Measles is a highly contagious viral infection that is transmitted through respiratory droplets. It causes a rash and fever and can lead to severe complications without vaccination. Before widespread vaccination, measles killed millions of children globally each year. Two doses of the measles vaccine, usually combined in the MMR vaccine, are effective at preventing the disease and its complications. Public health efforts aim to achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage to eliminate measles through both routine immunization and supplemental catch-up campaigns.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
this ppt contains all information about epidemiology of chickenpox. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in it
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
this ppt contains all information about epidemiology of chickenpox. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved) and everyone who is interested in it
measles is a important vaccine preventable disease in children and carries a high mortality in undernourishment children.it is also a candidate for eradication. proper diagnosis will go a long way in the control and eradication of measles
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
measles is a important vaccine preventable disease in children and carries a high mortality in undernourishment children.it is also a candidate for eradication. proper diagnosis will go a long way in the control and eradication of measles
Tuberculosis infection is very common in the world and the disease manifest when ever either the virulence of the organism increases or the resistance of the host goes down.it can affect any part of the body.the best method of control of tuberculosis is early diagnosis and treatment.despite international cooperation the problem of resistance in tuberculosis is increasing and great efforts are being made to tackle this problem both in diagnostic tools as well as in treatment modalities. the social factors also play a big role in the causation as well as emergence of resistance is concerned . a participatory approach is required to combat the problem.
Brief and easily understandable description on measles along with images for undergraduate students. this presentation would help in picturising what measles is.
Smallest known DNA viruses.
Structure
Non-enveloped
18-26 nm diameter
Single-stranded DNA, 5.6 kb
Icosahedral
Parvovirinae (vertebrates)
Parvovirus
Erythrovirus
Dependovirus (requires helper virus, such as an adenovirus)
Bocavirus
Amdovirus
Densovirinae (invertebrates)`
B19 virus most common.
Diseases
Erythema infectiosum (cutaneous rash)
Polyarthropathy syndrome (acute or chronic)
Transient aplastic crisis (severe acute anemia)
Pure red cell aplasia (chronic anemia)
Hydrops fetalis (fetal anemia)
Simplest animal viruses infecting humans, responsible for - childhood exanthema - erythema infectiosum (fifth disease).
Smallest viruses (18–26 nm size)
Non-enveloped with icosahedral symmetry
Only DNA viruses - possess single-stranded DNA
Depend upon the host cell enzymes for replication
Transmission - Respiratory route, followed by blood transfusion and transplacental route.
Infects precursors of RBCs: Parvovirus B19 has a special tropism for erythroid progenitor cells present in adult bone marrow and foetal liver as it binds to blood group P antigen as receptors; which are present on the RBC surface.
This results in red cell destruction and inhibition of erythropoiesis
Erythema infectiosum (or fifth disease)
Transient aplastic crisis
Pure red cell aplasia
Non-immune hydrops fetalis
Papular-purpuric gloves and socks syndrome
Known to cause foetal loss through hydrops fetalis; severe anaemia, congestive heart failure, generalized oedema and foetal death
No evidence of teratogenicity.
Risk of foetal death highest when infection occurs during the second trimester of pregnancy (12%).
Molecular methods:
PCR - detects viral DNA (e.g. genes coding for VP1 and VP2) from serum, tissue or respiratory secretions.
Real time PCR - used for quantification of viral load in blood, during acute infections
Antibody detection: ELISA – detecting antibodies against VP1 and VP2 antigens. IgM appears early - recent infection and remains elevated for 2–3 months
Antigen detection: Immunohistochemistry - detect viral antigens in fetal tissues and bone marrow.
No antiviral drug is available
Symptomatic treatment is given
Immunoglobulins containing neutralizing antibodies to human parvovirus are available commercially
No antiviral drug is available
Symptomatic treatment is given
Immunoglobulins containing neutralizing antibodies to human parvovirus are available commercially
Measles is an acute, highly contagious childhood disease characterized by fever & respiratory symptoms, followed by typical maculopapular rash.
Transmission
Droplets inhalation over short distances and, less commonly,
Small-particle aerosols - remain suspended especially in schools, hospitals, and enclosed public places in the air for longer period.
Spread-The virus multiplies locally in the respiratory tract; then spreads to the regional lymph nodes → enter into the bloodstream in infected monocytes (primary viremia)→further multiply in reticuloendothelial system → spills over into blo
Epidemiology and control measures for CHICKENPOX {Varicella} AB Rajar
It is an acute, highly infectious disease caused by varicella-zoster(v-z) virus.
It is worldwide in distribution and occurs in both epidemic and endemic forms.
