (june to september)
Environmental sources- food, flies and water
Overcrowding and poor sanitation-
oppourtinities
13. Inapparent infection
Occurs approximately in 91-96% of poliovirus infection.
Incidence is more than 75 to 1000 times the clinical
cases.
No clinical manifestations, but infection is associated
with acquired immunity.
Recognition only by virus isolation or rising antibody titre.
14. Clinical poliomyelitis
Abortive polio (minor illness):
Occurs approximately in 4-8% of the infection.
Causes only a mild or self limiting illness due to
viraemia.
Mild systemic manifestations for 1-2 days
Some abortive cases so mild to pass unnoticed.
Patient recovers quickly.
Manifestations:
Moderate fever
Upper respiratory manifestations: pharyngitis and sore throat
Gastrointestinal manifestations: vomiting, abdominal pain,
and diarrhea.
15. Cont…..
Involvement of the CNS (major illness):
Affects a small proportion of the clinical cases
Takes two forms: Non-paralytic and Paralytic polio.
Non paralytic polio:
Occurs approximately in one per cent of all infections.
Presenting features are stiffness and pain in neck and back.
Disease lasts for 2-10 days.
Recovery is rapid.
16. Cont…
Paralytic polio:
Occurs in less then one per cent of infections.
The virus enters the CNS and causes varying degree of disability
with destruction of the motor nerve cells, but not the sensory
nerve cells.
Forms: spinal, bulbar, and bulbospinal.
Paralysis usually appears within 4 days (around 7-10 days from
onset of disease).
History of fever at the time of paralysis- suggestive of polio.
Progression of paralysis reaches maximum by 4th day (4-7 days)
17. Cont….
Other symptoms- malaise, anorexia, vommiting, headache, sore
throat, constipation and headache.
Signs of meningeal irritation
Tripod sign may be present
Assymetrical, patchy flaccid paralysis, of descending type
affecting the proximal group of muscle the most
Deep tendon reflexes (DTR) deminished before the the onset of
paralysis.
Cranial nerve involvement seen in bulbar and bulbospinal
paralytic poliomyelitis
Facial assymetry, difficulty in swallowing weakness of voice;
respiratory insuffiency may lead to death
18.
19. Spinal polio
Different spinal nerves are involved
Injury of the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord
causing tenderness, weakness, and flaccid
paralysis of the corresponding striated muscles.
The lower limbs are the most commonly affected.
20. Bulbar polio
Nuclei of the cranial nerves are involved, causing
weakness of the supplied muscles, and maybe
encephalitis.
Bulbar manifestations include dysphagia, nasal voice,
fluid regurgitation from the nose, difficult chewing, facial
weakness and diplopia
Paralysis of the muscles of respiration is the most
serious life-threatening manifestation.
Bulbospinal polio
Combination of both spinal and bulbar forms
22. Complications and case fatality
Respiratory complications: pneumonia, pulmonary edema
Cardiovascular complications: myocarditis, cor pulmonale.
Late complications: soft tissue and bone deformities,
osteoporosis, and chronic distension of the colon.
Case fatality: varies from 1% to 10% according to the form
of disease (higher in bulbar), complications and age (
fatality increases with age).
23. Diagnosis and laboratory testing
Laboratory studies critical to rule out or confirm the
diagnosis of paralytic poliomyelitis.
Virus isolation
The likelihood of poliovirus isolation is highest from stool
specimens,
Intermediate from pharyngeal swabs, and very low from blood
or spinal fluid.
Serologic testing
A four-fold titer rise between the acute and convalescent
specimens suggests poliovirus infection.
25. Cont….
Seroprophylaxis by immunoglobulins:
Not a practical way of giving protection
because it must be given either or before or
very shortly after exposure to infection.
Dose-(0.25-0.3 ml/kg of body weight).
Immunized status after a few weeks
26. Active immunization
Inactivated (Salk) vaccine
Contains 3 serotypes of vaccine virus
Route of administration-intramuscular/ Subcutaneous.
Schedule
First dose given at the age of 6 weeks
Next 2 doses 1-2 months apart
4th dose after 6-12 month of 3rd dose
Additional doses prior to school entry
Repeated doses every 5 year after that till age of 18
Highly effective in producing immunity to poliovirus
>90% immune after 2 doses
>99% immune after 3 doses
Duration of immunity not known with certainty
27. Cont…
Oral (Sabin) Polio Vaccine
Contains 3 serotypes of vaccine virus
Route of administration-intramuscular/ Subcutaneous.
Schedule
Zero dose vaccination recommended in hospital delivery
First dose given at the age of 6 weeks
Next 2 doses 1-2 months apart
One booster dose 12-18 months later recommended
Highly effective in producing immunity to poliovirus
50% immune after 1 dose
>95% immune after 3 doses
Immunity probably lifelong
Shed in stool for up to 6 weeks following vaccination
28. Salk versus Sabin vaccine
IPV (Salk) OPV (Sabin)
killed formolised virus
Given SC or IM
Induces circulating antibodies, but
not local (intestinal immunity)
Prevents paralysis but does not
prevent reinfection
Not useful in controlling epidemics
More difficult to manufacture and is
relatively costly
Does not require stringent conditions
during storage and transportation. Has
a longer shelf life.
live attenuated virus
given orally
immunity is both humoral and
intestinal. induces antibody quickly
Prevents paralysis and prevents
reinfection
Can be effectively used in controlling
epidemics.
Easy to manufacture and is cheaper
Requires to be stored and
transported at subzero temperatures,
and is damaged easily.
29. Epidemiological Investigations
Epidemic
Occurrence of 2 or more local cases caused by the same virus in any
4-weeks period
Sample of faeces to be collected from all the cases and suspected
cases and subjected to lab testing
If possible, paired sera to be tested
– First specimen at the clinical suspicion
– Second at the period of convalescence
An increase in antibody titre provides confirmatory evidence
OPV should be provided to all persons over 6 weeks age who are not
completely immunize de or immune status unknown in the epidemic
area