This document discusses cholera, an acute diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria. It covers the epidemiology, prevention, and control of cholera globally and in India. Key points include that cholera causes a sudden onset of watery diarrhea and dehydration. If untreated, case fatality can be 30-40%. Transmission is related to inadequate water and sanitation. Prevention and control involves early detection, oral rehydration therapy, antibiotic treatment, vaccination, health education, and improving water quality, sanitation, and hygiene. The National Diarrheal Disease Control Programme was established in India to prevent deaths from dehydration through oral rehydration therapy.
measles is a important vaccine preventable disease in children and carries a high mortality in undernourishment children.it is also a candidate for eradication. proper diagnosis will go a long way in the control and eradication of measles
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Malaria. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Here is a comprehensive and updated presentation on the Monkeypox by noted infectious diseases expert Dr ISHWAR GILADA, Consultant in HIV/STDs, Unison Medicare & Research Centre, and Secretary General, Organised Medicine Academic Guild-OMAG;
President, AIDS Society of India (ASI) &
Governing Council Member, International AIDS Society (IAS)
E-mail: gilada@usa.net, drisgilada@gmail.com
A PowerPoint describing what Cholera is and the effects it has on people. Graphs showing cases and deaths around the world are shown as well as a case study of Cholera in Zimbabwe.
measles is a important vaccine preventable disease in children and carries a high mortality in undernourishment children.it is also a candidate for eradication. proper diagnosis will go a long way in the control and eradication of measles
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of Malaria. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it
Here is a comprehensive and updated presentation on the Monkeypox by noted infectious diseases expert Dr ISHWAR GILADA, Consultant in HIV/STDs, Unison Medicare & Research Centre, and Secretary General, Organised Medicine Academic Guild-OMAG;
President, AIDS Society of India (ASI) &
Governing Council Member, International AIDS Society (IAS)
E-mail: gilada@usa.net, drisgilada@gmail.com
A PowerPoint describing what Cholera is and the effects it has on people. Graphs showing cases and deaths around the world are shown as well as a case study of Cholera in Zimbabwe.
Cholera is a acute diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae.
Majority of infection are mild or asymptomatic.
IV B.PHARM, 8-SEMESTER ,SOCIAL AND PREVENTIVE PHARMACY.
CHOLERA DISESASE
DEFINITION, SYMPTOMS, CAUSES, TREATMENT, PREVENTION.
This ppt contains all the information about the epidemiology of cholera. It is useful for students of the medical field learning Preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
UNIT II: Preventive Medicine
General principles of prevention and control of diseases- CHOLERA
#cholera #preventivemedicine #General principles of
prevention and control of diseases such as: CHOLERA
#social and preventive pharmacy
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
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cholera
1. BY- SURAJ SAXENA
ROLL NO – 135
G.S.V.M MEDICAL COLLEGE
PARA H2
EPIDEMIOLOGY PREVENTION
AND CONTROL OF CHOLERA
2. INTRODUCTION
• Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio
Cholerae O1 (classical or El Tor) and O139.
• Cases range from symptomless to severe infection .
Majority of infection are mild or asymptomatic .
• Characterised by sudden onset of profuse, effortless
watery diarrhoea followed by vomiting, rapid
dehydration, muscular cramps and suppression of urine.
• Unless there is rapid replacement of fluid and
electrolytes, case fatality may be as high as 30 to 40 per
cent
3. PROBLEM STATEMENT
• In 2013 , a total of 129,060 cases were
notified from 47 countries including 2,102
death . The true burden of disease is
estimated as 1.4-4.3 million cases and
28,000 to 142,000 deaths annually.
• V. Cholerae O1causes majority of
outbreaks,while O139(first identified in
Bangladesh in 1992) is confined to South
East Asia.
4. • Global warming creates a favourable environment for
bacteria.
• Transmission is closely related to inadequate
environmental management. Typical at risk areas
include-
peri urban slums
places where as a consequence of disaster disruption of
water and sanitation takes place
Overcrowded camps
• Cholera is a key indicator of lack of social development
5.