This ppt contains all information about epidemiology of Measles. It is useful for students of medical field learning preventive and social medicine, Swasthavritta (Ayurved), nursing and everyone who is interested in knowing about it.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
2. Measles is a highly contagious respiratory infection
that's caused by a RNA virus- paramyxovirus that
infects only humans.
Also known as Rubeola meaning Red Spots.
Common among young chidren,transmitted by
respiratory droplets and direct contact with nasal or
throat secretions of infected persons.
3. It is an acute viral infection characterized by a
final stage with a maculopapular rash erupting
successively over the neck and face, trunk,
arms, and legs, and accompanied by a high fever.
Measles kills more children than any other
vaccine preventable disease. Before the
widespread use of vaccine, 90% of children had
contracted measles by the age of 10 years. An
effective vaccine has been available since the
1960s
4. Francis Home, a Scottish physician, demonstrated in
1757 that measles is caused by an infectious agent in
the blood of patients.
Panum Peter Ludwig (1820-1885) was a denish
physician ,who carried a classic study of
epidemiology of measles during an epidemic on the
faroe island in 1846.
5. Al-Razi (A Persian doctor)was the first physician in
history who described in details the symptoms and
signs of smallpox and measles based on clinical
examination.
In 1954, John F. Enders and Dr. Thomas C. Peebles
collected blood samples from several ill students
during a measles outbreak in Boston, Massachusetts,
they succeeded in isolating measles in 13-year-old
David Edmonston’s blood.
6. Measles is endemic throughout the world.
In the past, epidemics tended to occur irregularly .
it is rarely subclinical.
Prior to the use of measles vaccine, the peak
incidence was among children 5-10 yr of age.
7. The WHO estimated that over 40 million cases still
occurs in worldwide contributing to 530000 deaths
including 182000 in SEA region as reported in 2003.
Now Measles mortality has been reduced from
733000 in 2000 to 164000 in 2008
The coverage with measles vaccine has increased
from 1.3% in 1985 to 74% in 2009.However each
year about 15 % of 26 million infant remain
unimmunized and are at potential risk of measles
infection.
8. In India measles is a major cause of morbidity and a
significant contributor to childhood mortality.
Prior to the immunization programme ,cyclical
increase in the incidence were recorded every third
year
With immunization coverage the interval between
cyclical peak increased and intensity minimized
9. The retrospective data indicate declining trend of
measles in India
During 1987 about 2.47 lakh cases reported,whereas
after implementation of UIP the number came down
to 23348 with 33 deaths in 2014
However the estimates are much higher as large
number of cases go unreported
WHO estimates ,measles is responsible for about 2
percent of under-5 mortality in India
10. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS:-
AGENT FACTORS:-
A)AGENT:-Measles virus, the cause of measles, is an
RNA virus of the genus Morbillivirus in the family
Paramyxoviridae. Only one serotype is known.
It cannot survive outside the human body,and can be
easily destroyed by heat,acid and drying
It can retain infectivity when stored at sub zero
temperature,at 4-6 degree celcius ,it can survive for
6 months and at -20 degree celcius can survive for 2-
3 years.
11. B)Source Of Infection- The only source of infection is
the case of measles,No carrier state is known.
C)Infective Material-The secretion of nose,and
respiratory tract of a case of easles during prodormal
phase and early stages of the rash.
D)Communicability:-Highly infectious during the
prodormal period and at the time of eruption.
Communicability decreases with appearance of
rashes. The Period of communicability is 4 days
before and 4 days after the appearance of rashes
12. HOST FACTORS:
A)Age-Incidence is high among children between 6
months to 3 years in developing countries,Infant
below 6 months escapes because of maternal
antibodies ,they get through milk.
B)Sex- Equal in both sexes.
C)Immunity-No age is immune if there was no previous
immunity, One attack of measles confers lifelong
immunity .Immunity after vaccination is quite solid
and life long.
D)Nutrition-Malnutrition increases the susceptibility of
child, Mortality is 400 times higher in malnourished
child compared to healthy counterpart.
13. ENVIORNMENTAL FACTORS:
In temperte climates ,measles is common during
winter season and early spring(January to April)
because of overcrowding indoors,poor enviornmental
conditions,Poor housing ,and Overcrowding favours
the disease transmission.
14. After entering the body through respiratory tract by
droplet infection, the virus quickly pass to the
nearest lymph node multiply there and leak into the
bloodstream ,reaches R.E cells of liver, spleen and
bone marrow ,where they multiply and destroys
cells and flow again to blood stream in sufficient
number as to affect many tissue in body mainly
respiratory mucosa ,alimentary mucosa, conjunctiva
and skin.
The symptoms are mainly due to inflamatory
reaction in these areas.
15. Incubation period is commonly 10 days from
exposure to onset of fever ,14 days to
appearance of rashes, patients are infectious
from about 4 days before developing the rash
until 4 days after rash.
16. There are two stages of measles,
Prodromal Stage
Exanthematous Stage
17. This is also called as Pre-eruptive or catarrhal
stage,begins 10 days after infection and last
until day 14.
Characterised by
FEVER
CORYZA
NASAL DISCHARGE
COUGH
REDNESS OF EYES /PHOTOPHOBIA
18. KOPLIK SPOT-
One or two days before the appearance of rashes,
Koplik’s spot appear on the buccal mucous
membrane by side of the second molar tooth around
the orifice of the Stenson’s duct, lasting for about 3-
4 days.
(Pathognomonic of
measles.
Small bluish white spot
on a red base looking
like grains of salts)
19. Often cervical lymphadenopathy and febrile
convulsions occurs
The prodromal stage lasts for about 3 days.
20. Rashes appears on the 4th day of fever ,First
behind the ear,then on forehead ,face and
down the trunk,slowly taking 2-3 days to
progress to hands and lower extremities.
Rashes are pink in colour (dull red),valvety and
maculopapular ,they remain descrete but often
becomes confluent and blotchy
21.
22. From the 5th or 6th day the rashes begins to
disappear in the same order as they had
appeared.
Lesions disappears completely from face, but
on trunks they leave brownish discoloration,
which persist about 6-8 weeks.
The CFR varies from 5-30% depending upon
nutritional status and development of
complications
23. Post Measles Complications grouped into
following groups-
Respiratory Complications
Gastrointestinal Complications
Neurological Complications
Ophthalmic Complications
28. Isolation in well ventilated room
Concurrent disinfection of nasal and throat
secretions
Light and clean clothes
Antipyretics to control fever
Plenty of water and fruit juice because of loss
of appetite
Correction of malnutrition with high quality diet
29. Prophylactic Antibiotics can be given
Attendants to use mask and gown
Watch for complications
Vitamin A for measles case management
Vitamin A supplementation is required in all cases
of severe measles, A High dose of vitamin A is
given after diagnosis and repeated next day .
Age Day1 Following Day
0-6 months - 50000 IU - 50000 IU
6-11 months - 100000 IU- 100000 IU
> 12 months - 200000 IU 200000 IU
30. This is done by Active and Passive Immunization:-
Active Immunization-
Done by using live attenuated vaccine.
Two groups-
1.Single Antigen-
A)Aerosolized vaccine(Edmonston Zagreb Stain)
B)Heat stable vaccine(Schwartz/Moraten Stain)
31. 2.Measles vaccine of multiple antigen :
MMR(Measles,Mumps,Rubella vaccine)
Measles Vaccine-
Nature- live virus vaccine of single antigen in freeze
dried form
Diluent- Sterile distilled water
Dose- 0.5 ml
Route- Subcutaneous in the upper arm or
antrolateral aspect of thigh
Schedule-Two doses are recommended as per
NIP, one during 9-12 months, second during
16-24 months
32. Immunity –develops 10-12 days after
vaccination and last lifelong
Protective value-One dose confers 95%
protection
*IAP schedulde 2014 says,no need to use single
strand measles vaccine,It recommends to use
MMR1 at 9 months and MMR2 at 15 months.
33. This is done by human normal immunoglobulin
It is non specific
Given to those young children who came in contact
with case of measles and are not immunized.
Given within 1 week of exposure.
Dose-0.25-0.5 ml per kg body weight
(Approx 250 mg for infants ,500 mg for children
below 1 year)
Route-Intramascular
34. This was supported by WHO,UNICEF,and American
Red Cross by adopting strategies:
Catch Up Campaigns-To cover susceptible children
with second dose of measles vaccine to achieve
coverage of 90% with meticulous planning.
Follow Up Campaign- after 2-4 years in area covered
in catch up campaign to cover susceptible cohort
35. Goals and Objectives:
1.Reduce at least 90% mortality by 2013 as compared
to 2000.
2.Achieving at least 90% coverage with measles
vaccine
3.Collection of good quality epidemiological data
through active surveillance-IDSP(Integrated Disease
Surveillance Programme)
4.Elimination of measles by 2020 in India
36. Strengthining of routine Immunization
Surveillance of measles
Case Management
Second Opportunity
37. Park’s Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine-24th
Edition
Textbook of Community Medicine by AH Suryakantha
4th Edition
Textbook of Community Medicine by Sunder Lal -5th
Edition
Image sources- Google and Wikipedia