6. PROBLEM STATEMENT IN
INDIA
• Since the introduction of cholera El Tor type in 1964, geographical
distribution has considerably changed.
• West Bengal has lost its reputation as “home of cholera”. In several
of recently invaded states, the disease is seen persisting as
smouldering infection.
• El Tor biotype has replaced the classical V. O1 in all parts of the
country. Most of the El Tor isolated today belongs to Ogawa
serotype. There have been no large scale outbreaks since 1964
• During 2013, about 1,127 cholera cases were reported in India with
5 deaths. Majority were in Gujarat(327) followed by
Maharashtra(247) , Karnataka(105),Tamil Nadu(93) and West
Bengal(120).
7.
8. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL
DETERMINANTS
• AGENT- causative organism is vibrio O1 and O139.
.
• RESISTANCE- Killed within 30 minutes of heating at 56
degree Celsius or within few seconds by boiling.
They can remain in ice for 4-6 weeks. Easily destroyed by
cresol and bleaching powder.
El Tor is more resistant than classical vibrios.
9. • TOXIN PRODUCTION- Vibrios produce enterotoxin in
the lumen of intestine. The toxin produces diarrhoea
through its effect on adenylate cyclase-cyclic AMP
system of mucosal cells in small intestine
• RESERVOIR OF INFECTION- human being is the only
known reservoir.
• INFECTIVE DOSE- about 10 organisms required to
produce clinical disease.
• INFECTIVE MATERIAL- Sources of infection are stool,
vomitus and fomites of patient.
10. CARRIERS IN CHOLERA
• Carrier is an apparently healthy person who excretes V. cholerae O1
in stools
• Four types of cholera carriers are described-
PRECLINICAL OR INCUBATORY CARRIERS- Incubation period of
cholera is 1-5 days. They are potential patients.
CONVALESCENT CARRIER- Patient who has recovered from
attack of cholera and excretes vibrios for period of 2-3 weeks. They
often become chronic or long term carriers.
CONTACT OR HEALTHY CARRIER- It is a result of subclinical
infection. Duration of chronic carrier state is less than 10 days, gall
bladder is not effected, stool culture is positive
CHRONIC CARRIER- antibody titre along with bacteriological
examination is used to detect long term carriers. Gall bladder is also
effected.
11. •
• AGE AND SEX- affects all age and both sexes. Children more
affected in endemic areas.
• GASTRIC ACIDITY- An effective barrier. Vibrio are killed in pH
of 5.0 or lower.
• Population mobility- Increases risk of exposure and spread.
• ECONOMIC STATUS- Incidence is highest in lower socio-
economic groups, attributed to poor hygiene.
• IMMUNITY- Vaccines give only partial immunity for 3-6
months.
12. • Environmental factors of importance include contaminated food and
water.
• Flies may carry Vibrio but not vectors of proven importance.
• Human habits favouring water and soil pollution, low standard of
personal hygiene, lack of education and poor quality of life
• From few hours up to 5 days, but commonly 1-2 days.
• FAECALLY CONTAMINATED WATER
• CONTAMINATED FOOD AND DRINKS
• DIRECT CONTACT
13. CLINICAL FEATURES
• More than 90% of El Tor cases are mild
• Typical case of cholera has three stages-
STAGE OF EVACUATION- Abrupt onset with profuse,
painless, watery diarrhoea followed by vomiting. Stools may
be as many as 40 in number with “rice water” appearance.
STAGE OF COLLAPSE- Due to dehydration signs such as:
sunken eyes,hollow cheeks, scaphoid abdomen, subnormal
temperature, washerman’s hands,absent pulse, unrecordable
blood pressure, abnormal respiration. Death may occur due to
acidosis.
STAGE OF RECOVERY-B.P. and temperature becomes
normal, urine secretion is re-established. If anuria persists
patient may die due to renal failure.
14. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
• Laboratory methods employed are-
COLLECTION OF STOOL- fresh sample should be
collected before treatment with antibiotics in-
1) Rubber catheter
2) Rectal swab
WATER- 1 to 3 litres of suspected water or 9 volumes of
sample added to 1 volume of 10% peptone
15. FOOD SAMPLES- 1-3 gram sample is sent to laboratory
TRANSPORTATION- Sterilized McCartney bottle, of 30
ml containing alkaline peptone water or VR medium or
Cary Blair medium and peptone water is used.
DIRECT EXAMINATION- Dark field illumination can
detect 80% cases within a few minutes and more cases
after 5-6 hours of incubation
CULTURE METHODS- well shaken sample about 0.5-
1.0 ml is inoculated in Peptone Water
Tellurite.Subcultured in Bile salt Agar ( pH 8.6) after 4-6
hrs incubation at 37 deg.
16. CONTROL OF CHOLERA
Following account is based on “ GUIDANCE FOR CHOLERA
CONTROL” proposed by WHO.
• VERIFICATION OF DIAGNOSIS-. It is important to identify
strains of V cholerae in stool of patient.
• NOTIFICATION- Cholera is a notifiable disease both locally or
nationally. Under International Health Regulations, cholera is
notifiable to WHO within 24 hours by national government. An
area is declared free of cholera when twice the incubation
period(10 days) has elapsed since death, recover, isolation of
last case.
17. • EARLY CASE FINDING- helps to initiate prompt treatment and
helps epidemiologist to find the means of spread.
• ESTABLISHMENT OF TREATMENT CENTRES-
Mildly dehydrated patients(accounting 90%) – treated at home
with oral rehydration fluids.
Severely dehydrated patients should be transferred to nearest
hospital. Rehydration therapy should be given on the way.
• REHYDRATION THERAPY- Mortality rates have reaches down
to 1% by effective rehydration therapy. It may be oral or
intravenous.
• ADJUNCTS TO THERAPY-Antibiotics to be given as soon as
vomiting stops. Injectable antibiotics have no special
advantages. Flouroquinolones, tetracycline, azithromycin,
ampicillin and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole are commonly
used. Persistant diarrhoea after 48 hours of therapy, indicates
antibiotic resistance.
18. • EPIDEMIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION- Epidemiologist
must maintain contact with all health and civic units to
ensure detection of new foci. Stool for phage typing may
be sent to- NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHOLERA AND
ENTERIC DISEASES, 3 DR ISAQUE ROAD , KOLKATA
where WHO International centre for vibrios is located.
• SANITATION METHODS-
WATER CONTROL
EXCRETA DISPOSAL
FOOD SANITATION
DISINFECTION
19. • CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS- Tetracycline is the drug of choice. It
should be given over a 3 day period in twice daily dose of 500
mg for adults, 125 mg for children aged 4-13 years , 50 mg for
children aged 0-3 years.A singe dose oral dose of
doxycycline(300 mg for adults and 6 mg/kg for children under
15 years) is found effective.
Mass chemoprophylaxis when attempted failed to stop the
spread of cholera
• VACCINATION- Two types of oral vaccines are available-
Dukoral( WC Rbs) – Monovalent vaccine based on formalin
and heat killed whole cells( WC) of V cholerae O1 and
recombinant cholera toxin B subunit. It is provided as 3 ml
single dose vials together with bicarbonate buffer( prevents
gastric acid action).
20. SANCHOL AND mORCVAX- They are bivalent vaccines
based on serogroups O1 and O139. They do not contain
any buffer or bacterial toxin.
• HEALTH EDUCATION- Most effective prophylactic
treatment. It should aim at
I. Effectiveness of oral rehydration therapy.
II. Benefits of early reporting.
III. Food hygiene practices and hand washing after
defecation and before eating
IV. Benefits of cooked food and safe water.
21. DIARRHOEAL DISEASE
CONTROL PROGRAMME
• During the year 1980-1981, strategy of National Cholera
Control Programme has undergone changes. It is now termed
as Diarrhoeal Disease Control Programme.
• Oral Rehydration Therapy Programme was started in 1986-87
in a phased manner
• Main objective is to prevent deaths in children due to
dehydration.
• Training programme include increased intake of home
available fluid and breast feeding.
• ORS is promoted as first line of treatment and is supplied as a
part of the sub centre kit.